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At least 1,639 records · Page 91Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Conditioned avoidance behavior in pretrained rats intermittently treated with addictive drugs.

Rats pretrained in a conditioned avoidance (CAR) paradigm were put on eight potentially addictive drugs in drinking water at two dose levels each. Fluid intake and body weight, monitored during the drugged (addiction) and nondrugged (withdrawal) states, showed drug/dose-dependent fluctuations in most groups. Extinction and relearning trials were spread over both drug and nondrug phases. CAR-performance generally deteriorated in the early drug phase but improved to near normalcy during the late drug and withdrawal phases in all groups except for alcohol and barbiturate-treated one. Excluding amphetamine, low-dose morphine and phenobarbital groups, substantial extinction of CAR occurred during the drug phase only; these three groups, as well as the high-dose alcohol, barbiturates and medazepam ones, showed extinction during the nondrug phase also. The rate and extent of a second-order relearning neither differed significantly between the groups nor was truly contingent upon prior extinction. These results are discussed in the light of state-dependent learning, comparing them with those from another series of rats primarily trained under the influence of these addictive drugs.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1979

Uropharmacology: X. Central nervous system stimulants and depressants.

Several drugs that are utilized primarily for their effects on the central nervous system also affect lower urinary tract function. Most of these effects are produced by the action of these drugs on adrenergic and cholinergic receptors or by direct action of lower urinary tract musculature. Central nervous system stimulants and depressants which are known to affect the storage or evacuation role of the lower urinary tract are discussed.

Amphetamines↗
PubMed1976

Behavioral teratogenesis: a critical evaluation.

A critical review of some relevant literature concerning the effects of prenatal administration of drugs and several other substances on postnatal behavior. Significant variables and problems in the adequate design of experiments to assess these effects are discussed. Although the evidence concerning prenatal drug effects on behavior is equivocal, sufficient data exist to indicate that this will continue to be a viable and important area of research in the future. Present results demonstrate the complexity of drug interactions with other variables.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1980

The use of social interaction as a method for detecting anxiolytic activity of chlordiazepoxide-like drugs.

The social interaction test in rats provides a method for detecting anxiolytic activity that does not use food or water deprivation, or electric shock, and therefore obviates difficulties of interpretation that might arise from drug-induced changes in motivation. Since social interaction is measured under more than one test condition any overall increase or decrease in social behaviour can be detected independently from the drug x test condition interaction that characterizes an anxiolytic drug. The Geller-Seifter conflict test was designed with two schedules of reinforcement for the same reasons. Any candidate test for anxiolytic action that examines drug effects under only one experimental condition is open to misinterpretation and may also prove unreliable if the critical experimental factors ( e.g. the level of food deprivation or the shock intensity) are changed. The testing procedure in the social interaction test is relatively time consuming in terms of observer-hours, but no lengthy pretraining of the animals is required. There is no way of fully automating the scoring and therefore it is important that the observers do not know the experimental group of the rats that they are scoring, and that tape recordings are made so that the scores can be checked. It has not so far been fruitful to analyze drug effects on every individual social behaviour, but this method does allow changes in individual behaviours to be detected. By entering the data directly into a computer we are now able to store the frequency and duration of each behaviour as well as the sequence of behaviours. It will then be possible to determine whether a detailed analysis of drug effects on the patterning of social behaviours will prove a useful addition to the social interaction test

Animals↗