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PubMed1997

Motivational distortion of the 16PF by welfare recipients.

The effectiveness of the Sixteen Personality Factor (16PF) motivational distortion correction procedures was investigated with a sample of 212 welfare recipients who completed the 16PF while participating in a mandatory welfare-to-work program. A multiple regression analysis showed that the motivational distortion (MD) score was significantly related to most of the preselected Personality factors. The regression analysis also revealed that primary E (Dominance) was associated with MD, although the manual does not require MD adjustments for this factor. Based on comparisons of mean differences at the various MD correction levels, findings indicated general support for the MD correction procedures described in the manual; however, the magnitude of the correction procedures should be used cautiously as this may overcorrect for MD on some of the 16PF primaries. The relevance of the findings also are discussed in terms of evidence for Cattell's (1968, 1973, 1986) trait-view theory as it applies to response distortions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Development of an Infrequency-Psychopathology scale for the MMPI-A: the Fp-A Scale.

This article describes the development and initial validation of the Infrequency-Psychopathology scale, Fp-A, for the MMPI-A (Butcher et al., 1992). The scale parallels the Infrequency-Psychopathology scale, F(p), that has been developed for the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989). Results demonstrated that the 40-item Fp-A scale is superior to the F scale at discriminating between faking-bad and accurate reports of psychopathology, although the improvement over F was modest, particularly when compared to the improvement found for the F(p) scale. The difference seemed to reflect the superiority of the MMPI-A F scale to the MMPI-2 F scale. Even so, the findings suggest that the identification of overreporting on the MMPI-A could potentially be enhanced by using Fp-A as an adjunct to the F scale.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Factors differentiating successful versus unsuccessful malingerers.

Relatively little is known about the processes in which "successful" malingerers engage to avoid detection. This study summarizes the response strategies used by participants (N = 540) instructed to feign a specific mental disorder while completing various self-report instruments designed to detect faking. Postexperiment questionnaires indicated that those who were able to appear symptomatic while avoiding being detected as feigning (n = 60) were more likely to endorse a lower rate of legitimate symptoms, to avoid overly unusual or bizarre items, and to base their responses on their own personal experiences.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Differentiating overreporting and extreme distress: MMPI-2 use with compensation-seeking veterans with PTSD.

This purpose of this study was to examine overreporting on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) in compensation-seeking veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A sample of veterans tested during a V.A. hospital compensation and pension exam were given the MMPI-2 and measures of PTSD, depression, and combat exposure. Veteran's MMPI-2s were only included in the analyses if their profile was extremely exaggerated, as measured by an F scale T score above 80, did not elevate the MMPI-2 VRIN and TRIN scales, and had a primary diagnosis of PTSD (n = 127). Using the Infrequency-Psychopathology, F(p), scale to distinguish overreporting from distress, it was found that 98 veterans elevated profiles due to distress, whereas 29 elevated due to overreporting, F(p) below and above 7, respectively. Differences between groups on MMPI-2 clinical scales and the other measures were assessed. Implications of these findings for assessing veteran response style and using the MMPI-2 with a PTSD population are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2002

The Infrequency-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder scale (Fptsd) for the MMPI-2: development and initial validation with veterans presenting with combat-related PTSD.

Researchers have identified difficulties associated with the use of traditional Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) validity scales with survivors of traumatic events. A new scale, the Infrequency-Posttraumatic Stress Disorder scale (Fptsd), was created from MMPI-2 items that were infrequently endorsed by 940 male combat veterans presenting for treatment at the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) clinics of 2 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers. A variety of statistical methods were implemented that preliminarily established Fptsd's validity with a validation sample of 323 additional PTSD-diagnosed combat veterans. Results indicate that, relative to previously established validity and overreporting scales (F, Fb, and Fp), Fptsd was significantly less related to psychopathology and distress and better at discriminating simulated from genuinely reported PTSD. Clinical implications are discussed concerning the use of Fptsd to assess disability-seeking veterans suspected of overreporting PTSD symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Psychogenic tremors.

We diagnosed 24 patients, 9 men and 15 women ranging in age from 15 to 78 years, with clinically established or documented psychogenic tremors. Clinical presentations were unique, with complex tremors (often resting, postural, and kinetic), unusual temporal profiles (abrupt onset with a variable course), absence of other neurologic signs, inconsistent and incongruous symptomatology, selective disability with ability to perform some functions despite severe tremors, distractibility that lessens or abolishes tremor, atypical tremorgraphic recordings with changing amplitude and frequency, unusual handwriting and drawing specimens, presence of multiple undiagnosed somatizations, unresponsiveness to all treatments, absence of documented disease by laboratory or radiographic tests, presence of psychiatric disease, spontaneous remissions, or recovery with psychotherapy. We present criteria for the diagnosis of psychogenic tremor.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Soleus H-reflex tests in causalgia-dystonia compared with dystonia and mimicked dystonic posture.

Dystonia in the causalgia-dystonia syndrome is characterized by a fixed dystonic posture. To identify involvement of central pathophysiologic mechanisms, we analyzed soleus H-reflex tests in five patients with causalgia-dystonia. Soleus H-reflex test results in these patients differed from those in healthy controls but were similar to those in purely dystonic patients and healthy controls mimicking dystonic posture. The results suggest involvement of supraspinal mechanisms in the abnormal posture of causalgia-dystonia.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Functional hearing loss.

Functional hearing loss is a rather common entity, although it probably is overlooked more often than not. In most instances, the services of an experienced audiologist are necessary if one is to detect these cases. First, one must consider carefully the patient's behavior before and during the otologic and audiologic examination, and note the referral source, if any, since patients with certain backgrounds are more apt to exhibit functional hearing loss than others. Second, careful attention is given to certain aspects of the initial basic audiometric examination. Discrepancies here often stand out and point clearly toward functional loss. A so-called "modified approach" to conventional audiometry has enabled us to detect almost all cases of functional hearing loss without resort to the special audiometric tests designed for that purpose.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chronic leg ulcers, part 1: do they affect a patient's social life?

This article describes a qualitative study into how chronic venous leg ulceration impacts on the social dimension of a patient's life and is presented in two parts. Part one will discuss the background to the study, give an overview of the existing literature and briefly describe the methodology used for the study. Part two will follow in the next issue and will present the findings of the study, which will be discussed in relation to the literature. The limitations of the study will be described, together with conclusions and recommendations for practice and further research.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

The ability of naive participants to report symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Research suggests that naive participants can simulate PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) using a symptom checklist. Is successful faking of DSM-IV criteria B-D on PTSD checklists due to prior knowledge of PTSD, the leading nature of symptom checklists, or a combination? DESIGN: Between-groups design. METHOD: Naïve participants self-generated PTSD symptoms from a vignette. They were then randomly assigned to groups given a standard symptom checklist or a checklist containing bogus items not normally associated with PTSD. RESULTS: Less than 1% self-generated symptoms that met DSM-IV criteria B-D for PTSD. It was found that 94% of participants satisfied these criteria using the standard checklist and 90% on the modified checklist. Participants incorrectly identified 38% of bogus symptoms as symptoms of PTSD. CONCLUSIONS: Despite poor prior knowledge of PTSD, 94% of participants fulfilled diagnostic criteria using a standard checklist. This is probably due to symptom 'guessing'.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Feigned intellectual deficits on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised.

OBJECTIVES: To examine whether individuals instructed to fake intellectual impairment on the WAIS-R employed common faking tactics and to assess the accuracy of detection of faking tactics employed. METHOD: Two groups of participants were instructed to fake 'mental handicap' on the WAIS-R. The first group included incarcerated young offenders and the second group included postgraduate students and research fellows from a university psychology department. RESULTS: Both groups produced faked mean IQ scores within the 'mental retardation' range. There were, however, unusual features in the answers of both groups, including unusual error types. The faking tactics employed were readily detected. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that an individual's WAIS-R performance should be interpreted with due consideration given to both the quantitative and the qualitative aspects of their presentation.

Adolescent↗