Dental technicians' legislation passed in New South Wales.
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The legal basis for employment of people with disabilities in sheltered Workshops for the Disabled (Werkstätten für Behinderte, WfB) had hitherto been shaped by the 1961 Federal Social Assistance Act, the 1969 Employment Promotion Act, the 1974 Severely Disabled Persons Act with the related Workshop Ordinances of 1980 and 1996. The Act on Combating Unemployment of Severely Disabled Persons, effective as of Oct. 1, 2000 has now created a new legal foundation, which also is aimed at enhancing Workshop employees' horizontal mobility into the general job market, inter alia providing for access to Supported Employment arrangements and for availability of selective placement and support services (Integrationsfachdienste, IFD) throughout Germany. These Services also are intended as points of contact in the counselling of severely disabled school leavers in relation to placement opportunities in competitive jobs and/or integration projects or firms. Discussed from a legal perspective are the differences in sociolegal respects between such projects for severely disabled persons and employment in Workshops for the Disabled, as well as implications for the Workshops' own economic activity, also making reference to the forthcoming Book 9 of the Social Code.
AIM: to examine the frequency of involuntary hospitalisation according to PsychKG (german law concerning psychiatric practice) in a comprehensive region with good overall medical/psychiatric services, over the course of a decade. METHOD: All cases of compulsory admission into Psychiatric Clinics within the greater Göttingen area (Central Germany) were evaluated every two years between 1988 and 1998. RESULTS: The number of involuntarily hospitalised patients doubled within the ten years of evaluation although the density of population remained stable and the already good quality out-patient treatment experienced further improvement. However, the total number of in-patients also doubled during this time, so that the proportion between compulsory admission and voluntary hospitalisation remained the same. CONCLUSION: Similar to other regions, the increase in compulsory admissions is considerable. The development towards shorter treatments and an increasing frequency of re-hospitalisation seem to have no significant influence on the courses of disease or on future pathological crises of the patients in question. It is possible that the expected lack of a decreasing rate of compulsory admission is partly caused by behaviour on the part of the physician.
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The article examines the ethical consequences of the new Mental Health Act for England and Wales. Particular emphasis is put on the apparent ethical shift from rights-based principles to utilitarian principles. This shift is particularly evident in the proposed provision for compulsory community treatment and with regards to patients with dangerous and severe personality disorders.
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