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At least 1,639 records · Page 91Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Experiential learning of clinical skills by beginning nursing students: "coaching" project by fourth-year student interns.

To fulfill the requirements for the internship program, fourth-year academic nursing students participated in a leadership program and became coaches for novice students who were beginning their first clinical rotations in the hospital. The concept of coaching is recognized in theory, research, and clinical education as an educational tool, which provides mutual benefits for the coachee and the coach. The project lasted 12 weeks, 2 clinical days per week. The coaches served as a source of support and knowledge and assisted in problem solving for the beginning students. As nurse educators who oversaw the project, the authors summarized the program as it was developed and implemented at the Assaf HaRofeh School of Nursing including problems, revisions, and final conclusions and discussion.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed1993

Weight control practices of U.S. adults trying to lose weight.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the relative prevalence of different types and combinations of practices among weight-loss practitioners and to describe the relations between individual characteristics and various features of weight-loss regimens. DESIGN: A telephone survey of a random digit-dialed probability sample of adults in the continental United States who reported that they were trying to lose weight. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1431 persons 18 years or older who were attempting to lose weight. MEASUREMENTS: Self-reports of a detailed inventory of more than 35 specific practices that might be used as part of a voluntary weight-loss plan, along with information about individual characteristics such as current weight, weight-loss history, demographic profile, motivations to lose weight, sources of information, and knowledge about diet and health. RESULTS: The average respondent had a current weight-loss attempt lasting from 5 to 6 months, had tried a similar plan before, and had averaged one attempt a year for the past 2 years. Seventy-one percent of women and 62% of men reported that they were both changing their diet and exercising more as part of a current weight-loss attempt. Frequently reported weight-loss practices included weighing oneself regularly (71% and 70% for women and men, respectively), walking (58% and 44%), using diet soft drinks (52% and 45%), taking vitamins and minerals (33% and 26%), counting calories (25% and 17%), skipping meals (21% and 20%), using commercial meal replacements, (15% and 13%), taking diet pills (14% and 7%), and participating in organized weight-loss programs (13% and 5%). Sex, education, and overweight status influenced the choice of a weight-loss practice. CONCLUSIONS: Individual approaches to weight-loss vary and are characterized by their duration and by their recurrent nature. Policy efforts should be directed toward increasing the long-term effectiveness of individual weight-loss plans.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

A further perspective on medical history collecting.

Part of the proper academic function of the medical librarian is to pay attention to the sources of modern medical knowledge. Secondary works on the history of medicine should be acquired and at least one subject field emphasized for collection in depth historically.

Book Collecting↗
PubMed2000

Information systems: the key to evidence-based health practice.

Increasing prominence is being given to the use of best current evidence in clinical practice and health services and programme management decision-making. The role of information in evidence-based practice (EBP) is discussed, together with questions of how advanced information systems and technology (IS&T) can contribute to the establishment of a broader perspective for EBP. The author examines the development, validation and use of a variety of sources of evidence and knowledge that go beyond the well-established paradigm of research, clinical trials, and systematic literature review. Opportunities and challenges in the implementation and use of IS&T and knowledge management tools are examined for six application areas: reference databases, contextual data, clinical data repositories, administrative data repositories, decision support software, and Internet-based interactive health information and communication. Computerized and telecommunications applications that support EBP follow a hierarchy in which systems, tasks and complexity range from reference retrieval and the processing of relatively routine transactions, to complex "data mining" and rule-driven decision support systems.

Decision Support Systems, Clinical↗
PubMed2001

Factors related to smoking habits of male secondary school teachers.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the factors related to smoking habits of secondary school teachers in Kelantan, Malaysia. A total of 180 male teachers and trainee teachers from four secondary schools in Kelantan and a Teachers' Training College were interviewed by using a structured questionnaire. Cluster sampling was applied. The significant findings found were current smokers were found as high as 40.56%. Mean duration of smoking was 6.8 years and mean initiation age was 16.5 years. Trainee teachers had a significantly higher proportion of current smokers. There was a significant association between smoking status of teachers and their fathers' and perception of the hazards of smoking on health. Peer influence was found to be the major reason for smoking among smokers. Religious belief and care for health attitude prevented non-smokers from smoking. About 3/5 of smokers thought of quitting smoking and of these 1/4 had tried at least once. There was a significant difference of proportion of attempted quitting between regular and occasional smokers. Mass media was the best source of information on knowledge about smoking hazards. Anti-smoking campaigns should start as early as possible in schools. Lectures and talks on smoking should be included in the curriculum of teachers' training courses.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2001

[Planning medical education for the next decades].

Accelerated changes in source and contents of knowledge, methodologies and scenarios used in learning, and in the meaning and goals of the educational process, are typical of these times. To characterize future needs, roles and expectations of the various actors involved, is also very unreliable and unpredictable. Performing reiterative strategic analysis, monitoring procedures, doing continuous assessment of results and making permanent adaptations in the educational process to the environmental conditions, are unavoidable means to get secure and pertinent effects from the implemented actions. From this perspective, the University of Chile Faculty of Medicine is formulating its proposals to innovate in curriculum, and strengthen its academic resources and students development.

Chile↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of spatial variation of cesium-137 in small catchments.

Surface contamination by bomb-derived and Chernobyl-derived 137Cs has been subject to changes due to physical decay and lateral transport of contaminated soil particles, which have resulted in an on-going transfer of radionuclides from terrestrial ecosystems to surface water, river bed sediments, and flood plains. Knowledge of the different sources of spatial variation of 137Cs is particularly essential for estimating 137Cs transfer to fluvial systems and for successfully applying 137Cs as an environmental tracer in soil erosion studies. This study combined a straightforward sediment redistribution model and geostatistical interpolation of point samples of 137Cs activities in soil to distinguish the effects of sediment erosion and deposition from other sources of variation in 137Cs in the small Mochovce catchment in Slovakia. These other sources of variation could then be interpreted. Besides erosion and deposition processes, the initial pattern of 137Cs deposition, floodplain sedimentation, and short-range spatial variation were identified as the major sources of spatial variation of the 137Cs inventory.

Cesium Radioisotopes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Teflon-induced granuloma: a false-positive finding with PET resolved with combined PET and CT.

Patients who have undergone thyroidectomy may have recurrent laryngeal nerve injury; until recently, Teflon injection was commonly used for vocal cord medialization. We present a case of a patient who underwent thyroidectomy who had significantly increased and unilateral (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the neck, which was found to be localized to the left vocal cord by use of combined positron emission tomography (PET) and CT, presumably because of a Teflon-induced granuloma. Knowledge of this potential source of false-positive PET interpretation because of its inability to precisely localize neoplastic lesions, and the use of combined PET and CT imaging, may allow precise diagnosis and prevention of unnecessary interventions.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1992

Black-White differences in blood pressure: the role of social factors.

This review summarizes current knowledge about the social sources of differences in blood pressure between blacks and whites in the United States. Genetic variables may play some role in explaining black-white differences in blood pressure, but social factors are more important than genetic ones. I review evidence linking stress, social integration, coping styles, and health behavior (including obesity) to high blood pressure, emphasizing that the distribution of these risk factors is shaped by larger social structures and processes. Effective efforts to reduce stress and improve health practices must not focus only on the individual but must seek to alter the social, economic, and political structures and arrangements that produce disease.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2005

The calcium connection to bone health across a woman's lifespan: a roundtable.

Adequate calcium throughout a woman's lifespan is a critical step to achieving and improving bone health. Unfortunately, there is no time across this continuum where the average intake is optimal. This paper reviews the output of a roundtable of scientific professionals who gathered to discuss approaches for turning high levels of awareness regarding the importance of adequate calcium intake into behaviors that actualize this recognition throughout the life of a woman. The critical time periods of pregnancy, lactation, perimenopause and menopause, in which adequate calcium intake is most important, are particularly highlighted. Recommended levels of calcium and vitamin D are reviewed with emphasis on diet and supplemental sources of these nutrients. Knowledge of the current shortfall in calcium intake across the life continuum coupled with health care professional education about the importance of compliance with recommendations will increase calcium awareness and utilization and improve bone health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Acromioclavicular joint injuries.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the anatomy and biomechanics of the acromioclavicular (AC) joint, along with the clinical evaluation and treatment of an athlete with an AC joint injury. DATA SOURCES: I searched MEDLINE from 1970 through 1999 under the key words "acromioclavicular joint," "clavicle," "acromioclavicular separation," and "acromioclavicular dislocation." Knowledge base was an additional source. DATA SYNTHESIS: AC joint injury is common in athletes and a source of significant morbidity, particularly for athletes in overhead sports. Because this injury can masquerade as other shoulder conditions, the examiner must understand the anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder in order to perform a systematic clinical evaluation and identify the injury. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: Careful attention to the clinical evaluation allows the clinician to categorize the athlete's AC joint injury and institute appropriate treatment in a timely fashion, thus permitting the athlete to return to sport as quickly and safely as possible.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

BioDash: a Semantic Web dashboard for drug development.

A researcher's current scientific understanding is assembled from multiple sources of facts and knowledge, along with beliefs and hypotheses of their interpretations. A comprehensive and structured aggregation of all the relevant components is to-date not possible using standard database technologies, nor is it obvious how to include beliefs, such as models and hypotheses into such a bundle. When such information is required as the basis for important decision-making (e.g., in drug discovery), scientists often resort to using commercial presentation applications. This is sub-optimal for the effective use of knowledge, and alternatives that support the inclusion of meaning are urgently needed. This paper describes a prototype Semantic Web application, BioDash, which attempts to aggregate heterogeneous yet related facts and statements (using an RDF model) into an intuitive, visually descriptive and interactive display.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1991

Use of birth defects monitoring programs for assessing the effects of maternal substance abuse on pregnancy outcomes.

We have attempted to demonstrate that birth defects surveillance systems are a unique adjunct to clinical research data on maternal exposures, including substances of abuse. Surveillance system data reflect the experiences of the populations from which they are drawn and the characteristics of the people in those populations. Sensitive systems may reveal trends in health status and changes in behavioral, cultural, social, or environmental exposures. They can be used to monitor changing trends, to identify clusters for investigation, to generate and test hypotheses, and to conduct epidemiological studies. For researchers to interpret data derived from surveillance systems appropriately and wisely, they need a thorough knowledge of the data sources, the data-collection procedures, and the intent of the surveillance systems. Researchers using surveillance data should have a thorough understanding of the quality of their data and the methodologic subtleties that bear on its interpretation; researchers reviewing scientific literature based on surveillance data should be aware of the strengths and limitations inherent in the data.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Acceptance and perceptions of NORPLANT among users in San Francisco, USA.

Two hundred and five women participating in a five-year clinical trial of NORPLANT and NORPLANT-2 were interviewed about their contraceptive and reproductive history, sources of information and knowledge of NORPLANT, experiences using the method, and the impressions of friends and family about the method. The most common reasons for trying the implants were dissatisfaction with other methods and perceptions about NORPLANT's ease of use. Forty-one percent of acceptors had anxiety prior to insertion; 49 percent of these feared pain, but only 5 percent said that they actually experienced significant pain. Women also feared implant removal, but their fear did not influence their decision to continue or discontinue use, and 74 percent reported little or no pain at removal. Most of the women were pleased with NORPLANT, although 95 percent reported side effects, with 82 percent reporting changes in menstruation. More than one-half of those women who discontinued reported that they would use the implants again. Seventy-four percent of the current users interviewed said they would like to use the implants in the future. For the women enrolled in the clinical trial, NORPLANT appeared to be a highly acceptable method of contraception, despite the frequent occurrence of bothersome side effects.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluation of the reconstruction of seed positions from stereo and orthogonal radiographs for routine radiotherapy planning.

Brachytherapy, which refers to short-distance treatment via implanted sources, requires an accurate knowledge of the dose distribution in the implant volume. A critical step in the determination of the dose distribution involves an accurate reconstruction of seed positions. Stereo and orthogonal radiographs offer two distinct imaging techniques for determining the seed positions in the implant volume. This work is an attempt to study the effects of random errors associated with the three-dimensional reconstruction of a two-plane seed implant from stereo and orthogonal radiographs. The uncertainty in coordinates is expressed as the standard deviation of the measurements. To assess the geometric accuracy of the stereo and orthogonal methods, the computer-reconstructed coordinates of each seed are compared with the measured and manually calculated coordinates. The uncertainties in the coordinates and relative positions of seeds are also estimated by considering the propagation of errors in the reconstructed parameters. The isodose contours surrounding the implant are obtained for both methods. Using a sonic digitizer to input the data, it was found that seed coordinates and relative seed positions can be obtained satisfactorily from stereo radiographs. The uncertainties were compared with the values reported in the literature. Suggestions are made to reduce the uncertainties in the reconstruction of coordinates with the stereo method.

Brachytherapy↗
PubMed1989

Predicate calculus, artificial intelligence, and workers' compensation.

Application of principles of predicate calculus (PC) and artificial intelligence (AI) search methods to occupational medicine can meet several goals. First, they can improve understanding of the diagnostic process and recognition of the sources of uncertainty in knowledge and in case specific information. Second, PC provides a rational means of resolving differences in conclusion based upon the same premises. Third, understanding of these principles allows separation of knowledge (facts) from the process by which they are used and therefore facilitates development of AI-based expert systems. Application of PC to recognizing causation of pulmonary fibrosis is demonstrated in this paper, providing a method that can be generalized to other problems in occupational medicine. Application of PC and understanding of AI search routines may be particularly applicable to workers' compensation where explicit statement of rational and inferential process is necessary. This approach is useful in the diagnosis of occupational lung disease and may be particularly valuable in workers' compensation considerations, wherein explicit statement of rationale is needed.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1987

Bringing HELP to the clinical laboratory--use of an expert system to provide automatic interpretation of laboratory data.

In domains where the types of data which are to be interpreted are relatively constrained (as in the case of specific laboratory test results), our modular data-driven approach can be very productive and well received by the clinical recipient of the data. The computer rarely surpasses the knowledge of an experts result from lack of communication, imperfect memory, oversight or multiple decision-makers caring for the same patient. In such cases, most of the alerts are immediately recognized as valid, so the need for elaborate explanations is not a high priority. On the other hand, a non-specialist is alerted to the need for additional investigation, tests or collaborative support, by the fact that a reminder or diagnosis that s/he had not previously considered, appears. In other words, for the expert, a data-driven system provides unceasing oversight in high-volume low-yielded situations where a small number of mistakes may uncommonly occur for reasons which are not related to the lack of knowledge of the provider. For the non-specialist the system suggests that the patient may have problems in a domain for which the physician needs additional support. In the present state of the art, we do not think that total reliance on the computer-contained knowledge is the ultimate source of this additional support; providing the awareness of the need may be the most important contribution. Once you know that you need help, it is usually obtainable. In a discussion about how computer systems have failed, Friedman and Gustafson made the following observation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Decision Making, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed1984

Psychosocial health issues in pediatric practices: parents' knowledge and concerns.

Parents' general knowledge of child development and the demographic factors associated with that knowledge were studied. A questionnaire was completed by 230 parents of patients from three quite different pediatric practices in the south-central United States. Chi square analysis was used as the major statistical technique. Results indicated that age, educational level, and income were associated with level of child development knowledge. Parents reported the sources and educational techniques that were most helpful to them in the past and present. The majority (81%) of the questions that parents wished to direct to pediatricians, given sufficient time, were concerned with psycho- social issues. It appears that the pediatric practice is a logical means of providing information to parents about their children's health concerns, both behavioral and physical. These results emphasize the importance of training pediatricians in behavioral issues and in improving their communication skills. The results are presented to help pediatricians select the anticipatory guidance and educational techniques that might be provided to parents through the pediatric practice.

Adult↗