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At least 1,639 records · Page 91Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Effects of preinterview suggestion on counselor memory, clinical impression, and confidence in judgments.

This study examined the effects of schematic preinterview suggestion on counselors' (a) recognition memory of the information presented by the client; (b) clinical impression rating of the client; and (c) confidence in rating clinical impression. Fifty-two Master's-level counselor-trainees were assigned randomly to two conditions of preinterview suggestion about the status of the client (i.e., depression and no depression). After subjects had received appropriate preinterview information (i.e., depression or no-depression content) and had viewed a videotaped counseling interview, information was gathered from them. The results indicated that the preinterview suggestion (a) did not affect counselor-trainees' clinical impression rating of the client; (b) did not affect confidence of rating; and (c) yielded a weak, but significant, confirmatory memory. Implications for the interview setting are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Comparing clock tests for dementia screening: naïve judgments vs formal systems--what is optimal?

BACKGROUND: Clock drawing tests (CDTs) vary in format, scoring, and complexity. Herein, we compared the dementia screening performance of seven CDT scoring systems and the judgements of untrained raters. METHODS: 80 clock drawings by subjects of known dementia status were selected, 20 from each of four categories (Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's disease [CERAD] defined normal, mild, moderate, and severe abnormality). An expert rater scored all clocks using published criteria for seven systems. Additionally, 20 naïve raters judged clocks as either normal or abnormal, without formal instructions. Clocks were then classified by drawers' dementia status for comparison of dementia detection across systems. RESULTS: Naïve and formal CDT systems showed 90-100% agreement in CERAD normal, moderate and severe categories, but poor agreement (mean = 39%) for mildly impaired clocks. When CDT systems were compared for accurate dementia classification, the Mendez and CERAD systems correctly identified the greatest proportion of subjects (84-85%), and Wolf-Klein the smallest (58%). The better systems correctly identified> 70% of mildly demented individuals (CDR = 1). In contrast, medical records from patients' personal physicians correctly identified only 24% of the mildly demented. Strikingly, naïve raters' CDT judgements were as effective as five of the seven CDT systems in dementia identification. CONCLUSIONS: While the Mendez system was the most accurate overall, it was not significantly better than CERAD, which had simpler scoring rules. Untrained raters discriminated normal from abnormal clocks with acceptable accuracy for community screening purposes. Results suggest that, if used, most CDT systems would improve personal physicians' dementia recognition in difficult to detect mildly demented subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

The pharmacodynamics of ethanol: effects on performance and judgment.

The objective and subjective effects produced by increasing and decreasing ethanol concentrations were studied in healthy volunteers on three separate occasions. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, four-way crossover study was used to determine whether there is any disparity between the time course of blood ethanol concentration and its effects on either objective test performance or self rated impairment. On each study day the subjects received one of four treatments consisting of either placebo or sufficient alcohol to achieve peak estimated blood alcohol concentration (Est.BAC) of 0.07 gm/dL, 0.1 gm/dL or 0.14 gm/dL. Est.BAC determined from breath alcohol concentrations were measured 20 minutes after each "dose" until peak Est.BAC was achieved, then 1, 2, 3.5, and 4.5 hours after peak Est.BAC. Digit symbol substitution (DSS), simulated driving reaction time (SDRT), choice reaction time (CRT) and self assessment of impairment (SRI) were measured simultaneously with Est.BAC. Changes in objective performance test scores were well correlated with Est.BAC (r2 = 0.60 P less than .01). Maximum impairment in test performance occurred at the same time as peak Est.BAC. Threshold Est.BAC needed to produce changes in objective test scores greater than placebo were 0.06 +/- 0.01 for DSS, 0.04 +/- 0.01 for SDRT, and 0.04 +/- 0.02 for CRT. There was no evidence of between dose or within dose tolerance to the effects produced by various Est.BAC on any of these performance tests. Subjects' self rated degrees of impairment at various Est.BAC were influenced by whether alcohol concentrations were rising or falling. Subjective impairment ratings were greater while alcohol concentrations were increasing compared to the same Est.BAC occurring during falling alcohol concentrations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗