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PubMed1998

[The effect of interviewer distance on eyeblinks and heart rates of interviewee].

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of interviewer distance on interviewee eyeblinks and heart rates. The interviewer was a 22 year-old woman, and 21 undergraduates, eight men and 13 women, participated in the study as interviewees. Interviews were conducted under three distance conditions: close (0.8 m), middle (2.0 m), and distant (4.0 m). A polygraph recorded the interviewee's eyeblinks and heart rates during the interview. After the interview, the interviewee rated his/her own psychological state during the interview, and reported impressions of the interviewer. Results showed that interviewees blinked more frequently in the close condition than the other conditions. No significant effect was found on heart rate. Interviewees rated their psychological state as more negative in the close condition, but impression to the interviewer remained the same across the conditions. These results indicated that eyeblink is a useful physiological index of effects that interpersonal situations have.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

An application of the situational interview to selection of nursing personnel.

The study was designed to develop a situational interview technique to replace the unstructured interview commonly used in the selection process of nursing personnel and explore the applicability of incorporating the situational interview and psychological tests into the development of a regression model of nursing personnel selection. The authors collected from several teaching hospitals in Kaohsiung job-related critical incidents which were used to construct the questionnaire for the situational interview and the performance appraisal checklist. A sample of subjects, 198 in the first year but only 116 the second year, were interviewed and evaluated with the situational interview, the Nursing Image Scale, the Work Values Inventory, and part of the Gordon Personal Profile-Inventory as predictor measures and the performance appraisal checklist as the criterion measure. The results showed that the reliability and validity coefficients of the situational interview were close to or even better than those obtained by the previous researchers in the same field. The reliability and validity coefficients of the performance appraisal checklist indicated its applicability and suitability. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the situational interview as well as some traits measured by the personality and values tests could predict the performance appraisal scores of nursing personnel.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Communication deficits: assessment of subjects with frontal lobe damage in an interview setting.

This paper is about communication deficits in an interview setting among adolescents with frontal lobe damage. One of the predominant characteristics of these patients is difficulty taking the context into account. Pragmatic theories, which attempt to clarify the link between the formal structure of language and the extra-linguistic context (such as the interlocutor's characteristics or strategies), may help provide insight into the difficulties of these patients. An interview setting, viewed here as a communication situation, is governed by an interaction format based on specific cooperative principles. In this study, the results of subjects with frontal lobe damage (in the role of interviewee) were first compared with those of normal subjects in an interview situation. Three pragmatic indexes were considered: the number of utterances per speaking turn (speech quantity), amount of digression (keeping to the topic or predefined subject of conversation shared by the interlocutors) and prevalence of within-subject contingency speaking turns without an intervening remark by the interviewer (topic development). Secondly, we attempted to determine whether the patients' discourse was dependent upon the interviewer's conversational strategy (structured, non-structured, or alternating). The results clearly point out the extent of the difficulty frontal lobe patients have conforming to the rules of the interview situation, whether regarding the amount of speech they produce or their ability to keep within and/or development of the topic of conversation. The data also indicated that the patients' linguistic productions varied with the interviewer's strategy. The structured strategy did not always give rise to the best performance: while the unstructured and alternating strategies allowed patients to produce more utterances per speaking turn, the alternating strategy enabled better development of the interview topic. These results suggest that such variations could be put to fruitful use in remedial techniques.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interviewing job applicants for a staff opening.

It can be very challenging to identify a potentially strong employee for your practice based upon a resume or written application alone. That is why a well-structured and carefully prepared interview is such an important part of the recruitment process. However, many interviewers have vague interview goals or do not know how to make their limited time with the applicant count. This article describes the key ingredients for a successful interview and offers practical tips for interview preparation. Sample interview questions, legal considerations, and interview follow-up tips are offered, as well as practical advice about involving members of your staff in the interview process.

Guidelines as Topic↗
PubMed2003

Matriculating student perceptions of changes to the admissions interview process at the University of Wisconsin Medical School: a prospective, controlled comparison.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether changes in the admissions interview process improved matriculating students' perceptions of the quality of the admissions interview process. METHODS: We surveyed matriculating medical students for a 3-year period. Over this period, the admissions process and procedures went through a review and then a re-engineering. The survey provided 1 year of baseline data (while the review was undertaken), 1 year of data as recommendations from the review were progressively implemented, and 1 year of data on full implementation of recommendations. RESULTS: From baseline to full implementation, there were statistically significant increases (p < .05) in the percentage of matriculating students who found the University of Wisconsin (UW) Medical School interview process useful (31% increase), thorough (50% increase) and better than that of other medical schools (28% increase). There was also a statistically significant decrease in the percentage of matriculating students who found the UW Medical School interview process to be less impressive than other schools (29% decrease) and in need of improvement (45% decrease). EDUCATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE/CONCLUSIONS: Changes made in the UW Medical School's interview process yielded significant increases in perceptions of the quality of the experience by matriculating students. Since interviewing is expensive for both the institution and the applicant, it should have a clear purpose. The manner in which interviews are conducted should be critically reviewed periodically to ensure that the interview continues to meet its intended needs.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Computer-based and live interviews on problem drinking: users' attitudes.

Some studies of computerized interviews particularly those that deal with personally sensitive topics demonstrate that people have a preference for automated interviews versus live interviews. To explore this phenomenon, we administered four open-ended questions after participants were screened for problem drinking by both an automated and a human telephone interviewer. Both interviews administered AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test) for assessing problem drinking. Individuals were recruited into the study who responded to ads in daily papers. Sixty-two percent of the participants preferred the human interviewer and only 3% among these expressed a concern about confidentiality of the interview. Among the 22% who preferred the automated interview, 32% indicated confidentiality as a reason for their preference.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

The structured interview elicits a differential prostacyclin response in A and B behaviour types.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether individuals exhibiting the type A behaviour pattern have a different extent of prostacyclin or thromboxane production after relaxation or after a structured interview compared to individuals exhibiting the type B behaviour pattern. DESIGN: Subjects were randomized to receive prospectively either a relaxation session or a mildly stressful interview first. Each then received the alternate treatment second. SETTING: Students attending an introductory psychology course at the University of Manitoba received a relaxation session (20 mins lying down listening to a tape) and an interview session (the structured interview of Rosenman). OUTCOME MEASURES: Type A/B behaviour pattern was rated using the structured interview of Rosenman. Production of 6-keto prostaglandin F1-alpha and thromboxane B2, metabolites of prostacyclin and thromboxane A2, respectively, were measured in response to a standardized vascular injury-bleeding time. MAIN RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the length of bleeding time, in bleeding time thromboxane production or in prostacyclin production after relaxation between individuals exhibiting type A and B behaviour patterns. Prostacyclin production after the interview was lower in type A individuals (3.29 +/- 0.29 pg/min) than in individuals exhibiting type B behaviour (4.76 +/- 0.63 pg/min) (P = 0.04). No significant post interview differences in bleeding time or in thromboxane production were seen. CONCLUSION: After relaxation, type A and B subjects are similar in their prostacyclin and thromboxane responses to vascular injury. However, type A individuals show a less favorable prostacyclin response than type B when confronted with the structured interview; type A individuals responded in an aggressive or hostile fashion, while the type B individuals exhibited a more relaxed response.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed1987

Role and nature of an interview in the selection of CUP applicants.

The purposes of this research were to study the role of an interview in the selection of applicants in coordinated undergraduate programs (CUPs) in dietetics and to ascertain the nature of the interview in those programs in which it was used. A questionnaire sent to all CUP directors asked why they did or did not use an interview, the criteria used to determine which applicants would be interviewed, and the makeup of the interviewing team. Furthermore, the directors were asked to state the types of questions asked most frequently, the rationale for asking those questions, and the procedure used to evaluate applicants' responses. Finally, the directors were asked to rate the level of influence of selected factors that might be used in the decision regarding admission to CUP. The overall response rate was 81%. Results indicated that an interview is used in 80% of the programs. Difficulty in scheduling and in achieving a standardized method of evaluating an interview were the most frequently cited reasons for not using one. Thirty-seven percent of the respondents ranked an interview as high in influencing the decision regarding admission to CUP. In contrast, 90% of the respondents ranked completion of prerequisite courses and 86% ranked overall GPA as highly influential factors.

Dietetics↗
PubMed1981

Interviewing with intravenous drugs.

Drug assisted interviewing is of demonstrated value in differentiating organic from functional delirious states. Its role in the differential diagnosis of major mental illness is unclear; but well-timed interviews may provide useful additional data. Unfortunately the data is usually difficult to interpret. It certain forms of amnesia, drug assisted interviewing may facilitate retrieval of otherwise unavailable memories, yet these memories are no more reliable than those obtained in conventional interviews. The use of intravenous drugs in psychotherapy has generated encouraging reports which have not, however, been subjected to controlled study. The use of drug interviews, similar to hypnosis, in the treatment of intractable conversion has been long known in clinical practice. The long-term benefit of such interventions is not known. Drug-assisted interviewing has a long, if controversial, history in clinical psychiatry. Its limitations and usefulness are often misunderstood. In addition, there is a deficit of well-controlled study of drug-assisted interviewing. Nevertheless, well-timed interviews, employing properly executed technique, may be helpful in a range of diagnostic and therapeutic situations.

Amobarbital↗
PubMed1982

Use of the interview in admissions.

A description of one method of dealing with nonacademic information from applicants seeking acceptance into a physical therapy curriculum is presented. The strengths of this admission process are interviewer training sessions, use of simulated interviews presented by videotape, subsequent discussion of ratings, specific criteria to support interview ratings, and an arbitration procedure. Attempts were made to increase the objectivity of the interview through frequent meetings of the admission committee to decide on the areas of the interview and specific criteria on which to rate each area. In the areas of weighting factors, training of interviewers, development of specific interview criteria, arbitration procedure, and the use of the computer printout, this admission process could be easily adapted to other allied health programs. Details of the interview are discussed.

Educational Measurement↗
PubMed1993

The admissions process of a bachelor of science in nursing program: initial reliability and validity of the personal interview.

The undergraduate nursing degree program (B.Sc.N.) at McMaster University School of Nursing uses small groups, and is learner-centered and problem-based. A study was conducted during the 1991 admissions cycle to determine the initial reliability and validity of the semi-structured personal interview which constitutes the final component of candidate selection for this program. During the interview, three-member teams assess applicant suitability to the program based on six dimensions: applicant motivation, awareness of the program, problem-solving abilities, ability to relate to others, self-appraisal skills, and career goals. Each interviewer assigns the applicant a global rating using a seven-point scale. For the purposes of this study four interviewer teams were randomly selected from the pool of 31 teams to interview four simulated (preprogrammed) applicants. Using two-factor repeated-measures ANOVA to analyze interview ratings, inter-rater and inter-team intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated. Inter-team reliability ranged from .64 to .97 for the individual dimensions, and .66 to .89 on global ratings. Inter-rater ICC for the six dimensions ranged from .81 to .99, and .96 to .99 for the global ratings. The item-to-total correlation coefficients between individual dimensions and global ratings ranged from .8 to 1.0. Pearson correlations between items ranged from .77 to 1.0. The ICC were then calculated for the interview scores of 108 actual applicants to the program. Inter-rater reliability based on global ratings was .79 for the single (1 rater) observation, and .91 for the multiple (3 rater) observation. These findings support the continued use of the interview as a reliable instrument with face validity. Studies of predictive validity will be undertaken.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Brief diagnostic interviews (SDDS-PC) for multiple mental disorders in primary care. A pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To pilot test the feasibility and validity of new, brief, structured, physician-administered diagnostic interviews for six mental disorders in primary care patients identified from a patient-completed screen. DESIGN: Comparison of the new diagnostic interviews with the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition, version P (SCID-P), administered independently by a mental health professional. SETTING: Three Rhode Island family practices and a South Carolina family medicine residency. SUBJECTS: Consecutive patients of either sex, aged 18 to 70 years, who were able to read and write English were eligible for screening; 775 patients completed the screen. Of these, 246 screened positive for at least one disorder and received at least one module. Of these, 158 received a SCID-P interview. RESULTS: The diagnostic interviews were found useful by all 16 participating physicians. Eighty-seven percent reported that they diagnosed a new mental problem, and 93% said that the modules clarified suspected symptoms. However, 26% thought the procedure was too time consuming, and 80% believed that reimbursement would be necessary for routine use. Detection of cases using the diagnostic modules was associated with physician intervention and with independent assessment of patient impairment. Over three quarters of the patients (76.4%) who were classified as positive by the physician interview for any of the diagnoses also tested positive on the SCID-P. Two thirds of the patients (62.7%) with at least one of the disorders (according to SCID-P) were classified by the physician interview as having a mental disorder. However, the operating characteristics varied across specific disorders and indicated a need for revisions and testing in larger samples. CONCLUSIONS: These brief physician-administered diagnostic interview modules are part of a screening and diagnostic system (Symptom-Driven Diagnostic System for Primary Care [SDDS-PC], The UpJohn Co, Kalamazoo, Mich) to detect mental disorders in primary care patients. The pilot results help establish their feasibility and validity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evaluating interviewing techniques for the sexual practices history. Use of video trigger tapes to assess patient comfort.

BACKGROUND: Although physicians recognize the importance of assessing a patient's risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, many are reluctant to explore a person's sexual history, a principal determinant of this risk. OBJECTIVE: To examine the feasibility of a research design that uses responses to viewing a videotaped interview as a proxy for how patients might feel if they were interviewed using a specific approach, and to determine comfort levels with a variety of interview approaches for conducting HIV risk assessment. METHODS: Individuals responded to a videotape of several interviewing approaches for HIV risk assessment. Responses to the following aspects were collected: introduction of HIV risk assessment, assessment of patient comfort with the topic, techniques for collecting HIV risk and sexual information, and exploration of sensitive issues not previously identified. Participants expressed levels of comfort by means of a Likert scale to rate their comfort with each approach. RESULTS: Participants expressed higher comfort levels with an introduction that used a ubiquity statement or lifestyle bridge question. Also, they expressed greater comfort when the interviewer addressed how they felt about responding to questions about their HIV risk. Participants reported highest levels of comfort with both patient-centered and closed-ended interviewing techniques. Women were less comfortable with an open-ended interviewing technique. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals have different comfort levels for approaches used to assess HIV risk. This trigger tape experimental design to assess comfort levels for interview techniques is feasible for exploring other aspects of physician-patient communication; additional validation studies are recommended.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: interview versus self-report.

Several studies have demonstrated the reliability and validity of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) conducted by trained interviewers. The present study examined several aspects of a self-report YBOCS version relative to the usual interview format in two non-clinical samples (ns = 46 and 70) and in a clinical OCD sample (n = 36) and a clinical non-OCD group (n = 10). The self-rated instrument showed excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability, performing somewhat better than the interview. There was good agreement between symptom checklist categories across the two versions, though clinical subjects reported more symptoms on the self-report form than on the interview. Some order effects were evident for non-clinical subjects only: those who received the self-report first scored lower on both self-report and interview than those who received the interview first. No order effects were observed in the clinical sample. The self-report version showed strong convergent validity with the interview, and discriminated well between OCD and non-OCD patients. Although more study is needed, particularly on clinical samples, these findings suggest that the self-report YBOCS may be a time-saving and less costly substitute for the interview format in assessing OCD symptoms.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Capturing health care utilization after occupational low-back pain: development of an interviewer-administered questionnaire.

The aim of this study was to develop and test the feasibility and validity of a patient questionnaire to assess health care utilization after occupational low-back pain (LBP). Items generated after a literature search were revised and refined on the basis of their face and content validity (judged by a group of practitioners) and pretested with six lay subjects who had LBP. The 73-item questionnaire was then tested in interviews with subjects with acute, subacute, or chronic LBP. Its validity was judged by comparison with a prospective patient diary and with care-provider reports. Chance-corrected agreement was estimated using the kappa statistic. Response rates were 78%, 70%, and 59% for interview, diary, and provider reports, respectively. Eighty of 102 eligible workers completed the interview in an average of 45 minutes (SD = 17.7). Most LBP subjects (90.1%) found it easy to answer. In the opinion of the interviewer, 94.7% of subjects showed adequate comprehension and ability to recall. With a few exceptions, there was moderate to substantial agreement between the interview and the patient diary (most K values between 0.38 and 0.78). Overall, subjects reported more health care services to the interviewer than they recorded in the diary. Owing to the low response rate from providers, comparison with provider reports had to be restricted to 48 subjects and to physicians' reports only. Agreement between interviews and physicians' reports was substantial in use of plain X-rays (kappa = 0.79) and computed tomography scans (kappa = 0.85), but physicians often reported referrals not volunteered by the subjects. Agreement on prescription medications was fair (kappa = 0.29-0.46) with no systematic over reporting or under reporting. Our interviewer-administered questionnaire had better return rate than the patient diary and provider reports. It was easy to administer and understand. On the basis of our comparison with patient diaries and physicians' reports, we conclude that this questionnaire is a sufficiently valid source of health care utilization data in subjects with LBP.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sequential analysis of the phasing of the medical interview.

AIMS: To study an analytical approach towards sequential analysis of the medical interview. An interview phase constitutes the analytical unit. Generally accepted phases of the medical interview are 1) medical history, 2) physical examination and 3) the conclusion segment. While descriptive and prescriptive studies claim that the sequence of the phasing is standard, it is hypothesised that in natural medical conversation the sequencing of the interview is more complex. For the doctor, the sequencing pattern is a powerful device to structure the interview and to manage the interactions within a limited time span. For the patient, especially the conclusion segment will contain more self-selection than other segments. Key concepts are turn taking, topic shift, topic flow, conversational coherence and responsiveness. METHODS: The data consisted of 800 verbatim transcript pages of 85 medical interviews obtained from general practice. Interplay of theoretical notions and data-driven observations produced a reliable analytical method described in the article. The method enables to study processes of (a)symmetry in medical communication and the ways to deal with problems of misunderstanding. RESULTS: Results confirmed 1) the asymmetrical character of the interview, 2) the complexity of the phasing, and 3) the existence of several types of interviews. CONCLUSIONS: The method can be applied for a broad range of research questions.

Communication↗
PubMed2002

Intraoperative awareness: detected by the structured Brice interview?

BACKGROUND: Awareness is a rare complication in general anesthesia, but its consequences are stressful. Efforts must be undertaken to prevent, diagnose, and, if occurring, treat it. The incidence of awareness is higher following anesthesia involving the use of muscle relaxants. As a part of a quality assurance program at our short-stay surgery all patients exposed to general anesthesia are routinely subjected to a Brice interview, which aims to evaluate our standard anesthetic technique regarding awareness. METHODS: The Brice interview was used prospectively in 5216 patients given a propofol/opioid anesthetic for day-case or short-stay surgery. Neuromuscular blocks were used only for surgical needs, not routinely. All patients were interviewed on discharge from the recovery room. A second interview, according to Brice, was undertaken by telephone 3-7 days later in the case of a notable intraoperative event, or otherwise after postoperative patient complaints. All patients were also interviewed by telephone 1-2 days postoperatively. RESULTS: None of the patient interviews indicated awareness. This was also the case in five non-relaxed patients who had an incident of light anesthesia with eye opening and gross motor response without forewarning. Neuromuscular blockade was used in 7% of patients. DISCUSSION: We were unable to detect intraoperative awareness. The anesthetic regimen, including minimal use of muscle relaxants, might be beneficial for awareness prevention. Alternatively, the diagnostic power, the timing of the Brice interview, or the number of interviews performed may be questioned.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Bias in assessment of health-related quality of life in a hemodialysis population: a comparison of self-administered and interviewer-administered surveys in the HEMO study.

ABSTRACT. Examined is the relationship of patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQOL) to the mode of survey administration in the Hemodialysis Study. In addition to self-administered surveys to assess HRQOL, interviewer-administered surveys were made available to include patients with poor vision, decreased manual dexterity, or strong preference. For examining the predictors of participation by self-administration of the survey, multiple logistic regression was performed. For examining the relationship of HRQOL results to mode of survey administration, adjusted differences between the self-administered and interviewer-administered groups were obtained from multiple linear regression models accounting for sociodemographic and case-mix factors. A total of 978 of the first 1000 subjects in the Hemodialysis Study completed the survey by interview (n = 427) or by self-administration (n = 551). The interviewer-administered group was older, was more likely black, had longer duration of ESRD, had a higher prevalence of diabetes, and had more severe comorbidity (all P < 0.01). After adjustment for these differences, patients in the interviewer-administered group had higher scores on scales that measured Role-Physical, Role-Emotional, and Effects of Kidney Disease (all P < 0.001). Dialysis studies that restrict HRQOL measurement to patients who are able to complete surveys without assistance will not accurately represent the health of the overall hemodialysis population. Clinical studies and clinical practices using HRQOL as an outcome should include interviewer administration or risk a selection bias against subjects with older age, minority status, and higher level of comorbidity. Future investigation should include research of survey modalities with a low response burden such as telephone interview, computer-assisted interview, and proxy administration.

Adolescent↗