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PubMed2001

Biobehavioral characteristics of infants with failure to thrive.

Failure to thrive (FTT) is a syndrome of growth failure that results in an infant who is behaviorally difficult. The current thinking is that FTT results from a problematic infant-mother interaction, with the infant making a significant contribution to the interactional process. It is possible that the behavioral characteristics of the infant with FTT may be related to underlying physiologic response patterns, specifically, activity of the autonomic nervous system. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships among behavioral responsiveness, heart rate variability as a marker of autonomic nervous system activity, and nutritional status in infants with FTT. Infants with FTT were matched with healthy growing infants (n = 14 pairs). Results from the study indicated that infants with FTT exhibited considerably more negative behaviors and exhibited low heart rate variability. It appears that there may be a physiologic basis to the behaviors that are exhibited by infants with FTT. Prospective research is needed to further clarify this relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Acuity card procedures and the linearity of grating resolution development during the first year of human infants.

Since the early times of preferential looking (PL), improvement of procedures to test visual resolution in infants has reached the point where the technique is spreading to clinical practice as it is applicable to a large range of age with a high degree of reliability. Acuity cards allow estimation of bi- and monocular acuity in a few minutes. Data from the literature, obtained with various PL techniques and procedures are compared to explain some incongruities. Procedures for presentation of the cards and criteria for threshold determination can greatly bias the data when they do not take into account the infant's behavioral requirements. To test the linearity of the development of visual resolution, a series of grating acuity measurements was performed on a population of 11 normal infants, regularly tested during their first year of life in optimal conditions. It was observed that: (1) grating acuity develops very regularly during the first year, (2) the two eyes never differ from each other by more than the smallest difference measurable with the equipment used (one half-octave), (3) binocular acuity appears to slightly exceed monocular acuity. These results stress the need for early detection of deviation from the norm and prompt therapeutic action.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The task of becoming a parent: problems and failures].

The reactions of father and/or mother at the time of the birth of the first son are here analysed (post partum "blue", "couvade", paternal acting and neurotic depressions). These manifestations are considered as masked depressive states. Analogies between the freudian concept of the mourning work and the work of becoming parents are seen as an internal process for both parents to consider all their losses (the role of the son, the privileged role of the pregnant woman, the exclusive relationship with the partner . . .). Two aspects are emphasised which correspond to different levels of involvement and to different clinical manifestations. An incapacity to establish a dual relationship is expressed in both father and mother with psychosis as an escape from the work of parenthood; problems and failures in such work are expressed as depressive manifestations which testify the obstacles to this elaboration.

Conflict, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Academic performance and behavioral difficulties after neonatal and infant heart surgery.

Although advances in medical and surgical arenas have allowed the ability to "mend" children born with congenital heart disease, the increasing number of survivors has created a growing cohort of children with potential academic difficulties. This article reviews the current understanding of the midterm neurologic outcomes of children who underwent neonatal and infant cardiac surgery. Lesions including transposition of great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and single ventricle lesions requiring Fontan palliation or cardiac transplantation are discussed.

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed1977

Organization of spontaneous behaviors of sleeping neonates.

The time intervals between spontaneous behaviors of 209 infants were tallied. The frequency distributions of time intervals between spontaneous behaviors showed that behaviors were usually spaced closely in time. However, none of the spontaneous behaviors occurred with a set interval between successive behaviors. All spontaneous behaviors conformed to a single pattern of temporal organization, regardless of the particular behaviors displayed, the infant's sex, or sleep state. The pattern approximated a systematic alternation of periods of increasing and decreasing time intervals between successive behaviors. These data conflict with Wolff's theory of neural discharge but support Wolff's hypothesis about substitution.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1983

Effect of iron therapy on behavior performance in nonanemic, iron-deficient infants.

In an effort to determine whether iron deficiency, in the absence of anemia (hemoglobin greater than 11.0 g/dL), might produce alterations in behavioral development, four groups of nonanemic infants, 9 to 12 months of age, with varying degrees of iron deficiency were studied. Infants were classified as iron sufficient, iron depleted, or iron deficient based on measurements of serum ferritin concentration, erythrocyte protoporphyrin values, and the mean cell volume of erythrocytes. Subjects in each group were tested with the Bayley Mental Development Index, treated with parenteral iron, and retested seven days later. The administration of iron produced a significant increase in the Mental Development Index scores (+21.6 points) in the infants with iron deficiency but no significant change in the scores of infants with iron sufficiency (+6.2 points) or only iron depletion (+5.6 points). It is concluded that iron deficiency, even in the absence of anemia, results in biochemical alterations that impair behavior in infants.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed2003

Do I get what you get? Learning about the effects of self-performed and observed actions in infancy.

The present study investigated whether infants learn the effects of other persons' actions like they do for their own actions, and whether infants transfer observed action-effect relations to their own actions. Nine-, 12-, 15- and 18-month-olds explored an object that allowed two actions, and that produced a certain salient effect after each action. In a self-exploration group, infants explored the object directly, whereas in two observation groups, infants first watched an adult model acting on the object and obtaining a certain effect with each action before exploring the objects by themselves. In one observation group, the infants' actions were followed by the same effects as the model's actions, but in the other group, the action-effect mapping for the infant was reversed to that of the model. The results showed that the observation of the model had an impact on the infants' exploration behavior from 12 months, but not earlier, and that the specific relations between observed actions and effects were acquired by 15 months. Thus, around their first birthday infants learn the effects of other persons' actions by observation, and they transfer the observed action-effect relations to their own actions in the second year of life.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effects of non-nutritive sucking on nutritive sucking, breathing, and behavior during bottle feedings of preterm infants.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of prefeeding non-nutritive sucking (NNS) on breathing, nutritive sucking (NS), and behavioral characteristics of bottle feeding. SUBJECTS: The convenience sample was composed of 10 preterm infants who were 33 to 40 weeks postconceptual age (PCA) at the time of the observation. DESIGN: Randomized, crossover; each infant was observed twice during the first 48 hours of bottle feeding. METHODS: Ten preterm infants received NNS before 1 bottle feeding and served as their own control at a second bottle feeding. Sucking was measured using a chin strain gauge and breathing was measured with a nasal thermistor. Behavioral characteristics included behavior state, measured using the Neonatal Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) behavior state scale, and feeding efficiency. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Characteristics of NS (number of suck bursts, sucks/burst, suck burst length) and breathing (number of breath bursts, breaths/burst, breath burst length), as well as behavior state during bottle feedings and feeding efficiency (percent of prescribed formula consumed, formula consumed/minute of feeding). PRINCIPAL RESULTS: NS waves were smoother and more regular than NNS waves. Time to onset and duration of the first non-nutritive suck burst were positively correlated with time to onset for the first nutritive suck burst. Prefeeding NNS had no statistically significant effect on characteristics of breathing or on any other characteristics of NS. Behavioral state during feedings and feeding efficiency were not affected by prefeeding NNS. CONCLUSIONS: In this sample, the use of prefeeding NNS did not affect NS, breathing during feeding, or select behavioral characteristics of feeding.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMed1976

Protein deprivation in primates. VIII. Early behavior of progeny.

Infant rhesus monkeys whose mothers were fed diets providing 1, 2, or 4 g of protein/kg body weight/day during pregnancy were tested on 13 behavioral tests during their first 60 days of life. (The diets had been shown to affect significantly the weights and blood protein concentrations of both pregnant and nonpregnant females.) The tests samples a wide range of behaviors, including visual and auditory perception, feeding reflexes, and locomotion. Despite the maternal dietary differences, the performances of infants on all tests were comparable in all groups. These data contrast with the finding of persistent deficit in rats born of protein-deprived mothers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1981

Adult perception of infant appearance: a review.

Recent research is reviewed which deals with adult perception of variations in specific features of infant appearance. While there is relative consensus as to the general features which compose the "babyishness" ideal type, there is less work examining the representative variation of these specific features as a function of gestational age or infant population. An important distinction is made between behavioral expressivity and morphological appearance. Research on infant behavioral assessment and social expressiveness is assessed with regard to how well different studies account for the distinct influence of behavioral expressivity and morphological appearance. Several ways of accounting for the functional significance of infant appearance are presented and speculation is given as to the effect of infant appearance on the developing adult-infant relationship.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of developmental care on behavioral organization in very-low-birth-weight infants.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether modifying care to reduce stressors in the neonatal intensive care unit and support infant development affected physiological, motor, and behavioral state organization. Twenty-one infants weighing less than 1501 g were studied prior to a nursing staff-training program (control) and 24 infants were studied posttraining (study). Nurses were taught to lower environmental stress, reduce procedural stress, and facilitate motor and sleep-wake organization. Oxygen saturation, motor activity, posture, and sleep-wake states were measured biweekly during routine care. Study infants showed higher oxygen saturation levels, fewer disorganized and jerky movements, more flexor movements, more flexed posture, and more alert-wakefulness than controls. Results suggest that this approach to care may have potential to improve behavioral organization during the preterm period.

Behavior↗
PubMed2003

Adaptation of a cardiac monitor for collection of infant sleep data and development of a computer program to categorize infant sleep state.

This article describes the adaptation of a cardiac Holter monitor to more conveniently collect and store infant sleep data. The cardiac monitor was first adapted to connect to a sleep mattress, then refined until readable infant sleep signal data were produced. System data were compared to data collected by a live observer of infant sleep (kappa = 0.84). The IRB-approved testing used newborn infants, conducted with parental consent. Development of a rule-based computer program was designed to categorize the physiologic data into infant sleep wake states. The cardiac monitor was found to be lightweight, portable, battery powered, nonintrusive, and safe for collecting infant sleep data. Preliminary assessment of the validity of the program in scoring infant sleep was compared to hand scored data (kappa = 0.76). Refinement of the system and software program is ongoing and expected to greatly facilitate the study of infant state behavior.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗