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PubMedDate not supplied

Strength properties of visible-light-cured resin-modified glass-ionomer cements.

A new generation of glass ionomers containing polymerizable methacrylate monomers and/or prepolymers are now available for use as direct esthetic restorative materials. Proper clinical application of these new resin-modified glass ionomers requires an understanding of their benefits and limitations. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the compressive and diametral tensile strength at 1 hour, 24 hours, and 7 days of three visible-light-cured glass-ionomer cements, a polyacid-modified composite resin, and a composite resin core build-up material under both light-cure and dark-cure conditions. Statistical analysis indicated significant differences between several of the cements tested for both compressive and diametral tensile strengths at all three testing times (P > 0.05). Prosthodent composite resin and Vitremer tricure visible-light-cured glass-ionomer cement are significantly greater in both compressive and diametral tensile strength than any of the other materials tested after 7 days.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1976

Thermodynamics of native protein/foreign surface interactions. IV. Calorimetric and microelectrophoretic study of human fibrinogen sorption onto glass and LTI-carbon.

1. According to a working hypothesis put forward in the previous papers of this series2-4, the initial phases of native blood/foreign surface interactions have been considered within the framework of a physicochemical model of contact activation at the molecular level. The salient features of this hypothesis are: a) the arrival and adsorption of native plasma proteins on a contact surface overwhelmingly precedes that of the cellular blood components; b) the interaction energy that arises between a particular foreign surface and native plasma proteins settling on it, is a characteristic quantity depending upon the effective surface molecular structure as well as the nature of the proteins; c) the "intensity" of native protein/foreign surface interactions can be treated in terms of thermodynamic quantities since these energy terms are independent of the type of forces acting between protein and surface; and d) depending upon the degree to which the adsorption of a native protein is thermodynamically favored by enthalpy and/or entropy factors, the interaction energy can be utilized to induce conformational changes of varying degree in the sorbed protein. 2. Using glass and low temperature isotropic (LTI) carbon adsorbents, i.e., a known procoagulant and a relevant biomaterial, respectively, the adsorption properties and the potential surface-induced conformational changes of high-purity native human fibrinogen (clottability greater than or equal to 92%) were studied, at 25 degrees C, by 3 independent methods. In all of the experiments performed, a) both adsorbents were employed in the form of particles less than or equal to 1.0 mu representing specific surface areas of 9.85 M2/Gm and 27.7 (nominal) M2/Gm for the glass and LTI-carbon powders, respectively, and b) the fibrinogen was absorbed from a standaridized buffer (pH = 7.2, ionic strength 0.05) using the same fixed surface area/protein solution volume ratio with a given adsorbent. 3. The 25 degrees C adsorption isotherms of fibrinogen obtained for both the glass and LTI-carbon powder adsorbents are not amenable to Langmuir type analysis but indicate multilayer sorption with a possible change in binding mechanism after the completion of the first sorbed monolayer. The adsorptivities attained at first monolayer coverage were slightly greater on glass (approximately 0.76 mug/cm2) than on LTI-carbon (approximately 0.52 mug/cm2). 4. Using a custom-built, thermistorized, isothermal-jacketed microcalorimeter routinely capable of resolving temperature changes of 0.00001 degrees C in 100 ml of aqueous sample volume, the "intensity" of interaction between fibrinogen and each of the microparticulate adsorbents was studied by the direct measurement of the net overall enthalpy changes, hI(SLP)25 arising as a result of protein adsorption. From these values, the net heat of protein sorption has been determined...

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of a hybrid light-cured glass-ionomer base and liner vs. a light-cured resin tooth fragment attachment.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the dislodgement strengths and fracture types for reattached tooth fragments using a light-cured composite resin material, a hybrid light-cured glass ionomer base, and a hybrid light-cured glass ionomer liner. METHODS: Seventy-five bovine incisor teeth were fractured, randomly divided into three groups of equal number, and then luted back together with three different materials (Universal Bonding Agent/TPH Composite Resin; VariGlass VLC Base; and VariGlass VLC Liner: LD Caulk Div Dentsply Int Inc, Milford, DE). The reattached fragments were subjected to thermocycling with a 40 degrees C differential and then were loaded until the force required to dislodge the fragment was reached. RESULTS: The mean dislodgement strengths were 36.8 (+/- 25.6) kg for the composite resin, 36.4 (+/- 26.7) kg for the glass ionomer base, and 31.4 (+/- 29.5) kg for the glass ionomer liner. Cohesive fractures occurred in 73% of the dislodgements. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant difference demonstrated (P < 0.05) between the three groups in terms of both dislodgement strength and fracture type.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1997

A new resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement for use with orthodontic attachments.

Resin cements are commonly used to bond orthodontic appliances. However, etching enamel and bracket bonding is an extremely technique-sensitive process. Moisture and saliva control, particularly in the gingival third of posterior teeth, is difficult and time-consuming, but is critical to success. Recently, a light-cure resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement was shown to perform with equal bonding capacity. This is accomplished in a wet field, without etching, and with the glass ionomer feature of fluoride release. Now, a self-cure resin-reinforced glass ionomer cement has been introduced. The self-cure cement will provide equal clinical success in areas where light curing is not possible or desired. This article compares traditional resin cements and glass ionomer cements for bonding orthodontic appliances.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1997

Bond strength and interface micromorphology of an improved resin-modified glass ionomer cement.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of surface treatment with 20% polyacrylic acid containing 3% aluminum chloride (AlCl3) on the shear bond strength of an improved resin-modified glass ionomer cement to enamel and dentin, and to analyze the micromorphology of the cement-tooth interface. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Flat enamel and dentin surfaces of bovine incisors were ground up with sequentially finer abrasives to 1000-grit silicon carbide paper. Each surface was treated with 10% polyacrylic acid (Dentin Conditioner: DC) for 20 seconds or with 20% polyacrylic acid containing 3% aluminum chloride (Cavity Conditioner: CC) for 10 seconds, rinsed, and gently air-dried. A resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Fuji II LC) and its improved version (Fuji II LC-I) were applied to the tooth substrate, and bond strengths measured at periods of 5 minutes, 1 day, and 1 week after light curing. As a control, the resin-modified glass ionomer cements were applied to untreated surfaces and were tested at 1 day. To evaluate the interface micromorphology, specimens were prepared following the adhesive-sandwich technique, cut in equal halves, and observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Additionally, in order to observe the effect of surface pre-treatment of each conditioner on dentin, pre-treated dentin disks were freeze-dried, fractured, and the morphology of the treated and fractured surfaces were observed. RESULTS: Shear bond strength of CC+ Fuji II LC-I to enamel was significantly higher than that of DC+ Fuji II LC at 1 day and 1 week (P < 0.0001). As for dentin, the improved system showed significantly higher bond strength at 5 minutes after light curing (P < 0.001), but bond strengths were not statistically different at 1 day and 1 week. Fracture patterns, examined with a stereomicroscope, were mixed adhesive/cohesive within the cement for all groups. Interface micromorphology, observed with an SEM, suggested the formation of a resin-rich layer and an indistinct zone between the resin-modified glass ionomer cements and the underlying dentin.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1997

Glass-ionomer cements in restorative dentistry.

This article reviews the current status and future prospects for glass-ionomer materials. These materials are of two chemical types: the older, self-hardening cements, which set by an acid-base neutralization reaction to give relatively brittle materials; and the newer, resin-modified cements, which set partly by polymerization and partly by neutralization. Compared with the self-hardening cements, the latter materials have improved esthetics, improved resistance to moisture, and greater toughness. Both types of glass-ionomer cement bond well to enamel and dentin and release a clinically useful amount of fluoride. They have been used in a variety of applications: as liners or bases, for luting of stainless steel crowns, for Class V restorations in permanent teeth, and for Class II and Class III restorations in primary teeth. The resin-modified glass-ionomers are particularly promising for these latter uses, although it is too early to be sure whether their long-term durability is sufficient. Self-hardening glass-ionomer materials are likely to retain specific niches of clinical application, including in their metal-reinforced and cermet-containing forms.

Composite Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of glass-ceramic thickness on Hertzian and bulk fracture mechanisms.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that bulk fracture of glass-ceramic disks of variable thickness originates at the inner, resin-bonded surface and is dominant over Hertzian fracture at the lower range of thickness values. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight groups of seven glass-ceramic disks (Dicor, Dentsply), 12 mm in diameter with thicknesses ranging from 0.4 to 2.4 mm, were cast, cerammed (to produce approximately 55 vol% of tetrasilicic fluormica crystals), air abraded, etched, and silane coated according to the manufacturer's instructions. The disks were bonded to an epoxy die substrate (with an elastic modulus comparable to that of dentin) using a light-activated resin cement. The bonded samples were supported on a flat surface and loaded at the top center of each disk until crack initiation occurred. All disks exhibited an initial crack within the bonded surface. Three randomly selected samples for each thickness were loaded beyond the point of crack initiation until Hertzian failure occurred. RESULTS: Although the crack-initiation force increased with increasing thickness, the failure stress approached a maximum level at a thickness of approximately 1.6 mm. These results suggest that the estimated maximum occlusal load for each patient should be used to select the minimum thickness of ceramic crowns rather than using the arbitrary traditional selection of a 1.5-mm thickness. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that bulk fracture is initiated within the bonded surface of a glass-ceramic specimen (for samples 0.4 to 2.4 mm in thickness) when the glass-ceramic is supported by a substrate with an elastic modulus similar to that of dentin. Furthermore, a Hertzian failure mechanism is unlikely to cause bulk fracture for these conditions.

Dental Porcelain↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of home-use fluoride gels on resin-modified glass-ionomer cements.

Acidic fluoride gels have been found to significantly damage conventional glass-ionomer cements. In this study the effect to acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) and neutral fluoride gels on the recently introduced resin-modified glass ionomers and a polyacid-modified composite resin (Variglass) was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Five materials were examined: Photac-Fil, Fuji II LC, Vitremer, Variglass, and Ketac-Fil (control). Groups of five specimens of each material were treated for 24 hours with one of the following: 1) distilled water, 2) neutral fluoride gel, 3) APF gel. Surface micro-structure of treated specimens was examined using SEM, and microphotographs were evaluated using a three-point scale. APF was found to have a deleterious effect on all examined materials, while minimal effects resulted from the neutral fluoride gel compared to the control group. Although showing greater resistance to the APF gel than conventional glass-ionomer cements, resin-modified glass-ionomer materials revealed characteristic immersion and erosion behavior, substantiating their differentiation from a hybrid material containing a preponderance of resin.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1998

Fluoride release from three different types of glass ionomer cements after exposure to NaF solution and APF gel.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fluoride release from three different types of glass ionomer cements and the fluoride release after exposure to NaF solution and APF gel. After determining the fluoride release during 28 days in artificial saliva, specimens were divided into two groups and exposed to NaF solution and APF gel for 2 min during 20 days. For each material, the release was highest during the first day, but Kromoglass released statistically significantly higher amounts of fluoride than the other. Vitrabond and Dyract followed in order. The differences in all groups were not statistically significant after third day. For statistical analysis: Paired- T Test, Variance Analysis and Duncan's Multiple Range Test were used. After exposure to NaF solution and APF gel all glass ionomer cements were recharged but the specimens exposed to APF gel were statistically significantly more recharged than NaF solution. As a result we conclude that glass ionomer cements can act as a rechargeable slow fluoride release systems and especially in caries active children, topical NaF applications with glass ionomer cements could be recommended as a preventive measure. We conclude that these results should be supported with long term and in vivo studies.

Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride↗
PubMed1998

A retrospective look at esthetic resin composite and glass-ionomer Class III restorations: a 2-year clinical evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: A restorative material for Class III cavities must, besides being functional, be esthetically satisfactory, providing good working conditions and several shade and color options. A clinical evaluation was initiated to compare the suitability of resin composite and glass-ionomer cement materials for such restorations. METHOD AND MATERIALS: Forty-two Class III conservative cavities, esthetically important because of facial extensions, were selected. Resin composite restorations were placed in 21 cavities, and the remaining 21 were restored with glass-ionomer cement. The following characteristics were studied: color or esthetics, anatomic shape, surface texture, staining, marginal infiltration, dental plaque retention, and occurrence of fracture. After 24 months, the restorations were evaluated. RESULTS: The only statistically significant difference between the resin composite and glass-ionomer cement restorations in the experimental period involved color or esthetics. CONCLUSION: Resin composites and glass-ionomer materials provide excellent functional and esthetic results in Class III cavities when properly indicated.

Color↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of water storage on the flexural properties of E-glass and silica fiber acrylic resin composite.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water on the flexural properties of fiber-reinforced denture base polymers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Continuous woven silanized electrical glass, or E-glass, fibers and woven silica fibers were used to reinforce heat-cured and autopolymerized denture base polymers. Fibers were oriented at a 45-degree angle to the long axis of the test specimens. Control specimens were unreinforced. Dry test specimens and those stored in water for up to 48 weeks were tested with a three-point loading apparatus. The surfaces of the fibers of the test specimens stored dry or 48 weeks in water were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope to evaluate the degree of adhesion between fibers and polymer matrix. RESULTS: The ultimate transverse strength of unreinforced and reinforced denture base polymers decreased during 48 weeks' storage in water (P < 0.05, one-way analysis of variance, n = 5), and most of this reduction occurred during the first 4 weeks of storage in water. The flexural modulus of the unreinforced test specimens decreased significantly (P < 0.001), whereas there was less, if any, change in the flexural modulus of the fiber-reinforced test specimens. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed no differences in adhesion of E-glass fibers to the polymer matrix when the specimens stored in water were compared with those stored by. Reduced adhesion between the silica fibers and matrix was observed after 48 weeks' storage in water. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the ultimate transverse strength of the E-glass fiber-reinforced test specimens decreased 14% and that of the silica fiber-reinforced test specimens decreased 36% after 48 weeks of storage in water.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2000

Effect of magnesium content on the microstructure and crystalline phases of fluoramphibole glass-ceramics.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of magnesium content on the microstructure and crystalline phases of glass-ceramics in the system SiO(2)-MgO-CaO-Na(2)O-K(2)O-F. Four glass compositions were prepared with magnesium content varying from 12-18 wt%. The compositions were melted at 1400 degrees C for 2 h and cast into 30 x 8 mm ingots. Differential thermal analyses were performed on the powdered glasses at a heating rate of 20 degrees C/minute up to 1400 degrees C. Bars (4 x 8 x 25 mm) were cut from the ingots with a low-speed diamond saw, nucleated in the temperature range 600-650 degrees C for 1-2 h and crystallized in the temperature range 900-1000 degrees C for 4-6 h. The crystalline phases were analyzed by X-ray diffraction. The microstructure was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The Vickers hardness was determined after indentation under a 9.81 N load. Differential thermal analyses revealed that crystallization occurred in the temperature range 700-800 degrees C. X-ray diffraction showed the presence of fluorrichterite as major crystalline phase regardless of the magnesium content in the parent glass or heat treatment temperature. The microstructure consisted of interlocked acicular crystals (5-10 micrometers). The highest magnesium content led to the coexistence of both a mica phase and fluorrichterite. This microstructure promoted crack deflections and arrest.

Bone Substitutes↗
PubMed2000

Glass-matrix biocomposites.

CaO-SiO(2) base glass-matrix/Ti particle biocomposite coatings on Ti6Al4V substrates have been prepared by means of Vacuum Plasma Spray. The base glass is considered bioactive, because, when soaked in a fluid that simulates the inorganic ion concentration of human plasma (SBF), it develops a bonelike apatite layer on its surface. The aim of this research activity was to toughen this brittle bioactive material and to broaden its biomedical applications. Pure titanium was chosen as toughening phase because of its well-known biocompatibility, and Ti6Al4V alloy as substrate because of both its biocompatibility and its mechanical reliability. At first the composites were prepared as bulk materials, by means of a simple sintering process. Then, by ball-milling the sintered composite, the as-obtained "composite powders" were sprayed by Vacuum Plasma Spray (VPS) on the substrate. By means of Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), the characteristic temperatures of the base glasses were determined. The thermal properties of mixtures of glass powders and different vol% Ti particles were studied by means of DTA, DSC, hot-stage microscopy, and dilatometry, with the aim of optimizing the sintering conditions. Both the bulk and the coated samples have been characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compositional analysis (EDS), Vickers indentations, and leaching tests after soaking in a simulated body fluid (SBF).

Alloys↗
PubMed2001

Immunoglobulin enhances the bioactive-glass-induced chemiluminescence response of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Bioactive glasses are bone substitutes that chemically bind to bone. Implanted materials always elicit a response from surrounding tissues and thereby can activate inflammatory cells, with subsequent release of biomaterial and tissue-damaging agents. Bioactive glasses can activate polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and induce a release of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM). Adsorption of proteins on the surface of the implanted material may influence the subsequent inflammatory cell response. The effect of Sandoglobulin(R) (SG) and albumin on the ROM release by PMNLs induced by a bioactive glass was studied by a chemiluminescence (CL) assay. An enhanced effect for SG and inhibitory effect for albumin on the CL response of PMNLs was observable. The CL response of the PMNLs was dependent on the incubation time of the glass in solution.

Bone Substitutes↗
PubMed1980

The anchoring of glass ceramics of different solubility in the femur of the rat.

A direct physicochemical bond between alkali-rich bioglass or glass ceramic (45 S 5 A and B, Hench) or alkali-poor glass ceramic (KG S, Brömer) and bone has been well documented. Since long-term studies have revealed the interface to be subjected to remodeling of the bone and to increased focal disintegration of the implant, glass ceramics of reduced solubility have been developed by lowering the Na2O content and adding Al2O3, Ta2O5, TiO2, and Sb2O3. Implants of glass ceramic KG S and different compositions with reduced solubility have been studied histologically 14, 29, or 30, 60, 119, and 245 days after implantation in the femur of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Implants of KG S are anchored at an interface with bone connection, which is known to provide for application of considerable shear and tensile strengths; whereas, at the interface of ceramics of reduced solubility, soft tissue, chondroid and osteoid are mainly observed. The dynamics of the events at the interface indicate a disturbance of the transformation of chondroid cells into osteoblasts and of the mineralization of osteoid. This disturbance of pathophysiologic processes during bone healing or bone regeneration is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Human endothelial cell interactions with surface-coupled adhesion peptides on a nonadhesive glass substrate and two polymeric biomaterials.

The attachment, spreading, spreading rate, focal contact formation, and cytoskeletal organization of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were investigated on substrates that had been covalently grafted with the cell adhesion peptides Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg (YIGSR). This approach was used to provide substrates that were adhesive to cells even in the absence of serum proteins and with no prior pretreatment of the surface with proteins of the cell adhesion molecule (CAM) family. This approach was used to dramatically enhance the cell-adhesiveness of substrates that were otherwise cell-nonadhesive and to improve control of cellular interactions with cell-adhesive materials by providing stably bound adhesion ligands. Glycophase glass was examined as a model cell-nonadhesive substrate prior to modification, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) were examined as representative materials for biomedical applications. The peptides were surface-coupled by their N-terminal amine to surface hydroxyl moieties using tresyl chloride chemistry. Prior to peptide grafting, the PET and PTFE were surface hydroxylated to yield PET-OH and PTFE-OH. The PET-OH was less cell-adhesive and the PTFE-OH was much more cell-adhesive than the native polymers. Radioiodination of a C-terminal tyrosine residue was used to quantify the amount of peptide coupled to the surface, and these amounts were 12.1 pmol/cm2 on glycophase glass, 139 fmol/cm2 on PET-OH, and 31 fmol/cm2 on PTFE-OH. Although the glycophase glass did not support adhesion or spreading even in the presence of serum, the RGD- and YIGSR-grafted glycophase glass did support adhesion and spreading, even when the only serum protein that was included was albumin. Although PET and PTFE-OH supported adhesion when incubated in serum-supplemented medium, neither of these materials supported adhesion with only albumin present, indicating that cell adhesion is mediated by adsorbed CAM proteins. When these materials were peptide-grafted, however, extensive adhesion and spreading did occur even when only albumin was present. Since the peptide grafting is quite easily controlled and is temporally stable, while protein adsorption is quite difficult to precisely control and is temporally dynamic, peptide grafting may be advantageous over other approaches employed to improve long-term cell adhesion to biomaterials.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed1995

Interface mechanics and histomorphometric analysis of hydroxyapatite-coated and porous glass-ceramic implants in canine bone.

A canine study was performed to make a histological and biomechanical evaluation of the interface between bone and two different bioceramic implants. A newly developed glass-ceramic formed by P2O5, CaO, SiO2, and Al2O3, giving a crystal phase composed of CaP2O6-AlPO4-SiP2O7, was compared to hydroxyapatite (HA) coated Ti-6Al-4V implants. A total of 24 implants were inserted into the femoral condyle of 15 adult female golden retriever dogs weighing 20-25 kg. There was a 12 week follow-up. Implants were examined by mechanical testing, histology, histomorphometry, microradiograpic methods, and EDAX analysis. The ultimate shear strength for the HA-coated implants was significantly higher than in the glass-ceramic group. When these values were related to the histomorphometric measurements, the difference could be explained by the tissue-to-implant contact. The glass-ceramic showed direct contact only with nonmineralized, osteoid bone. The HA-coated implants, however, were integrated into the bone. The study indicated that porous glass-ceramic containing AlPO4 causes local osteomalacia and might not be suitable for clinical purposes.

Alloys↗
PubMed2005

Combined effect of BMP-2 gene transfer and bioactive glass microspheres on enhancement of new bone formation.

Adenovirus-mediated recombinant human BMP-2 (RAdBMP-2) gene transfer has been found to have significant osteoinductive properties. The hypothesis of the current study was that bioactive glass surface could provide favorable osteoconductive conditions for cellular action of osteoinductive RAdBMP-2 gene transfer. In the rat proximal tibia, a portion of the medullary cavity was evacuated and filled with bioactive glass microspheres and injected with adenovirus carrying the human BMP-2 gene (BG/RAdBMP-2). Control defects filled with BG microspheres were injected with adenovirus carrying the LacZ reporter gene (BG/RAdLacZ) or saline (BG). Empty control defects were also used. Bone healing response was analyzed at 4 days, and at 2 and 8 weeks by radiography, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), histomorphometry, and backscattered electron imaging of scanning electron microscopy (BEI-SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA). In empty controls, the amount of intramedullary new bone peaked at 2 weeks, whereas defects filled with bioactive glass with and without RAdBMP-2 gene transfer showed a constant time-related increase of intramedullary new bone. At 8 weeks, there was significantly more new bone in defects treated with BG and RAdBMP-2 than in defects left to heal without filling (p < 0.001). Compared with the other controls (BG only or BG/RAdLacZ), the difference was not significant. In the current model, the osteopromotive effect of bioactive glass microspheres appears synergistic with the osteoinductive action of BMP-2 gene transfer, or one overshadows the other, as no additive effect was observed.

Animals↗