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PubMed2002

Gene and protein expression profiles of Shewanella oneidensis during anaerobic growth with different electron acceptors.

Changes in mRNA and protein expression profiles of Shewanella oneidenesis MR-1 during switch from aerobic to fumarate-, Fe(III)-, or nitrate-reducing conditions were examined using DNA microarrays and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). In response to changes in growth conditions, 121 of the 691 arrayed genes displayed at least a two-fold difference in transcript abundance as determined by microarray analysis. Genes involved in aerobic respiration encoding cytochrome c and d oxidases and TCA cycle enzymes were repressed under anaerobic conditions. Genes induced during anaerobic respiration included those involved in cofactor biosynthesis and assembly (moaACE, ccmHF, nosD, cysG), substrate transport (cysUP, cysTWA, dcuB), and anaerobic energy metabolism (dmsAB, psrC, pshA, hyaABC, hydA). Transcription of genes encoding a periplasmic nitrate reductase (napBHGA), cytochrome c552, and prismane was elevated 8- to 56-fold in response to the presence of nitrate, while cymA, ifcA, and frdA were specifically induced three- to eightfold under fumarate-reducing conditions. The mRNA levels for two oxidoreductase-like genes of unknown function and several cell envelope genes involved in multidrug resistance increased two- to fivefold specifically under Fe(III)-reducing conditions. Analysis of protein expression profiles under aerobic and anaerobic conditions revealed 14 protein spots that showed significant differences in abundance on 2-D gels. Protein identification by mass spectrometry indicated that the expression of prismane, dihydrolipoamide succinyltransferase, and alcaligin siderophore biosynthesis protein correlated with the microarray data.

Bacterial Proteins↗
PubMed1994

Use of azoxymethane-induced foci of aberrant crypts in rat colon to identify potential cancer chemopreventive agents.

Foci of aberrant and/or hexosaminidase-negative crypts in rat colon are putative precancerous lesions that have been proposed as biomarkers for short-term bioassays for chemical carcinogens and chemopreventive agents. The ability of a substance to reduce the yield of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced foci in the colon of male Fischer 344 rats, was evaluated as a screening assay for chemopreventive agents. Twenty-eight test agents were administered continuously in the diet from the start of the experiments until the animals were killed 35 days later. AOM was s.c. administered either as 15 mg/kg body wt on days 7 and 14 or as 30 mg/kg body wt on day 7 of the experiment. Foci of aberrant crypts were evaluated in whole mounts of methylene blue-stained colons. AOM induced twice as many foci when administered between 8.40 and 11.00 a.m. than between 2.45 and 5.55 p.m. Calcium salts of carbonate, chloride and glucarate decreased the yield of AOM-induced foci while the acidic salts of lactate and phosphate did not inhibit the formation of foci. Dimethyl-fumarate, fumaric acid, genistein, piroxicam, simethicone, sodium suramin and sulindac reduced the yield of AOM-induced foci of aberrant crypts, with genistein being the most potent. Only piroxicam of this group has previously been shown to inhibit colon cancer, while the rest have yet to be evaluated. Ibuprofen did not inhibit the formation of foci, although it has been reported to inhibit AOM-induced colon cancer in rats. Piroxicam and sulindac appeared to reduce preferentially hexosaminidase-negative foci of aberrant crypts, compared with those of apparently normal morphology. The AOM-induced foci of aberrant crypts assay appears suitable for screening chemicals for chemopreventive action.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Iron is well absorbed by healthy adults after ingestion of double-fortified (iron and dextran-coated iodine) table salt and urinary iodine excretion is unaffected.

Severe deficiencies of iron (Fe) and iodine (I) affect more than one third of the world's population. A table salt, fortified with I and Fe, would be useful in areas in which anemia and goiter coexist. However, interactions between the two minerals have prevented their simultaneous use as fortificants. A method has been developed to coat I with dextran such that after spraying onto table salt, Fe and I do not interact. Our objective was to determine the absorption of Fe and the urinary excretion of I from table salt when provided in meals designed to significantly inhibit or enhance Fe absorption. Subjects (n = 16) ingested Fe-enhancing and Fe-inhibiting meals containing 5 g of table salt with 0.39 micromol dextran-coated I as potassium iodide and 1 mg of Fe (ferrous fumarate labeled with 59Fe) per gram of salt. Subjects also received a reference dose of 3 mg of ferrous fumarate labeled with 59Fe to "correct" for interindividual variation in iron absorption at a later date. Measured by whole-body counting, Fe-absorption from the Fe-enhancing meal (36.2 +/- 12.0%, corrected; 13.5 +/- 13.8% uncorrected) was significantly higher than that from the Fe-inhibiting meal (7.4 +/- 11.3%, corrected; 4.0 +/- 8.4%, uncorrected) (P < 0.0001). Urinary excretion of iodine at baseline and postingestion were not significantly different (0.89 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.06 +/- 0.39 micromol/L, P < 0.47) and were within the normal range. We conclude that Fe was well absorbed but influenced by the composition of the meal and that urinary excretion of iodine was maintained in the normal range with dextran-coated iodine.

Absorption↗
PubMed1988

Regulation of in vitro expression of the Escherichia coli frd operon: alanine and Fnr represent positive and negative control elements.

The frdABCD operon of Escherichia coli encodes the anaerobically expressed terminal electron transport enzyme, fumarate reductase. Two mutually exclusive hairpin loop structures can occur in frdmRNA just downstream of the start of the frdA cistron. The mRNA sequence involved encodes a stretch of sequence rich in Ala and uses all four of the codons for this amino acid. In vitro expression of the frdABCD operon showed that as the level of plasmid DNA was increased from 150 fmol to 225 fmol, transcription of mRNA was suddenly elevated 6.5-fold, consistent with the concept of titrating out a repressor protein. Further studies showed that the concomitant 10.9-fold increase in translation of protein was heavily biased towards the proximal end of the operon, with little or no expression of FrdC or FrdD and a ratio of FrdA:FrdB of 2.6:1. Addition of Ala to the S-30 extract caused a 6.1-fold amplification of frd messenger transcription, a 17.6-fold increase in Frd protein translation, and a balancing of the subunit ratios to 1:1:1:1. The expression of the bla gene carried on the plasmid was not affected by DNA titration or the addition of Ala. When fnr DNA was added in equimolar ratio to frdDNA the amplification of fumarate reductase expression by Ala was abolished and the ratio of subunits produced showed a high degree of polarity with or without Ala.

Alanine↗
PubMed1981

A laboratory report on iron supplementation in blood donors. I.

Blood donation at the accepted frequency of one donation every 8 weeks is generally regarded as excessive for preservation of donor iron reserves, especially in women. A double-blind study was conducted of 627 individuals who had previously donated blood to determine the effect of iron supplementation on iron reserves. Half the donors received ferrous fumarate at a dosage of 66.6 mg elemental iron daily for 45 days. The other half received placebo. Eight blood variables reflecting the iron status of the donors were determined at the time of the initial donation and again 2 months later at the time of their second donation. Statistical analysis of the blood variables indicated that the prescribed amount of ferrous fumarate should be considered the minimal effective dose for maintenance of reduced iron storage in blood donors. However, the data are furnished for the analysis of panels of experts for any conclusions and recommendations concerning this study. Feostat, the iron supplement, was tolerated well by the participating donors. Gastrointestinal upset occurred in eight donors receiving Feostat and in 10 donors receiving placebo.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Iron absorption from chewable vitamins with iron versus iron tablets: implications for toxicity.

The medical literature contains few, if any, reports of severe iron (Fe) poisonings from ingestion of chewable multivitamins with iron. One possible explanation for this observation is that iron from multivitamins is more poorly absorbed than iron from iron tablets. To compare iron absorption from multivitamins with iron absorption from ferrous fumarate tablets, male adult volunteers were given 6 mg of elemental Fe/kg body weight as chewable multivitamins with iron or as crushed ferrous fumarate tablets in a crossover study. Serum Fe and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) were determined prior to administration of the tablets and one, two, four, and six hours after ingestion. Statistical analyses demonstrated increased and more rapid absorption of Fe from the multivitamin preparation. These results suggest that iron is well absorbed from chewable multivitamins with iron and should theoretically have the potential for producing serious toxicity when taken in overdose. The reasons that such toxicity is not commonly seen clinically are discussed, and a plan for further investigation of this issue is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Sutterella wadsworthensis gen. nov., sp. nov., bile-resistant microaerophilic Campylobacter gracilis-like clinical isolates.

Campylobacter gracilis (formerly Bacteroides gracilis) is an asaccharolytic, nitrate-positive, urease-negative organism that requires formate and fumarate or hydrogen as a growth additive and may pit agar media. Clinical isolates that were obtained primarily from appendiceal and peritoneal fluid specimens and initially were identified in our laboratory as B. gracilis were later found to include "unusual" strains that could be distinguished by biochemical and genetic criteria. These unusual C. gracilis strains were bile resistant, could not reduce tetrazolium chloride under aerobic conditions if formate and fumarate were added to the medium, and could grow in the presence of 2 or 6% oxygen if no blood was added to the medium. C. gracilis, other campylobacters, and the unusual strains produced distinctive dehydrogenase patterns when gels were incubated anaerobically. A cellular fatty acid analysis revealed that the cluster formed by the unusual organisms was distinct from the (separate) clusters formed by C. gracilis, Bacteroides ureolyticus, and other Campylobacter species. 16S rRNA sequence data indicated that these organisms are not related phylogenetically to either C. gracilis or other Campylobacter species; the most closely related taxa as determined by rRNA sequence analysis were unrelated aerobes (members of the genera Bordetella, Alcaligenes, Rhodocyclus, and Comamonas). DNA homology data confirmed that these taxa are separate groups. Our data indicate that the unusual organisms are members of a new genus and new species, for which we propose the name Sutterella wadsworthensis. The type strain of S. wadsworthensis is strain WAL 9799 (= ATCC 51579).

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Sporomusa silvacetica sp, nov., an acetogenic bacterium isolated from aggregated forest soil.

Sporomusa silvacetica sp. nov. DG-1T (= DSMZ 10669T) (T = type strain) was isolated from well-drained, aggregated forest soil (pH 6.0) in east-central Germany. The cells were obligately anaerobic, slightly curved rods and were motile by means of laterally inserted flagella on the concave side of each cell. Typical cells were approximately 3.5 by 0.7 micron. Cells stained weakly gram positive, but thin sections revealed a complex multilayer cell wall. Spores were spherical and distended the sporangia. Growth and substrate utilization occurred with ferulate, vanillate, fructose, betaine, fumarate, 2,3-butanediol, pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, ethanol, methanol, formate, and H2-CO2. With most substrates, acetate was the primary reduced end product and was produced in stoichiometries indicative of an acetyl-coenzyme A pathway-dependent metabolism. Fumarate was dismutated to succinate and acetate. Methoxyl and acrylate groups of various aromatic compounds were O-demethylated and reduced, respectively. Yeast extract was not required for growth. Cells grew optimally at approximately 30 degrees C and pH 6.8; under these conditions and with fructose as the substrate, the doubling time was approximately 14 h. The lowest temperature that supported growth was between 5 and 10 degrees C. The carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and hydrogenase activities were approximately 9 and 102 mumol min-1 mg of protein-1, respectively. A type b cytochrome was detected in the membrane. The G + C content was approximately 43 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA indicated that DG-1T was most closely related to members of the genus Sporomusa in the Clostridium subphylum of the gram-positive bacteria.

Base Composition↗
PubMed1997

Sulfurospirillum arcachonense sp. nov., a new microaerophilic sulfur-reducing bacterium.

The isolation of a new motile, gram-negative, heterotrophic, sulfur-reducing, microaerophilic, vibrioid bacterium, strain F1F6, from oxidized marine surface sediment (Arcachon Bay, French Atlantic coast) is described. Hydrogen (with acetate as the carbon source), formate (with acetate as the carbon source), pyruvate, lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, glutarate, glutamate, and yeast extract supported growth with elemental sulfur under anaerobic conditions. Apart from H2 and formate, the oxidation of the substrates was incomplete. Microaerophilic growth was supported with hydrogen (acetate as the carbon source), formate (acetate as the carbon source), acetate, propionate, pyruvate, lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, yeast extract, fumarate, succinate, malate, citrate, and alanine. The isolate grew fermentatively with fumarate, succinate being the only organic product. Elemental sulfur and oxygen were the only electron acceptors used. Vitamins or amino acids were not required. The isolate was oxidase, catalase, and urease positive. Comparative 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed a tight cluster consisting of the validly described species Sulfurospirillum deleyianum and the strains SES-3 and CCUG 13942 as the closest relatives of strain F1F6 (level of sequence similarity, 91.7 to 92.4%). Together with strain F1F6, these organisms form a novel lineage within the epsilon subclass of proteobacteria clearly separated from the described species of the genera Arcobacter, Campylobacter, Wolinella, and Helicobacter. Due to the phenotypic characteristics shared by strain F1F6 and S. deleyianum and considering their phylogenetic relationship, we propose the inclusion of strain F1F6 in the genus Sulfurospirillum, namely, as S. arcachonense sp. nov. Based on the results of this study, an emended description of the genus Sulfurospirillum is given.

Base Composition↗
PubMed1998

Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans sp. nov., a syntrophic propionate-degrading sulfate-reducing bacterium.

A syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacterium, strain MPOBT, was isolated from a culture enriched from anaerobic granular sludge. It oxidized propionate syntrophically in co-culture with the hydrogen- and formate-utilizing Methanospirillum hungateii, and was able to oxidize propionate and other organic compounds in pure culture with sulfate or fumarate as the electron acceptor. Additionally, it fermented fumarate. 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed a relationship with Syntrophobacter wolinii and Syntrophobacter pfennigii. The G + C content of its DNA was 60.6 mol%, which is in the same range as that of other Syntrophobacter species. DNA-DNA hybridization studies showed less than 26% hybridization among the different genomes of Syntrophobacter species and strain MPOBT. This justifies the assignment of strain MPOBT to the genus Syntrophobacter as a new species. The name Syntrophobacter fumaroxidans is proposed; strain MPOBT (= DSM 10017T) is the type strain.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1999

Desulfovibrio zosterae sp. nov., a new sulfate reducer isolated from surface-sterilized roots of the seagrass Zostera marina.

A sulfate-reducing bacterium, designated strain lacT, was isolated from surface-sterilized roots of the benthic macrophyte Zostera marina. Cells were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Strain lacT utilized lactate, pyruvate, malate, ethanol, L-alanine, fumarate, choline and fructose with sulfate as electron acceptor. In addition, fumarate, pyruvate and fructose were also degraded without an external electron acceptor. Sulfate could be substituted with thiosulfate, sulfite and elemental sulfur. Optimal growth was observed between 32.5 and 34.5 degrees C, at an NaCl concentration of 0.2 M and in a pH range between 6.8 and 7.3. The G + C content of the DNA was 42.7 +/- 0.2 mol%. Desulfoviridin and catalase were present. Strain lacT contained c-type cytochromes. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and the fatty acid pattern grouped this isolate into the genus Desulfovibrio. However, strain lacT differs from all other described Desulfovibrio species on the bases of its 16S rRNA gene sequence, the G + C content, its cellular lipid pattern and the utilization pattern of substrates. These characteristics establish strain lacT (= DSM 11974T) as a novel species of the genus Desulfovibrio, for which the name Desulfovibrio zosterae sp. nov. is proposed.

Base Composition↗
PubMed2001

Geobacter bremensis sp. nov. and Geobacter pelophilus sp. nov., two dissimilatory ferric-iron-reducing bacteria.

Two strictly anaerobic, dissimilatory ferric-iron-reducing bacteria, strains Dfr1T and Dfr2T, were isolated from freshwater mud samples with ferrihydrite as electron acceptor. Both strains also grew by reducing Mn(IV), S0 and fumarate. Electron donors used by strains Dfr1T and Dfr2T for growth with ferric iron as electron acceptor included hydrogen, formate, acetate, pyruvate, succinate, fumarate and ethanol. An affiliation with the family Geobacteraceae was revealed by comparative analysis of 165 rRNA gene sequences. Strains Dfr1T and Dfr2T shared 92.5% sequence identity and their closest known relative was Geobacter sulfurreducens, with approximately 93% sequence identity. Cultures and colonies of strains Dfr1T and Dfr2T were intensely red in colour, due to the presence of c-type cytochromes. On the basis of physiological and phylogenetic data, strain Dfr1T (= DSM 12179T = OCM 796T) is described as Geobacter bremensis sp. nov. and strain Dfr2T (= DSM 12255T = OCM 797T) as Geobacter pelophilus sp. nov.

Cytochrome c Group↗
PubMed2002

Geovibrio thiophilus sp. nov., a novel sulfur-reducing bacterium belonging to the phylum Deferribacteres.

Strain AAFu3T (= DSM 11263T = ATCC BAA-311T), a Gram-negative, non-sporulating bacterium, was isolated from a methanogenic mixed culture growing with acetone, in which acetate was the major intermediate. The cells of strain AAFu3T were slender spirilla, usually of less than one turn, and were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. The cells contained c-type cytochromes and the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 50.2 mol%. Sulfur, nitrate, fumarate, DMSO and oxygen (microaerophilically) were used as electron acceptors, but sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfate and ferric iron were not. Sulfide, hydrogen, formate and acetate acted as electron donors for respiratory growth, while fumarate, maleate and L-malate supported fermentative growth. Neither fermentative nor respiratory growth was supported by carbohydrates, fatty acids more than two carbons long, alcohols or amino acids. The strain was a mesophile. Comparative sequence analysis of the 165 rRNA gene and comparison of phenotypic characteristics showed that strain AAFu3T is closely related to Geovibrio ferrireducens, within the phylum Deferribacteres. Strain AAFu3T was designated as the type strain of a new species, for which the name Geovibrio thiophilus is proposed.

Acetone↗
PubMed2002

Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic, thermophilic, syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacterium.

An anaerobic, thermophilic, syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacterium, strain SI(T), isolated previously from granular sludge in a thermophilic upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor, was characterized. The strain could grow fermentatively on pyruvate and fumarate in pure culture. The strain grew on propionate, ethanol, lactate, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1,3-propanediol, 1-propanol and ethylene glycol in co-culture with the hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus strain deltaH(T). The optimum temperature for growth was 55 degrees C and the pH optimum was 7.0. The G+C content of the DNA was 52.8 mol %. Strain SI(T) contained MK-7 and MK-7(H4) as the major quinones and contained iso-C15:0 as the major fatty acid. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, strain SI(T) formed a novel lineage within the gram-positive, spore-forming, sulphate-reducing bacterial group Desulfotomaculum. However, the strain lacked the ability to conduct dissimilatory sulphate reduction. Instead, it could reduce fumarate to succinate with concomitant growth on several organic substances as electron donor. These phenotypic and genetic properties support the formation of a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain SI(T) (= DSM 13744T = JCM 10971T).

Base Composition↗
PubMed1978

Succinate dehydrogenase-dependent nutritional requirement for succinate in mutants of Escherichia coli K12.

Lipoic acid (lip) and 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (sucA) mutants of Escherichia coli K12 exhibit a requirement for exogenous succinate during aerobic growth on glucose minimal medium. Reversion studies have shown that this requirement can be suppressed by gal-linked mutations which inactivate succinate dehydrogenase. Biochemical and genetic studies confirmed that the succinate dehydrogenase gene (sdh) is affected and that suppression is mediated by the same intergenic and indirect mechanism that generates succinate independence in partial revertants of lipoamide dehydrogenase mutants (Creaghan & Guest, 1977). A series of isogenic strains containing all combinations of mutations affecting 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (sucA), succinate dehydrogenase (sdh), isocitrate lyase (aceA) and fumarate reductase (frd) in a background lacking succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, was constructed to assess the importance of these enzymes as sources of endogenous succinate (succinyl-CoA) during aerobic and anaerobic growth on glucose. Only strains combining a deficiency in 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase with the presence of an active succinate dehydrogenase required succinate for aerobic growth. In all mutants, including the triple mutant (frd sucA aceA), the succinate requirement was suppressed by inactivating succinate dehydrogenase. The aerobic growth rates of succinate-independent strains were most affected by lack of isocitrate lyase but only two mutants (sdh sucA aceA and frd sdh sucA aceA) grew faster with added succinate: the growth yields were lowered by deficiencies in isocitrate lyase and also succinate dehydrogenase. It is concluded that very little succinate is needed for biosynthesis during aerobic growth on glucose and the requirement for relatively high concentrations of succinate (2 mM) by mutants lacking 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase or related functions stems from the presence of active succinate dehydrogenase. Anaerobically, either isocitrate lyase or fumarate reductase is essential for succinate-independent growth on glucose.

Acetates↗
PubMed1979

Regulation of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase synthesis in Citrobacter freundii by traces of oxygen in commercial nitrogen gas and by glutamate.

Glutamate induced the synthesis of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase 50-fold during anaerobic growth of Citrobacter freundii and, in the absence of glutamate, this enzyme was even more active in cultures sparged with N2/CO2(95:5, v/v). Enzyme synthesis was partially repressed when the inlet gas was passed through heated copper but totally repressed when the inlet gas was passed through alkaline pyrogallol and reduced benzyl viologen (a treatment which would remove CO2 as well as O2). Fumarate hydratase activity also decreased but alcohol dehydrogenase and the sum of the succinate dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase activities increased when residual O2 was removed from the sparging gas. Soluble cytochromes a1 and c552.5 were detected in rigorously anaerobic cultures. Thus traces of O2 which contaminate commercial compressed N2 are sufficient to induce 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase synthesis and to affect significantly the synthesis and incorporation of respiratory chain components into the cytoplasmic membrane.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed2002

Growth of Bacillus subtilis on citrate and isocitrate is supported by the Mg2+-citrate transporter CitM.

Bacillus subtilis 168 was assayed for its growth on tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates and related compounds as the sole carbon sources. Growth of the organism was supported by citrate, D-isocitrate, succinate, fumarate and L-malate, whereas no growth was observed in the presence of cis-aconitate,2-oxoglutarate, D-malate, oxaloacetate and tricarballylate. Growth of the organism on the tricarboxylates citrate and D-isocitrate required the presence of functional CitM, an Mg(2+)-citrate transporter, whereas its growth on succinate, fumarate and L-malate appeared to be CitM-independent. Interestingly, the naturally occurring enantiomer D-isocitrate was favoured over L-isocitrate by the organism. Like citrate, D-isocitrate was shown to be an inducer of citM expression in B. subtilis. The addition of 1 mM Mg(2+) to the growth medium improved growth of the organism on both citrate and D-isocitrate, suggesting that D-isocitrate was taken up by CitM in complex with divalent metal ions. Subsequently, the ability of CitM to transport D-isocitrate was demonstrated by competition experiments and by heterologous exchange in right-side-out membrane vesicles prepared from E. coli cells expressing citM. None of the other TCA cycle intermediates and related compounds tested were recognized by CitM. Uptake experiments using radioactive (63)Ni(2+) provided direct evidence that D-isocitrate is transported in complex with divalent metal ions.

Bacillus subtilis↗
PubMed2005

Desulfovibrio putealis sp. nov., a novel sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep subsurface aquifer.

A novel sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated from a well that collected water from a deep aquifer at a depth of 430 m in the Paris Basin, France. The strain, designated B7-43T, was made up of vibrioid cells that were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Cells contained desulfoviridin. In the presence of sulfate, the following substrates were used as energy and carbon sources: lactate, pyruvate, malate, fumarate, ethanol, butanol, acetate/H2 and glycine. Sulfite and thiosulfate were also used as electron acceptors in the presence of lactate. In the absence of electron acceptors, pyruvate, malate and fumarate were fermented. Optimal growth was obtained in 1 g NaCl l(-1) and at pH 7. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the isolate was most closely related to members of the genus Desulfovibrio (90 % similarity). It is thus proposed that strain B7-43T (=DSM 16056T=ATCC BAA-905T) represents a novel species within this genus, Desulfovibrio putealis sp. nov.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗