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PubMed1997

Detection of pulmonary nodules with helical CT: comparison of cine and film-based viewing.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to determine whether cine viewing of helical CT scans of the chest improves the detection of pulmonary nodules in patients with known extrathoracic malignancy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Identical helical CT studies of the chest of 60 patients with known extrathoracic malignancy were reviewed for detection of pulmonary nodules. Four radiologists interpreted the helical CT studies. Pulmonary nodules were divided into four groups according to maximum diameter: group 1, nodules smaller than or equal to 5 mm; group 2, nodules larger than 5 mm but smaller than or equal to 10 mm; group 3, nodules larger than 10 mm but smaller than or equal to 20 mm; group 4, nodules larger than 20 mm. Interpreters also assigned a lesion conspicuity score of pulmonary nodules based on a four-point scale: one point for poor visibility, two points for adequate visibility, three points for good visibility, and four points for excellent visibility. Static film-based images printed on a laser printer were viewed on a light box. Cine viewing of helical CT scans from the same examinations was done on a commercially available workstation. The number, diameter, and conspicuity scores of pulmonary nodules detected at lung window settings were documented. RESULTS: Interpreters saw 266 nodules on cine viewing, whereas 237 nodules were seen with static film-based viewing. A significantly higher percentage of nodules that were smaller than or equal to 5 mm in diameter was found with cine viewing (n = 106) than with static film-based viewing (n = 81) (p < .05). Cine viewing (n = 105) also allowed a slightly but not significantly higher detection rate of nodules that were larger than 5 mm but smaller than or equal to 10 mm in diameter than did static film-based viewing (n = 101). We found no differences between cine (n = 55) and static film-based viewing (n = 55) in the detection of pulmonary nodules that were larger than 10 mm in diameter. The mean conspicuity score of nodules was significantly higher with cine viewing (2.9 +/- 0.2) than with film-based viewing (2.4 +/- 0.2) (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Cine viewing of helical CT scans significantly increases the detection rate of pulmonary nodules that are smaller than or equal to 5 mm in diameter. However, we found no significant difference between cine and film-based viewing in the detection rate of pulmonary nodules that were larger than 5 mm in diameter. The advantages of cine viewing may be attributed to both the larger image size and the ability to scroll through images for improved differentiation between vessels and nodules.

Female↗
PubMed1997

Optimization of aqueous-based film coating of tablets performed by a side-vented pan-coating system.

The purpose of this research was to characterize the aqueous-based hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) film coating of tablets utilizing a laboratory-scale side-vented pan-coating apparatus (Thai coater). The process and apparatus parameters of potential importance with respect to the final film quality were evaluated by using fractional factorial design (2(6-2)IV) and the process was optimized using response surface methodology (central composite design). Rotating speed of the pan was identified as a major parameter with respect to film thickness (weight increase; p < 0.05) and breaking strength (p < 0.05) of the aqueous HPMC film-coated tablets. Increasing the rotating speed from 5 rpm to 10 rpm resulted in a mean relative change of -43.9% and 2.4% of film thickness (weight increase) and breaking strength, respectively. As expected, inlet air temperature significantly affected the moisture content of the final film-coated tablets (p < 0.01) and the film thickness (weight increase; p < 0.05), but the effects on the other responses studied were minimal or negligible. Pneumatic spraying pressure and position of the spray gun (excluding angle of the gun) did not affect the responses studied. The process parameters relevant to a side-vented pan-coating process can be identified (by fractional factorial design) and, consequently, optimized (by central composite design) by using the factorial design approach.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1998

Water-solid interactions. IV. Influence of moisture sorption on the compaction of film-coated particles.

The effect of moisture sorption on the compaction properties of model modified-release (MR) pellets coated with ethyl cellulose/hydroxypropylcellulose film has been studied for the MR pellets alone and in binary mixtures with microcrystalline cellulose, lactose alpha-monohydrate, or lactose 9% amorphous. The in vitro dissolution rate prior to and after compaction was used as an indirect method of evaluating the effect of exposing the MR pellets to a compaction force. Moisture sorption as well as the glass transition temperature (Tg) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were determined as a function of humidity for cast film conditioned at different humidities using a climate test chamber. The compaction properties of lactose and microcrystalline cellulose were altered by the addition of MR pellets, resulting in a robust tablet mass and a tensile strength of the tablet masses that was less sensitive to moisture. The amount of moisture sorbed was found to have little influence on the formation of cracks or on the rupturing of film-coated MR pellets during compaction. This was probably a result of both the small depression in the Tg for the film system at increasing RH and the robustness of the film chosen. The results also showed that the volume reduction properties of the tableting excipients were of importance for reducing damage to the film coating. Lactose had a higher protective effect on the film-coated MR pellets compared to microcrystalline cellulose.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1977

[A method to measure the mean thickness and non-uniformity of non-uniform thin film by alpha-ray thickness gauge (author's transl)].

The alpha-ray thickness gauge is used to measure non-destructively the thicknesses of thin films, and up to the present day, a thin film with uniform thickness is only taken up as the object of alpha-ray thickness gauge. When the thickness is determined from the displacement between the absorption curves in the presence and absence of thin film, the absorption curve must be displaced in parallel. When many uniform particles were dispersed as sample, the shape of the absorption curve was calculated as the sum of many absorption curves corresponding to the thin films with different thicknesses. By the comparison of the calculated and measured absorption curves, the number of particles, or the mean superficial density can be determined. This means the extension of thickness measurement from uniform to non-uniform films. Furthermore, these particle models being applied to non-uniform thin film, the possibility of measuring the mean thickness and non-uniformity was discussed. As the result, if the maximum difference of the thickness was more than 0.2 mg/cm2, the non-uniformity was considered to distinguish by the usual equipment. In this paper, an alpha-ray thickness gauge using the absorption curve method was treated, but one can apply this easily to an alpha-ray thickness gauge using alpha-ray energy spectra before and after the penetration of thin film.

Absorption↗
PubMed1998

Microbiological quality and the inability of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum to produce toxin in film-packaged fresh-cut cabbage and lettuce.

The production of toxin by a 10-strain mixture of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum in fresh produce packaged in polyethylene films having high (7,000 cc/m2/24 h; HOTR) and low (3,000 cc/m2/24 h; LOTR) relative oxygen permeability was determined. Shredded cabbage and lettuce inoculated with approximately 10(2) spores/g were placed in bags composed of the two films (1.4 kg/bag), and the bags were then vacuum sealed. Produce was stored at 4, 13, and 21 degrees C for up to 21 (cabbage) or 28 (lettuce) days and analyzed periodically. At each sampling time, the gas composition within the bags, pH of the produce, and microbial populations (total aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms, lactic acid bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, and yeasts and molds) were determined. In addition, the presence of botulinal toxin was determined using the standard U.S. Food and Drug Administration mouse bioassay protocol. Bags made of HOTR film prolonged sensory quality of cabbage and lettuce, especially at 13 and 4 degrees C. Packaging material had an effect on the growth of various groups of microorganisms; however, there was not a general trend. For example, lettuce packaged in HOTR bags had higher aerobic microbial populations than that packed in LOTR, but no significant difference (P < or = 0.05) was observed with cabbage. Growth of psychrotrophic bacteria was greater in vegetables packaged in HOTR film while growth of yeasts and molds was not affected by either packaging film. Most differences in microbial populations in produce packaged in LOTR and HOTR films were less than 1 log10 CFU/g. Botulinal toxin was not detected in cabbage or lettuce packaged in either film or stored under any test condition.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Listeria monocytogenes inhibition by whey protein films and coatings incorporating lysozyme.

The effects of whey protein isolate (WPI) films and coatings incorporating lysozyme (LZ) on the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes both in and on microbial media, as well as on cold-smoked salmon, were studied. The antimicrobial effects of LZ were examined using various growth media by turbidity and plate counting tests. Disc-covering and disc-surface-spreading tests were also used to evaluate the effects of WPI films incorporating LZ. Smoked salmon was used as a model food to test the antimicrobial effects of WPI coatings incorporating LZ, both initially and during storage at 4 and 10 degrees C for 35 days. Tensile properties (elastic modulus, tensile strength, and percentage of elongation), oxygen permeability, and color (Hunter L, a, and b) of WPI films with and without LZ were also compared. LZ inhibited L. monocytogenes in broth and on agar media. The number of cells surviving after LZ treatments depended on the type of media. WPI films incorporating 204 mg of LZ per g of film (dry basis) inhibited the growth of a preparation of 4.4 log CFU/cm2 L. monocytogenes. WPI coatings prepared with 25 mg of LZ per g of coating solution initially inactivated more than 2.4, 4.5, and 3.0 log CFU/g of L. monocytogenes, total aerobes, and yeasts and molds in smoked salmon samples, respectively. The WPI coatings incorporating LZ efficiently retarded the growth of L. monocytogenes at both 4 and 10 degrees C. The anti-L. monocytogenes effect of LZ-WPI coating was more noticeable when the coating was applied before inoculation than when the coating was applied after inoculation. Significantly higher elastic modulus values and lower percentage of elongation and oxygen permeability values were measured with the WPI films incorporating LZ than with the plain WPI films.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Immobilization of lysozyme on polyvinylalcohol films for active packaging applications.

A new technique for the immobilization of lysozyme onto the surface of polyvinylalcohol films is presented. The active compound was sprayed along with a suitable bonding agent onto the surface of the cross-linked polymeric matrix. Active compound release tests determined the amount of lysozyme immobilized on the film surface. With the use of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, the antimicrobial activity of the films was determined and the results correlated with the amount of immobilized lysozyme. This new technique was effective for immobilizing the enzyme, and the developed films were active against the test microorganism. Results were compared with those obtained with a different immobilizing technique, in which the active compound was bound into the bulk of the polymeric film. As expected, the surface-immobilized lysozyme films have a higher antimicrobial activity than bulk-bound films.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed1995

Studies on the tumor-promoting activity of polyethylene: inhibitory activity of metabolic cooperation of polyethylene films containing an antioxidant.

Tumor-promoting activity, inhibitory activity on the gap-junctional intercellular communication of polyethylene (PE) film containing a model antioxidant, 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (MBMBP), at various amounts was assessed by V79 metabolic cooperation (MC) assay. The extracts prepared from PE film containing MBMBP showed the inhibitory activities and the potencies of the inhibitory activities depended on the amount of MBMBP involved in the film, whereas the extract prepared from MBMBP-free PE film did not show any inhibitory activities. However, the inhibitory activities were observed when MC assay was carried out on the surface of the MBMBP-free film. These findings indicate that tumor-promoting activity of PE film is influenced by the surface property of the film as well as by amount and kind of additives incorporated.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1999

Biodegradable polymer film as a source for formation of human fetal retinal pigment epithelium spheroids.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the attachment of human fetal rctinal pigment epithelial (HFRPE) cells to a biodegradable polymer film with subsequent formation of spheroids in vitro. METHODS: Ten biodegradable polymer films with different compositions were examined for their physical properties and ease of manipulation under a dissecting microscope. The film with the most suitable handling characteristics was chosen, and a purely isolated sheet of HFRPE cells was attached to it. The purity of the cells was assessed by their pigmentation and expression of cytokeratin. Proliferation was assessed by incorporation of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdtJ). Cellular structure was analyzed under light and electron microscopes, and the functional capability of the cells was evaluated by rod outer segment (ROS) phagocytosis. RESULTS: The polymer film with composition 50:50 poly (DL-lactide) (PLA)/poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) with an inherent viscosity of 1.03 dl/g was found to be the most suitable for handling under the microscope. Sheets of HFRPE cells attached to the polymer films within 48 hours and began to form spheroids. All the isolated cells were pigmented and expressed cytokeratin. They possessed a cuboidal morphology, numerous apical microvilli, and no sign of dedifferentiation. HFRPE cells produced extracellular matrix (collagen filaments) on their basal side, filling the cavities of the polymer film. The cells subsequently proliferated, incorporated BrdU, migrated onto the culture plate to form monolayers, and phagocytized ROS. CONCLUSIONS: Biodegradable polymer films can be used as a scaffold for the adhesion of the HFRPE sheet and formation of spheroids. Spheroids represent a source of high density and well-differentiated HFRPE cells that are easy to transfer. Furthermore, the stricture of the membrane makes it suitable for additional applications.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2000

Potential of an antibacterial ultraviolet-irradiated nylon film.

The antibacterial effectiveness of an ultraviolet-irradiated nylon 6, 6 film was investigated for potential use as a food-packaging material to reduce the surface microbial contamination of foods. The film-surface analyses showed that UV irradiation induced conversion of surface amide groups to amines. Irradiation also increased the dimensional scale of the film surface topography (depth of valleys) approximately 5-fold on the scale of nanometers. The irradiated nylon demonstrated antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus 25923 and Escherichia coli TV1058 with 4.5 and 6 log reductions, respectively, of an initial population of 10(6) cfu mL(-1). The irradiated nylon was ineffective against Pseudomonas fluorescens 13525 and Enterococcus faecalis 19433 under similar conditions. The film demonstrated increased antimicrobial activity against S. aureus 25923 with increasing temperatures up to 45 degrees C, the highest temperature tested. Protein and salt inhibited the antibacterial nature of the irradiated film. Amines in solution (4.31 x 10(-8) M; the calculated equivalent of amines on the film) killed at least 1 x 10(4) cfu mL(-1) E. coli TV1058, and 4. 31 x 10(-7) M amines killed up to 1 x 10(7) cfu mL(-1) E. coli TV1058. The amines in solution required similar exposure time to the bacteria for population reduction as was observed with the irradiated film.

Amines↗
PubMed2000

Structural and functional properties of Langmuir films of antibodies based on amphiphilic polyelectrolytes.

We optimized the procedure for the formation of Langmuir films of antibodies based on amphiphilic polyelectrolytes and studied the physicochemical and immunochemical properties of the films obtained. Their immunochemical properties were compared with the immunochemical activity of antibodies in Langmuir films without amphiphilic polyelectrolytes and with antibodies adsorbed on the surface of polystyrene and graphite. The efficiency of immune adsorption by the films based on amphiphilic polyelectrolytes was shown to be greater; the affinity of antibodies and surface concentration of their active conformation depended on the type of amphiphilic polyelectrolytes used to obtain the films. We investigated the structure of these films at the surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite using the method of atomic force microscopy. Changes in the structure of the films under study caused by the increase of surface pressure were demonstrated.

Antibodies↗
PubMed2000

The thickness of the human precorneal tear film: evidence from reflection spectra.

PURPOSE: Interferometric methods have considerable potential for studying the thickness of layers of the human tear film and cornea because of their ability to make noninvasive, accurate, and rapid measurements. However, previous interferometric studies by Prydal and Danjo yielded tear thickness values near 40 and 11 microm, respectively, considerably greater than estimates made by invasive methods of 4 to 8 microm. Using a modified version of Danjo's method, interference effects from the tear film and cornea were studied, with the aim of correlation with known structure and optical properties of the cornea and hence determining the most probable value of tear film thickness. METHODS: Reflectance spectra from the human cornea were measured at normal incidence. These spectra show oscillations whose maxima correspond to constructive interference between light reflected from the air surface and from some deeper surface. The frequency of these spectral oscillations is proportional to the thickness of the layer between the air surface and the second surface. Therefore, Fourier analysis of reflectance spectra can be used to determine the thickness of layers of the tear film and cornea. In the main experiment, 36 low-resolution spectra were obtained from six normal eyes for measuring thickness up to 100 microm. Control experiments included measurements of the time course of thickness changes and high-resolution spectra for measuring thickness up to 1000 microm. RESULTS: For the main experiment, in the thickness range 1 to 100 microm, the strongest peak in the Fourier transform was near 3 microm (range, 1.5-4.7 microm) beneath the air surface. In the range 20 to 100 microm, the strongest peak was near 55 microm (range, 50-59 microm) for all 36 spectra; none were in Prydal's range near 40 microm. This 55-microm peak is consistent with a reflection from the basement membrane of the epithelium. Time course measurements after a blink show that the 3-microm peak is not an artifact. High-resolution spectra gave a peak near 510 microm, corresponding to the complete thickness of the cornea (plus tear film). This peak had a contrast similar to that of the 3-microm peak. CONCLUSIONS: These studies did not confirm Prydal's estimate of approximately 40 microm. Nor were there prominent peaks near Danjo's value of approximately 11 microm, except in cases of probable reflex tears. Because the reflection at the aqueous-mucus boundary would be expected to be weaker than that from the epithelial surface, the 3-microm peak is unlikely to correspond to the aqueous layer (rather than the complete tear film). The proposal that the 3-microm peak corresponds to a reflection from the front of the cornea is supported by the demonstration of a peak of similar contrast from the back of the cornea. Thus, the current evidence consistently supports a value of approximately 3 microm for the thickness of the human precorneal tear film.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Investigation on the stimulation effect of polypyrrole film on rat hepatic cells].

Poypyrrole(PPy) films were prepared at 1 x 10(-3) mA/cm2 electropolymerization current density on indium-tin oxide(ITO)substrate. The PPy films were well-distributed, translucent, stable and insoluble. Moreover, they can be sterilized by steam disinfection. Rat hepatic cells were cultured on these films. The results show that PPy films have good biocompatibility and they can accelerate cell growth under electrical stimulation. The cells on PPy films reach the largest cell density earlier than the cells on tissue culture polystyrene(TCPS). Furthermore, rat hepatic cells can generate on PPy films. The cells on PPy films grow faster and enter logarithmic growth phase earlier than those on TCPS.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mechanical, bioadhesive strength and biological evaluations of chitosan films for wound dressing.

PURPOSE: To investigate the suitability of chitosan films prepared using two different solvents, acetic acid (Chitosan-AA) and lactic acid (Chitosan-LA), for wound dressing, in comparison with a commercial preparation, Omiderm. METHODS: The mechanical and in-vitro bioadhesive strength properties of Chitosan-AA, Chitosan-LA, and Omiderm were investigated using texture analyzer equipment. The vapour permeability of chitosan films was determined using a method for evaluation of moisture permeability of containers and packaging material described in USP XXII. In addition, the biological evaluations were performed via primary skin irritation, intracutaneous, and systemic injection tests. RESULTS: The three preparations differed significantly in terms of the mechanical and bioadhesive strength properties. Chitosan-LA exhibited a lower tensile strength, but more flexible and bioadhesive than Chitosan-AA. Chitosan film was found to be permeable to water vapour. Chitosan-LA and Omiderm were non-irritant and did not cause any skin allergic reaction. In contrast, Chitosan-AA films inflicted adverse skin reactions. Nevertheless, no gross sign of toxicity was encountered from the systemic injection of the extracts of the three preparations. CONCLUSION: Chitosan films demonstrated significantly different mechanical and bioadhesive strength properties from Omiderm. Chitosan-LA was more soft, flexible, pliable and bioadhesive when compared to Chitosan-AA films. Furthermore, Chitosan-LA did not cause erythema, edema and systemic toxicity. Hence, Chitosan-LA film is suitable to be used in the management of wound healing and skin burn.

Acetylation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prediction of sun protection factors by calculation of transmissions with a calibrated step film model.

Measurements of in vitro sun protection factors (SPFs) are a common way of assessing sunscreen formulations at the stage of screening. The aim of the present investigation is to provide an alternative tool for the estimation of SPF values using a calculation based on the UV spectroscopic properties of the individual UV absorbers. As with in vitro measurements, the crucial step is to work out realistic values of transmissions of UV light through a film of the sunscreen formulation in the important spectral range between 290 and 400 nm. Once these transmissions are given, the SPF can be calculated. Since the human skin is an inhomogeneous substrate, a step film model for the calculation of such transmissions had been proposed by J.J. O'Neill. The step film geometry in this model is a function of two parameters that characterize the fraction of the thin and thick parts of the film and their difference in thickness. The transmissions and therefore the SPF are sensitive functions of the step film parameters. In order to use the model for the prediction of realistic SPF values, the step film parameters are calibrated using three sunscreen standard formulations with well-known in vivo SPF. A satisfactory correlation of in vivo SPF values and SPF values calculated with the calibrated step film model using an additional 36 different sunscreen formulations (in vivo SPF values between 3 and 36) is demonstrated.

Calibration↗
PubMed2001

[The influence of the hormonal replacement therapy on the amount and stability of the tear film among peri- and postmenopausal women].

PURPOSE: To estimate the amount of the tear-film and its stability among women treated due to endocrinological or gynecological indications with hormone replacement therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 60 women treated with hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) were divided into 3 groups of examination: group 1 (20 women), treated with HRT after up to 1 year of menopausal symptoms, group 2 (20 women) treated with HRT between 1-5 years of menopausal symptoms, group 3 (20 women) treated with HRT after more than 5 years of menopausal symptoms. The secretion of the tear-film was measured using Schirmer I test and lisozyme test. The stability of the tear-film was measured with respect to the break-up time (BUT). The examinations were performed 3, 6, 12 months after HRT treatment. The values obtained before HRT treatment served as control. RESULTS: Before HRT treatment we observed significantly decreased tear secretion and lower stability in group 2 and group 3 as compared with group 1. We noticed the negative correlation between the secretion of the tear film as compared to age of examined women. HRT made the tear secretion significantly increased in group 2 and group 3 after 6, 12 and 3, 6, 12 months of HRT treatment respectively. We assessed a significant improvement of the tear film stability with respect to BUT in group 2 and 3 in all months of HRT treatment. We found significant correlation between modified Schirmer I test and lisozyme test (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The age and changes of the hormonal homeostasis have negative influence on the tear secretion, tear-film stability among peri and postmenopausal women. HRT treatment has beneficial influence on the tear film secretion and tear stabilization. Our results suggest that hormonal replacement therapy can be suitable for the treatment of the postmenopausal dry eye syndrome.

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Comparison among Op-site, polyvinyl chloride film and tulle gauze in the treatment of skin graft donor sitet.

A prospective analytic study was performed at the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, King Chulalongkorn Memorial University Hospital and the Department of Surgery, Chiang Mai University Hospital to compare among Polyvinyl chloride film (PVC film), Op-site and tulle gauze in the treatment of skin graft donor site. From October 1998 to January 2000, 81 donor sites in the same number of patients were treated by three different methods; tulle gauze (26 patients), Op-site (27 patients) and PVC film (28 patients). Each wound was followed until it was completely healed and visual analogue scale was used for pain evaluation. Donor site dressed with PVC film had a healing time of 10.44 days which was not different from Op-site (10.54 days) but significantly faster (p<0.001) than tulle gauze (17.84 days). Pain as measured with visual analogue scale in the group of PVC film (1.48) was not different from Op-site (1.34) but significantly less than (p<0.001) tulle gauze (5.45). There was no difference in the rate of infection between each group. In conclusion, the authors found no difference between Op-site and PVC film in healing time and pain. Both of them were better than tulle gauze. The results demonstrate the usefulness of PVC film as a donor site dressing as it promises relatively rapid healing, less pain and is inexpensive.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Osteo-articular, mammographic and thoracic films: clinical evaluation of digital view box versus conventional view box.

PURPOSE: To compare in a clinical setting a conventional view box with a digital view box (Smart Light 2000 Digital Film Viewer System, Smart Light, Israel) in the identification of osteo-articular, mammographic and thoracic lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six radiologists (two for each imaging procedure), experts in osteo-articular, mammographic and thoracic diseases, independently, compared 600 plain films (100 patient with two projections for each imaging procedure). The radiologists evaluated the films by filling-out a multiple choice questionnaire containing questions concerning the type of pathology seen and the technical quality of the radiography in terms of exposure along with specific questions concerning each of the imaging procedures. RESULTS: We observed a higher sensitivity of the digital view box for lesion identification (p<0.05); furthermore, we analyzed a greater number of radiographs, recovering technically unsuitable films, because of over or under-exposure (high or low optical density). The interreader agreement was also good (> 0.75). The better lesion perception derived from the increase luminance of the digital view box in the evaluation of higher film densities, such as in overexposed films. DISCUSSION. The technical characteristics of the digital view box reduce or eliminate negative factors that reduce perceptional performance, and often permit the recovery of films that would have otherwise been considered technically unreadable.

Arthrography↗