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PubMed1988

In vitro comparison of the activity of doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin and a new macrolide, CP 62993, against Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum.

The in vitro activities of doxycycline, tetracycline, erythromycin and a new macrolide, CP 62993, against clinical isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (n = 3), Mycoplasma hominis (n = 64) and Ureaplasma urealyticum (n = 33), were compared using an agar dilution method. M. pneumoniae seemed equally susceptible to the two tetracyclines, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of doxycycline were one or two dilution steps lower than the MICs of tetracycline for most strains of M. hominis and U. urealyticum. Ten of the 64 M. hominis strains required greater than or equal to 32 mg/l of tetracycline and 4 to 32 mg/l of doxycycline for inhibition. The MICs of CP 62993 were lower than those of erythromycin for all species tested although as much as 2 to 4 mg/l were required for inhibition of M. hominis. There is microbiological evidence that doxycycline as well as tetracycline might be effective against mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas. For erythromycin this is only true for M. pneumoniae and U. urealyticum.

Azithromycin↗
PubMed1979

[Determination of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) resistance to erythromycin].

Resistance to erythromycin is genetically unstable in strains of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). The frequent loss of resistance as well as reversion of sensitive variants to the original unstable resistance phenotype excluded the possibility that plasmid elimination is involved. The spontaneous frequency of occurrence of sensitive clones was 0.14 to 1.5%, the rate of reversion ranging from 1.10(-6) to 1.10(-8). Resistance to erythromycin has been mapped on the chromosomes of two S. coelicolor A3(2) derivatives in different sites: between markers adeC (v 10) and ArgA1 in the strain A617, between pheA1 and SCP1 in the strain S18. It is suggested that genetic instability of erythromycin resistance determinants having chromosomal location is due to transposition of genetic material.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1987

The effect of tetracycline and erythromycin in a model of acne-type inflammation.

The effects of systemically administered oxytetracycline and erythromycin in a guinea pig model of acne-type inflammation were assessed histologically and by tissue measurement techniques. It was found that oxytetracycline significantly reduced the volume and maximum area of inflammation compared with both control and erythromycin treated groups. Oxytetracycline also altered the morphology of the inflammatory infiltrate significantly reducing the proportion of polymorphonuclear leucocytes present. In this model, erythromycin did not alter the inflammatory response but did seem to reduce the amount of transepidermal elimination of inflammatory debris.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1988

[Combined topical treatment of acne with erythromycin and tretinoin].

Vitamin A acid is the most effective comedolytic agent in the therapy of acne vulgaris. Antibiotics are suitable for the treatment of inflammatory lesions (papulo-pustules). Even topically applied, some antibiotics show a sufficient anti-inflammatory effect. Above all, erythromycin is reliable in the topical treatment of acne. Combined therapy with both topical tretinoin and erythromycin is more effective than either alone. During the first weeks of treatment, tretinoin leads to temporary deterioration of the disease, which can mostly be avoided by the anti-inflammatory effect of erythromycin simultaneously applied.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1986

The comparative in vitro activity of spiramycin and erythromycin against Norwegian bacterial isolates.

The in vitro activity of spiramycin and erythromycin has been determined by an agar diffusion method against relevant clinical isolates. Generally, erythromycin was more active than spiramycin on a weight-for-weight basis. Spiramycin showed only moderate activity against Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pyogenes. Gonococci were sensitive in vitro to both agents. Many erythromycin-resistant staphylococci were sensitive to spiramycin.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1987

The effect of carbon dioxide on the in vitro activity of erythromycin and RU-28965 against anaerobic bacteria.

The in vitro activity of erythromycin and RU-28965 (a novel macrolide antimicrobial with improved pharmacokinetics) was determined against a variety of anaerobic bacteria in anaerobic atmospheres with and without added carbon dioxide. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using an antimicrobial incorporation technique in Wilkins-Chalgren agar (Oxoid, UK) containing saponinlysed horse blood to a final concentration of 10%. The inoculum used was approximately 10(4) colony forming units (cfu) contained in 10 microliters Wilkins-Chalgren broth, which was applied to the surface of the agar plates using a multipoint inoculator. Following inoculation, plates were incubated for 48 h at 37 degrees C in an anaerobic atmosphere containing 10% carbon dioxide or in hydrogen alone. The MIC of each antimicrobial for each organism examined was determined as the lowest concentration of the antimicrobial which completely inhibited growth of the inoculum. The minimum concentrations required to inhibit the growth of 50% (MIC50) and 90% (MIC90) of the bacteria examined were also determined. The MICs of erythromycin and RU-28965 for isolates of the Bacteroides fragilis group, B. bivius and Fusobacterium spp. were generally 10-100 times greater when determined in the presence of carbon dioxide than when determined in hydrogen alone. The MICs of erythromycin and RU-28965 for B. melaninogenicus, Peptococcus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Clostridium perfringens, Cl. difficile and Propionibacterium acnes were less affected by the presence of carbon dioxide.

Anaerobiosis↗
PubMed1987

[Antipneumococcal activity of erythromycin and spiramycin in 2 experimental models in mice].

Macrolides often remain the first intention treatment in many chest infections caused by S. pneumoniae. Antipneumococcal activities of spiramycin and erythromycin have then been tested in a septicaemia model and in a pulmonary infection model in mice. In the septicaemia model, spiramycin has been found 5 to 15 times more active than erythromycin by subcutaneous route and 1.5 to 6 times by oral route. In the pneumonia model, spiramycin has been found as active (one strain) to 5 times more active than erythromycin (three strains) by both subcutaneous and oral route. These data might indicate that better tissular penetration of spiramycin is responsible for better in vivo activity. These facts also support the statement that MIC should not be the only choice standard of infectious chemotherapy.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Erythromycin in the treatment of acute bronchitis in a community practice.

To assess the efficacy of erythromycin in treating acute bronchitis, 52 adults were enrolled in a randomized trial comparing a one-week course of erythromycin with placebo. Among smokers, no difference in outcome was noted. Among nonsmokers, trends favored more rapid resolution of key symptoms in the erythromycin group, but these trends did not generally achieve statistical significance. These results suggest a trial with a larger sample size.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1978

Another look at erythromycin.

The erythromycins are broadly reviewed from a clinical viewpoint. The antimicrobial spectrum, clinical indications, pharmacokinetics and toxicity are dealt with. The usefulness of erythromycin for respiratory tract infections is stressed. New evidence to support bactericidal activity of this antibiotic is noted. There seems little reason to use the potentially hepatotoxic estolate form of erythromycin. The safety of the other forms of this antibiotic available in this country is emphasized.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1987

Cutaneously applied erythromycin base reduces various types of inflammatory reactions in mouse ear.

Erythromycin base was tested by brushing a solution onto the skin in various models of non-immune and immune inflammation produced in mouse ear, namely inflammations induced by croton oil and cantharidin, primary irritation by picryl chloride, and contact hypersensitivity reactions to oxazolone and picryl chloride. On the non-immune inflammations, erythromycin displayed a greater effect than indomethacin, phenylbutazone or acetylsalicylic acid, though less than that of hydrocortisone acetate. It inhibited the hypersensitivity reactions less well. These results suggest some participation of an anti-inflammatory mechanism in the clinical effectiveness of cutaneously applied erythromycin base in some forms of acne.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1987

Cyclosporin-erythromycin interaction in normal subjects.

We studied the pharmacokinetic interaction between cyclosporin (CYA) and erythromycin in normal subjects. Plasma CYA concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) and estimates of metabolite formation were obtained from inter-assay differences between these measurements. Erythromycin significantly increased the maximum concentration and the area under concentration-time curve. Time to maximum concentration and apparent oral clearance of CYA were significantly decreased. The half-life, however, was not altered. Significant reductions in the proportion of apparent metabolite were observed at times of maximum CYA concentrations but not at later time periods (12 and 24 h). The mechanism of the drug interaction appears to be decreased hepatic first-pass metabolism but an effect on CYA absorption cannot be excluded. These results on normal subjects confirm that patients administered CYA and erythromycin risk CYA toxicity. However, the risk can be reduced by dose reduction based on more frequent CYA monitoring or by using a different antibiotic.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The value of comparative bioavailability studies of marketed drugs in drug control. An example with erythromycin stearate.

As a part of the quality control of drugs The National Medicine Control Laboratory in Finland has started comparative bioavailability studies of synonym preparations in human volunteers by taking all the products containing the same active ingredients for absorption studies at the same time. The first study, which is presented as an example of the importance of these studies, covered three erythromycin stearate preparations containing 250 mg of erythromycin. 12 volunteers took 2 tablets of every product at one week intervals in a cross-over fashion, and the serum erythromycin levels were measured microbiologically for 12 hr. Disintegration and dissolution tests were also performed. One of the products was coated with an acid-resistant film and was not dissolved in pH 1.2, whereas the conventional tablets lost all antimicrobial activity after 15 min in pH 1.2. In phosphate buffer, pH 6.6, all the tablets dissolved rapidly and retained antimicrobial activity. One of the conventional tablets showed only a 50% bioavailability as compared to the two others and was subsequently withdrawn from the market. Thus, it is important to conduct comparative post-marketing bioavailability studies with drugs which earlier have shown good bioavailability.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Erythromycin ototoxicity and acute psychotic reaction in cancer patients with hepatic dysfunction.

Two cases of severe hearing loss due to intravenous administration of erythromycin lactobionate are described. Documented, bilateral sensorineuronal hearing loss developed in both patients and gradually improved when the dose of erythromycin was decreased. Neither patient had severe renal dysfunction (documented clearances of 25 to 30 mL/min), but both had hepatic dysfunction with elevated bilirubin levels. Additionally, both were receiving other ototoxic drugs concurrently. Both patients also had an acute psychotic reaction that was temporally related to the ototoxicity and high-dose erythromycin therapy.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

[Effect of a temperature regimen on erythromycin biosynthesis].

The effect of temperature variation in cultivation of the erythromycin-producing organism on accumulation of the antibiotic in the fermentation broth was studied during the growth and development of the microbial population. None of the tested processes of erythromycin biosynthesis with one-stage and two-stage variation of the temperature conditions or their short-term variation provided a significant increase in the antibiotic yield. It was shown that with an increase in the temperature from 33 to 37 degrees C in the 72-120-hour fermentation process, the rate of the antibiotic accumulation after 24 hours of the increased temperature effect did not decrease, while in the 120-hour fermentation process the increased temperature had an insignificant effect on erythromycin accumulation even within the subsequent 24 hours of the culture growth.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1985

Erythromycin against Chlamydia trachomatis infections. A double blind study comparing 4- and 7-day treatment in men and women.

In a double-blind controlled study the treatment of erythromycin 500 mg twice daily for seven days was compared with erythromycin 500 mg twice daily for four days in 73 men and women with uncomplicated genito-urinary chlamydia trachomatis infections. At the start of the treatment, 34 of 42 men (81%) and 15 of 31 women (48%) had symptoms suggesting the presence of chlamydial infections. There was a significantly higher bacteriological cure rate with the seven-days treatment in both men and women compared with the four days treatment at the second control visit two weeks after the start of the treatment (p less than 0.0005). The bacteriological cure rate of the women was higher than that of the men, but the results for men and women did not differ significantly. It is concluded that a four day treatment with erythromycin 500 mg twice daily can not be recommended, whereas 500 mg twice daily for seven days was shown to be effective, especially in women.

Chlamydia Infections↗
PubMed1985

Campylobacter strains isolated from slaughtered chickens: their sensitivity to antibiotics and resistance to erythromycin.

Antibiograms for 304 Campylobacter strains isolated in Csongrád county from slaughtered chickens in the years 1981 to 1983 were determined with the disk-agar diffusion method. The isolates, originating from two poultry-processing plants and two canteen kitchens proved to be sensitive to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol, gentamicin and nitrofurantoin and resistant to penicillin. The antibiogram depended on the source of samples and, to a higher degree, on the year of sampling. The frequency of strains resistant to erythromycin was 5.7% in 1981 and 39.8% in 1983; for the resistant strains the minimum inhibiting concentration was greater than 250 micrograms erythromycin per ml. In the same periods 25.0% and 32.8% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline and 23.3% and 49.2% to lincomycin, respectively. Simultaneous resistance to tetracycline, lincomycin and erythromycin occurred in 16.4% of the isolates.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Sensitivity of mycoplasmas of the respiratory tract of pigs and horses to erythromycin and its use in selective media.

The ability of erythromycin in liquid medium to suppress the growth of eight species of acholeplasma and of 13 species of mycoplasma was tested. The Acholeplasma spp and two glycolytic Mycoplasma spp from horses--a slow glucose-metabolising (SGM) mycoplasma and a strain N3, related to M mycoides--were sensitive to erythromycin. Thus the growth of acholeplasmas can be suppressed when attempts are made to isolate pathogens from the porcine respiratory tract, but, in the case of horses, erythromycin would suppress not only Acholeplasma spp but also two Mycoplasma spp of unknown pathogenicity in the equine respiratory tract.

Acholeplasma↗
PubMed1977

Susceptibility to erythromycin of anaerobes of the genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Sphaerophorus, Veillonella, Clostridium, Corynebacterium, Peptococcus, Peptostreptococcus.

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin were determined by broth dilution tests for 313 anaerobic strains, most of which were clinical isolates. All the gram-positive anaerobes tested (84 Peptococcaceae, including 21 Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and 15 Peptococcus variabilis; 65 Corynebacterium acnes and 29 Clostridium strains, including 13 C. perfringens) were sensitive (MIC values 0.012 through 3.12 microgram erythromycin/ml); so were 111 cultures of gram-negative anaerobes (52 Bacteroides fragilis, 12 B. thetaiotaomicron, 7 B. vulgatus, 13 B. oralis, 4 B. melaninogenicus, 10 Sphaerophorus necrophorus, 2 Veillonella sp., 11 members of other species). Erythromycin at concentrations of 6.25 through 200.0 microgram/ml was active against 24 strains (1 B. fragilis, 4 Fusobacterium fusiforme, 9 Sph. freundi, 10 Sph. varius). The present results are compared to the limited number of reports existing with regard to the susceptibility of anaerobes to erythromycin.

Bacteroides↗