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PubMed1997

Pesticide residues in milk and cheeses from Greece.

Thirty-eight samples of bovine milk and 28 samples of three types of cheese were collected throughout Greece during 1991 and 1992, and analyzed for 13 organochlorine insecticides, three herbicides, and one organophosphorus insecticide residues. Eleven milk samples (28.9% of analyzed samples) contained residues of one or more of the following: lindane, alpha-isomeric hexachlorocyclohexane (alpha-BHC), 1,1-bis[p-chlorophenyl]-2,2-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), and methyl parathion at concentrations below the maximum permitted. Lindane was detected in five samples at concentrations of 0.8 to 7 ng/g of fat of milk, alpha-BHC in two samples at concentrations 16 and 18 ng/g, p,p'-DDE in four samples at concentrations of 14 to 32 ng/g, and methyl parathion in two samples at concentrations 43 and 280 ng/g. Nine cheese samples (32.1%) contained residues of one or more of alpha-BHC, p,p'-DDE, lindane and aldrin-dieldrin. The range of concentrations were 0.8 to 2 ng/g for lindane, 4 to 10 ng/g for alpha-BHC, 20 to 70 ng/g for p,p'-DDE and 0.2 ng/g for aldrin. All mean concentrations found were below the maximum limits permitted by the European Union.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Concentrations, biomagnification and spatial variation of organochlorine compounds in a pelagic food web in the northern part of the Baltic Sea.

Zooplankton, mysis (Mysis sp.) and herring (Clupea harengus) were collected at two pelagic locations in the northern part of the Baltic Sea, one in Bothnian Bay (BB) and the other in the Bothnian Sea (BS), in order to investigate concentrations, composition profiles, biomagnification features and spatial differences of organochlorine contaminants. Compounds included in this study are hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), DDTs, hexachlorobenzene (HCBz), chlordanes (CHLs), dieldrin, mirex and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). All groups of compound were detected in every sample investigated, with the exception of mirex that was detected only in the herring samples. The concentrations of organochlorine compounds in all samples ranged, e.g. from 250 to 1500 ng/g lipid for PCBs and from 6 to 150 ng/g lipid for CHLs. The biomagnification factor (BMF) is calculated as the concentration of the compounds in the organism divided by the concentration in food normalised to lipids. In the zooplankton-mysis-herring food web, large variations in BMFs between the different compound groups were observed. The highest BMFs were obtained for the CHLs followed by the DDTs and the lowest for the HCHs. Nonachlorinated CHLs had the highest BMFs within the group of CHLs and for the DDTs p,p'-DDT had a higher biomagnification potential than its metabolites p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD. Finally, concentration and biomagnification differences between the two stations were observed. The herring in the southernmost station (BS) displayed approximately two- to sixfold higher biomagnification than the herring from the north (BB).

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Residues of organochlorine pesticides in fruits, vegetables and tubers from Nigerian markets.

Residue levels of organochlorine pesticides have been determined in raw fruits, vegetables and tubers from markets in Nigeria. In the fruits, total HCH, aldrin and total DDT were detected in 77, 38 and 30% of all samples, respectively. In the vegetables, total HCH, HCB, total DDT and aldrin were detected from 95, 53, 50 and 30%, respectively, of all samples. Aldrin + dieldrin, total HCH, and total DDT were detected from 98, 79 and 49%, respectively, of all tuber samples. Other pesticides were below their detection limits. The average levels were generally low and none were above the FAOs maximum residue limits.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1999

Contaminant residue levels in arctic wolves (Canis lupus) from the Yukon Territory, Canada.

Kidney, liver and bone samples were taken from 19 wolves (Canis lupus) collected from two locations in the Yukon Territory. Liver samples pooled by age and sex were analyzed for 22 organochlorine pesticides and 101 PCB congeners. Individual kidney and liver samples were analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, total mercury, selenium and zinc. Thirteen individual bone samples were analyzed for lead. While most organochlorines were not present at detectable levels in wolf liver, some chlorobenzenes, dieldrin and sigma PCB were present at low levels. PCB congeners 149, 153, 170/190, 180 and 187/182 made up 86% of the total PCBs measured in wolf liver. The hexa- and heptachlorobiphenyls dominated the pattern in wolf liver, while congeners containing less than five chlorine atoms were not detected. The pattern of chlorobenzene and PCB homologues found in wolf liver are more similar to those found in marten (Martes americana) and other carnivores than caribou (Rangifer tarandus), perhaps reflecting similarities in food habits and metabolic capacities. With the exception of cadmium, average element concentrations in all wolf tissues are similar to those found in other arctic carnivores. Cadmium concentrations in wolf liver and kidney were somewhat higher in Yukon wolves than other arctic wolves. This may reflect high cadmium concentrations found in livers and kidneys of moose and some caribou herds in the Yukon. Renal arsenic and bone lead decreased significantly with age in wolves, while renal mercury increased with age. Because the ranges seen are relatively small, and all values are within the range normally seen in wildlife, it is difficult to determine the biological significance of these relationships. Contaminant levels in Yukon wolves are generally low and are similar to those found in other arctic terrestrial carnivores. They do not approach levels that are known to potentially cause adverse effects in animals. Contaminant concentrations found in this study should be considered baseline levels.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Detection of persistent organic pollutants in the Mississippi Delta using semipermeable membrane devices.

From semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) placed in five Mississippi Delta streams in 1996 and 1997, the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) aldrin, chlordane, DCPA, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, mirex, nonachlor, and toxaphene were detected. In addition, the insecticides chlorpyriphos, endosulfan, and hexachlorocyclohexanes were detected. Two low-solubility herbicides not detected commonly in surface water, pendimethalin and trifluralin, were also detected.

Aniline Compounds↗
PubMed1999

Monitoring of estrogen mimics by a recombinant yeast assay: synergy between natural and synthetic compounds?

Properties of mixtures of compounds exhibiting estrogenic potential have been questioned in the past. Synergistic effects of endocrine disrupters have been proposed, but could never be confirmed. In this study, the transactivational potential of xenoestrogens and phytoestrogens has been evaluated in a yeast test system. Pesticides such as endosulfan, dieldrin, atrazine, and the main metabolites, desethylatrazine and desisopropylatrazine, have been tested and their behavior as mixtures is compared to the behavior of the single compounds. Our results are in contrast to a report (Tran et al., 1996) on the inhibitive effects of xenoestrogens on 17 beta-estradiol-dependent transactivation. Phytoestrogens have been investigated in a similar manner. A synergistic effect could not be confirmed for both, xenoestrogens and phytoestrogens. These compounds are either weak estrogens or completely lack estrogenic potential. Their endocrine disrupting potential in more complex systems must be therefore attributed to other molecular mechanisms such as to metabolic modification or interference with steroidogenesis. This study shows that yeast systems are useful tools for monitoring pure estrogenic properties.

Biological Assay↗
PubMed2002

Measurement of stress effects (scope for growth) and contaminant levels in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the Irish Sea.

The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Breast cancer incidence and exposure to pesticides among women originating from Jaipur.

Environmental contamination by pesticides has been documented in biotic and abiotic components. These persistent organic pollutants are lipid soluble, nonbiodegradable, and endocrine disrupters. The present study was therefore planned to determine whether the levels of these pesticides like DDT and its metabolites DDD and DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor, and HCH and its isomers (alpha, beta, and gamma) were higher in blood of breast cancer patients when compared with normal women who did not suffer from major diseases like blood pressure, tuberculosis, diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, arthritis, cancer, etc. and had not undergone any major surgery. The results indicated that organochlorine pesticides taken for analysis were found significantly high in breast cancer patients irrespective of age, diet, and geographic distribution.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[3H]Ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate ([3H]EBOB) binding in recombinant GABAA receptors.

Ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate (EBOB) is a recently developed ligand that binds to the convulsant site of the GABAA receptor. While a few studies have examined the binding of [3H]EBOB in vertebrate brain tissue and insect preparations, none have examined [3H]EBOB binding in preparations that express known configurations of the GABAA receptor. We have thus examined [3H]EBOB binding in HEK293 cells stably expressing human alpha1beta2gamma2 and alpha2beta2gamma2 GABAA receptors, and the effects of CNS convulsants on its binding. The ability of the CNS convulsants to displace the prototypical convulsant site ligand, [35S]TBPS, was also assessed. Saturation analysis revealed [3H]EBOB binding at a single site, with a K(d) of approximately 9 nM in alpha1beta2gamma2 and alpha2beta2gamma2 receptors. Binding of both [3H]EBOB and [35S]TBPS was inhibited by dieldrin, lindane, tert-butylbicycloorthobenzoate (TBOB), PTX, TBPS, and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) at one site in a concentration-dependent fashion. Affinities were in the high nM to low microM range for all compounds except PTZ (low mM range), and the rank order of potency for these convulsants to displace [3H]EBOB and [35S]TBPS was the same. Low [GABA] stimulated [3H]EBOB binding, while higher [GABA] (greater than 10 microM) inhibited [3H]EBOB binding. Overall, our data demonstrate that [3H]EBOB binds to a single, high affinity site in alpha1beta2gamma2 and alpha2beta2gamma2 GABAA receptors, and modulation of its binding is similar to that seen with [35S]TBPS. [3H]EBOB has a number of desirable traits that may make it preferable to [35S]TBPS for analysis of the convulsant site of the GABAA receptor.

Affinity Labels↗
PubMed1996

Genotoxicity of the Ganges water at Narora (U.P.), India.

Water samples were collected from the river Ganga at Narora (U.P.). High performance liquid chromatography analysis of water samples by the liquid extraction procedure indicated the presence of several pesticides such as DDT, alpha-BHC, aldrin, endrin and dieldrin at concentrations of 1.36, 1.38, 0.95, 0.61 and 0.41 ppb, respectively. The organophosphorus pesticides such as dimethoate and methyl parathion also appear to be present at concentrations of 0.20 and 0.41 ppb, respectively. The XAD water concentrates and liquid-liquid extracted water samples were assayed for mutagenic potential by the Ames Salmonella/microsome test. The test samples exhibited a significant degree of mutagenicity with TA102, TA100 and TA98 strains both in the presence and absence of DNA repair defective mutants, recA, lexA and polA of E. coli was observed as compared to their wild-type counterpart in the presence of XAD water concentrates.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2002

Interaction of estrogen mimics, singly and in combination, with plasma sex steroid-binding proteins in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

The plasma sex steroid-binding protein (SBP) is believed to be involved in regulating circulating endogenous sex steroids as well as cellular signal transduction to nuclear steroid receptors in sex steroid-sensitive tissues. In this study, a variety of estrogen mimics (EMs), which may contribute to the endocrine disrupting effects observed in fish, were tested for the ability to interact with the rainbow trout plasma sex steroid-binding protein (rtSBP) either singly or in binary combinations. The EMs ethynylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, genistein, zearalenone, 4-t-octylphenol, bisphenol A and o,p'-DDT were all able to displace 1,2,4,6,7-[3H]estradiol from the sex steroid-binding site at the rtSBP (K(d)=2.1+/-0.5 nM, B(max)=2963+/-303 fmol estradiol/mg protein) in a dose-dependent and competitive manner. The plastizicer n-butyl benzyl phthalate only displayed weak binding affinity for the rtSBP, whereas the pesticide dieldrin was not able to compete for the high affinity estradiol-binding sites in plasma. None of the compounds tested was able to clearly promote the binding of the others when given in combination, indicating that synergy did not occur at the ligand-SBP binding level. The rtSBP binding affinity for EMs ranged over several orders of magnitude, but were consistently lower than those for the endogenous sex steroids (about 10(2)-10(6) less potent). The results suggest that the presence of rtSBP may potentially modulate the bioavailability of EMs to estrogen receptors relative to each other and to the endogenous sex steroids themselves. Since the binding of the endogenous ligands is reversible, SBP-bound estrogens (or androgens) potentially may also become displaced by potent EMs.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Organochlorine residues in european eel (Anguilla anguilla), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) from Vaccarès lagoon (French National Nature Reserve of Camargue) - effects on some physiological parameters.

European eels (Anguilla anguilla), crucian carps (Carassius carassius) and catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) were collected in three coastal locations of the Vaccarès lagoon (French National Nature Reserve of Camargue). The purpose of this paper is to report results of the first biomonitoring investigation in fish living in this protected coastal wetland. Residues of organochlorine (OC) contaminants (i.e. SigmaPCBs, gammaHCH, HCB, dieldrin, pp'-DDE) were determined in hepatic and muscular tissues, in order to compare geographical and seasonal distribution. Total exposure levels appeared to be more important in fatty fish such as eels than in crucian carps and catfish. The highest OC concentrations in liver (SigmaPCB) and in muscle (gammaHCH) were detected in Spring in some fish coming from a site located near the mouth of a canal draining irrigation waters of rice fields. Morphophysiological parameters (condition factor, organo-somatic indexes and lipid tissue composition) were measured concomitantly. Correlations between the hepatic and muscular burdens of OC and condition factor or organo somatic indexes were infrequent and rather negative. Localization of lipid accumulation (neutral or polar lipids) depended on metabolic rates of different species and appeared related to the fish trophic level.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Contaminant residues in seabird eggs from the Canadian Arctic. Part I. Temporal trends 1975-1998.

Concentrations of total mercury, selenium and a suite of organochlorine compounds were measured in eggs of thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia), northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) and black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) collected on Prince Leopold Island in Lancaster Sound, Nunavut, Canada, between 1975 and 1998. Mercury levels in thick-billed murre and northern fulmar eggs increased significantly during this period while selenium concentrations decreased significantly in northern fulmar eggs. Mercury and selenium concentrations in black-legged kittiwake eggs exhibited no significant temporal trends. Concentrations of sigma PCB, sigma DDT and total chlorobenzenes decreased over time for all three species and there was a shift in the PCB congener pattern as the hexachlorobiphenyl fraction of sigma PCB increased and the lower chlorinated biphenyl fraction decreased. Total chlordane, dieldrin and mirex concentrations decreased in kittiwake eggs while no significant trends were observed for the other two species. Increases in sigma HCH levels were detected in thick-billed murre eggs but not in northern fulmar and black-legged kittiwake eggs. Levels of the beta-HCH isomer, however, increased significantly in murres and fulmars. Stable-nitrogen isotope analyses (delta 15N) indicate that the temporal trends observed for contaminant concentrations in eggs were not the result of shifts in trophic level. Changing deposition patterns of xenobiotic compounds over the summer and winter ranges of these birds provide a likely explanation for differing exposures through time.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Organochlorine pesticides and hexachlorobenzene along the central coast of New South Wales: multi-scale distributions using the territorial damselfish Parma microlepis as an indicator.

Concentrations of 10 organochlorine pesticides and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) were determined in the territorial damselfish Parma microlepis at three urban locations and three reference locations centred on the Sydney region. Dieldrin, HCB and DDE were the most frequently detected organochlorines, occurring in 70-100% of samples collected. Alpha and gamma chlordane were also reasonably common and occurred in more than 30% of the samples. Each organochlorine compound investigated had a distinct spatial pattern of distribution. Related chemicals such as alpha and gamma chlordane, and DDT, DDE and DDD tended to have similar patterns of distribution. There were clear differences in patterns of distribution in organochlorines between urban and reference locations shown using non-parametric multivariate techniques. Relative variability of samples from urban locations was higher than at reference locations in 1993, but there was no consistent pattern of differences in the dispersions of samples among urban and reference locations in 1994. Age and condition indices (K) showed no association with total concentrations of organochlorine residues in fish. Significant, but weak associations were found between organochlorine residues and size, gonad somatic and liver somatic indices.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Contaminant residues in seabird eggs from the Canadian Arctic. II. Spatial trends and evidence from stable isotopes for intercolony differences.

Eggs of glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus), black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia) and black guillemots (Cepphus grylle) were collected from several sites throughout the Canadian Arctic. Samples were analyzed for organochlorines as well as mercury and selenium. Glaucous gulls breeding at sites in the High Arctic showed higher levels of organochlorine contamination than those in the western Low Arctic. This was likely due to dietary differences among colonies as suggested by stable isotope data, although different overwintering areas may also play a role. Levels of sigmaPCB, sigmaDDT, sigmaCHLOR, sigmaCBz and dieldrin were significantly lower in thick-billed murres from Prince Leopold Island in the High Arctic compared with colonies in the eastcrn Low Arctic. This difference was likely due to the combined effects of different atmospheric deposition patterns in the High and Low Arctic and different overwintering areas since murres from Prince Leopold Island may winter farther north than murres from the other colonies sampled. Eggs from colonies at higher latitudes generally contained higher concentrations of mercury. The trophic and dietary differences/similarities suggested by stable-nitrogen and carbon isotope data in this study were useful in explaining the spatial patterns of contaminant concentrations observed among colonies of seabirds such as the glaucous gull and the black-legged kittiwake where variation in latitudinal atmospheric deposition patterns and different overwintering grounds did not appear to be confounding factors.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Organochlorine pesticides in elementary school yards along the Texas-Mexico border.

A reconnaissance study was undertaken to determine potential contaminant exposures to children through soil from elementary school playgrounds. Soil samples were collected from areas along the Texas-Mexico border, inland areas (soils from elementary school yards in cities/towns within the state of Texas), and three National Parks (one on the border, one in Tennessee, and one in Washington). The present study focused on organochlorine (OC) pesticides as the potential contaminants of concern because of their historical (and possibly current) use, and their importance as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). DDE and heptachlor were the most frequently detected OCs (69 and 63%, respectively), although heptachlor concentrations in soil never exceeded 5 ppb. Relatively higher concentrations of DDE were observed in agricultural areas along the border (50-60 ppb in soils from McAllen, Palmview, and San Benito) than in other soils. However, a school yard in Lubbock, TX had the highest OC concentration observed (70 ppb dieldrin). These results may be due to historical agriculture activity prior to the banning of OC pesticides such as DDT in the early 1970s, as well as the more recent use of DDT in Central and South America for malaria control.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1997

Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in EELS (Anguilla anguilla L.) from Welsh rivers.

Organochlorine concentrations in the muscle tissues of eels at 41 freshwater sites across Wales were surveyed in 1993. Positive but weak relationships were detected between eel age or length and the concentration of some organochlorines. Isomers of HCH were below detection at most sites. Dieldrin was widespread at 10-100 microg kt(-1) wet weight, despite its ban in sheep dip in 1989. Total DDT residue concentrations averaged 73 microg kg(-1). Total PCB burdens expressed as Arochlor 1260, were > 50 microg kg(-1) at 76% of sites and > 100 microg kg(-1) at 46% of sites. The range of concentrations was comparable with other UK data. Rural sites had relatively low levels of PCBs, highest contamination occurring in the lower reaches of industrialised catchments. The inferences for environmental effects are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Hydrophobic organochlorine compounds sequestered in submersed aquatic macrophytes (Hydrilla verticillata (L.F.) Royle) from the tidal Potomac River (USA).

The potential for hydrophobic organochlorine contaminants to be sequestered in submersed aquatic vegetation was evaluated by determining the concentrations of cis- and trans-chlordane, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in feral aquatic macrophytes (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle) collected from the tidal Potomac River. Similarities in mean dry-weight concentrations of the identified organochlorine compounds in H. verticillata and surrounding alluvial sediments indicated that the extent of sequestration in H. verticillata was of the same magnitude as sorption of these compounds to river sediments, but some qualitative differences in PCB congener profiles existed. The results imply that to some degree H. verticillata can influence downstream fluxes of organic contaminants in fluvial transport in the Potomac River, and, furthermore, identify this species as a viable candidate organism for hydrophobic organochlorine contaminant biomonitoring in the Chesapeake Bay estuary.

Journal Article↗