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PubMed1988

Bashiran v. Muhammad Hussain, 27 January 1988.

The defendants appealed their conviction for the crime of "zina," or wilful sexual intercourse between a man and a woman who are not validly married to each other. They claimed that they believed in good faith that the woman's former husband had divorced her and that they were, thus, validly married and argued that they could not have committed "zina," because they had not "wilfully" had sexual intercourse without being validly married. The Supreme Court of Pakistan accepted this argument and held that, for the crime of "zina" to be committed, the persons accused have to have guilty intention to commit the crime. After examining the facts, it ruled that no guilty intention existed in this case.

Asia↗
PubMed1988

Judgment, 24 June 1987.

The Constitutional Court of Slovenia held that Article 65 of the Law on Marriage and Family Relations of Slovenia is not unconstitutional. Law 65 provides that a spouse may request a divorce on the grounds that "the marriage is not possible to continue due to whatever reason." The Court rejected the argument of the applicant that a court must determine fault and specific grounds on which the marriage is impossible to continue.

Constitution and Bylaws↗
PubMed1994

[Uncertain prognosis of European family evolution].

The author discusses past and future changes in the family in Europe. "During the years 1965-1985 demographic characteristics of...Western Europe indicate decline of fertility, nuptiality, growth of the number of divorces as well as growth of illegitimate deliveries....Family sociologists consider the present changes as [a] phenomenon of transformation of the Western-European family." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND RUS)

Demography↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Entry to lone parenthood: an analysis of marital dissolution in Great Britain.

"This paper examines some...socio-economic determinants of lone parenthood in Great Britain, in an attempt to understand further the reasons behind the rapid growth in lone parenthood. Since divorce and separation are the major 'causes' of lone parenthood, this paper focuses on the determinants of marital dissolution among women with dependent children. The empirical analysis is guided by hypotheses suggested by the 'economic theory of marriage'. Hazard regression equations are estimated with data collected in the 1980 Women and Employment Survey...." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND ITA)

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1994

Marital instability in a rural population in south-west Uganda: implications for the spread of HIV-1 infection.

"The aim of this study was to examine people's beliefs about the causes of marital instability in a rural population cohort in south-west Uganda. Results from a baseline survey of HIV-1 infection in the cohort of over 4,000 adults (over 12 years old) showed a twofold increase in risk of infection in divorced or separated persons when compared with those who are married. A purposive sample of 134 respondents (seventy-two males, sixty-two females) selected to represent different ages, religions and marital status were asked in semi-structured interviews to comment on the reasons for continuing marital instability in their community. The most common reasons suggested for marital instability were sexual dissatisfaction, infertility, alcoholism and mobility....HIV infection was not mentioned as a direct cause of separation, but a small independent study revealed that seven out of ten couples separated on learning of a positive HIV test result of one or both partners. Marital instability is not uncommon in this population; there is evidence that HIV infection is making the situation worse." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Africa↗
PubMed1995

A cross-national analysis of family and household structure.

"Profound demographic change has taken place in the past few decades in many countries including decreases in fertility and household size, and increases in divorce and non-traditional living arrangements. This paper analyzes the cross-national variation in these trends by utilizing two data sets. Fertility, marriage/divorce and household structure are modeled as separate domains of family life and tested in a LISREL model. The correlations across these domains are examined along with indicators of socioeconomic development and cultural context. Findings indicate that the level of economic development has direct and negative associations with all three family domains. Culture has an independent effect on family demographics but it does not override the forces of development."

Culture↗
PubMed1986

[Population policies and intervention on natality in Eastern Europe (Part 1)].

This is an overview of population policies and their underlying doctrines in Eastern European countries since World War II. The author describes three chronological stages: "an orthodox populationist stage, from 1945 to 1955...; a phase of liberalization of abortion and at times of contraception from 1955 to 1965; and from this latter date, as a reaction against the accelerated decline of fertility, a phase of abortion and divorce restriction and of growing aid to family, likewise [marked] by the creation of National Population Committees and Institutes of Demographic Research." The countries of Eastern Europe are divided into three classifications: those with no population policy (Albania only); those with indirect measures, including Poland, Yugoslavia, and the USSR; and those with explicit, quantitative demographic goals, including Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, and Romania. The effectiveness of selected population policies is assessed. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1989

[Life tables by marital status].

"A life table by marital status presents a distribution among the four marital statuses, i.e. never married, married, widowed and divorced, for a range of ages, starting at a specific age with an initial (fictitious) cohort of males or females. The numbers of survivors in each marital status are computed using sex, age and marital status-specific quotients concerning death or changes in marital status." The geographical focus is on the Netherlands. (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1987

Best Morning v. Nirmalendu, 2 June 1987.

The parties were a husband and wife, married according to Christian rites, who separated after the husband told the wife that there was no possibility of their having children because he had undergone a vasectomy prior to the marriage. The wife sought a declaration, unopposed by the husband, that the marriage was null and void on the grounds that the husband was impotent and that he had deceived her into marrying him. Although the Court found that under the Indian Divorce Act, 1869, the husband was not impotent, but rather sterile, it nonetheless upheld a lower court order dissolving the marriage under the Act on the ground of fraud. In its decision it pointed out that impotence meant the inability to perform the sexual act, not inability to procreate.

Asia↗
PubMed1987

Sushil Kumar Verma v. Usha, 30 August 1983.

The husband plaintiff petitioned for divorce on the ground of cruelty after his wife became pregnant one month after their marriage and had the fetus aborted at a government-approved pregnancy termination centre without telling him of either the pregnancy or the abortion. The Court granted the petition, holding that the abortion of a fetus during the first pregnancy by a deliberate act without the husband's consent constitutes cruelty under Section 13(1)(ia) of the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955. It also stated that if one party to a marriage deliberately avoids procreation without the consent of the other spouse, the very purpose of the marriage is frustrated.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1987

F. v. Switzerland, 18 December 1987.

The applicant challenged a three-year ban on remarriage placed on him by a Swiss court pursuant to Article 150 of the Swiss Civil Code following his third divorce. The Court held that the three-year ban was in violation of Article 12 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which protects the right to marry. While it recognized that the ban served a legitimate purpose of protecting marital stability, it ruled that the means chosen by the Swiss Government were disproportionate to the aim pursued.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed1987

Matrimonial Causes Rules, 1986, 30 January 1987.

These Rules are made under Section 4 of the Matrimonial Causes Law, 1976 and contain provisions on applications for leave to present a petition for divorce, documents to accompany the petition, information to be contained in the petition, service of the petition, pleadings subsequent to the petition, directions for trial, security for costs, decrees, and enforcement of orders, among other things. The Rules also stipulate that when "it appears that there is a child of the marriage under the age of sixteen, the record shall show specifically that the question of provision for such child has been considered and dealt with by the Court."

Americas↗
PubMed1987

Shobha Rani v. Madhukar Reddi, 12 November 1987.

Overturning a lower court decision, the Supreme Court of India ruled that harassment of a wife where such harassment has as its goal coercing her or any person related to her to meet any unlawful demand for any property or valuable security such as for dowry would constitute cruelty sufficient to warrant divorce.

Asia↗
PubMed1982

Mass hysteria among schoolchildren. Early loss as a predisposing factor.

On May 21, 1979, an outbreak of illness spread swiftly among elementary school students in a Boston suburb. Of 224 boys and girls attending an assembly, 34 were hospitalized with severe dizziness, weakness, hyperventilation, headache, nausea, and abdominal pain. Sudden remission of symptoms, preponderance in girls, and failure of an extensive epidemiological investigation to detect an organic cause indicated mass hysteria. To test the hypothesis that previous loss influenced a child's vulnerability to current loss and predisposed that child to mass hysteria, we compared the incidence of family disruption in the hospitalized children with that in the nonhospitalized children. A significantly higher rate of parental divorce (P less than .00005) and death within the family (P less than .0005) occurred among the hospitalized children. These findings suggest a relationship between childhood loss and susceptibility to mass hysteria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Parental loss and family stability in attempted suicide.

Ninety-eight persons who had attempted suicide were compared wih 102 matched controls for the incidence of parental loss and family stability before the age of 25 years. Parental loss was significantly more common in the attempted suicides than in the controls, especially death of the father and divorce or separation of parents, reaching peaks during the age periods of 0 to 5 years and 17 to 20 years. The women within this group had experienced significantly more loss from parental death than did the men. Among attempted suicides, there was also a high incidence of family instability, whether or not a loss had occurred. The degree of instability, however, was significantly less among those from intact homes. Suicidal ideation was strongly correlated with family instability in both groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Rapid eye movement sleep characteristics during and after mood-disturbing events.

Twenty-nine women undergoing divorce were monitored for six nights to explore the relation of mood disturbance and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Follow-up evaluations were completed on 13 women one to two years later. The more traditional women were more depressed and had shortened REM latencies. Depression was also related to an irregular eye movement density sequence throughout the night. Although depression and REM latency were both significantly improved at follow-up, the REM latency of those initially most depressed remained at a lower than normal level and the eye movement density sequency remained irregular, suggesting some lag in the sleep response or a traitlike vulnerability to future depression.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

The validity of four definitions of endogenous depression. II. Clinical, demographic, familial, and psychosocial correlates.

Based on a survey of the classic literature and studies examining the correlates of a clinical diagnosis of endogenous or nonendogenous depression, we found 14 variables that should discriminate endogenous and nonendogenous depressives. We applied four definitions of endogenous depression (Feinberg and Carroll, DSM-III, Research Diagnostic Criteria, and Newcastle) to a consecutive series of 152 unipolar major depressive inpatients. We examined the concordance between the definitions and the relationship between each definition and clinical, demographic, family history, and psychosocial factors. The DSM-III and Newcastle definitions were less inclusive than the other two definitions. We found some support for the validity of each of the four definitions. The validity of the Newcastle scale was the most frequently supported, with the endogenous depressives having a lower rate of personality disorder, marital separations and divorces, familial alcoholism, life events, and nonserious suicide attempts.

Adult↗