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PubMed2001

Validation of an instrument to measure dental students' use of, knowledge about, and attitudes towards computers.

Currently, no validated survey instrument exists to measure dental students' use of, knowledge about, and attitudes towards computers. Several studies have surveyed students about their knowledge and opinions regarding computers, but none of them has established the reliability and validity of the instrument(s) used. A measurement study to validate a preliminary survey for dental students was conducted. The preliminary instrument contained five scales: computer use, information resource use, computer knowledge, capabilities of computer systems, and effects of computers on dental practice. Selected variables were summarized descriptively, and a factor analysis for each scale was performed. In addition, construct validity was assessed through correlational analyses among several variables. Three hundred seventy surveys distributed to students at nine dental schools generated 156 responses (42 percent response rate). Sixty-four percent of respondents were male, 36 percent female. Respondents used computers an average approximately four hours per week, and most had begun using computers in 1991. All survey scales except computer use were unidimensional. Computer use required a two-factor solution that distinguished between clinical and nonclinical uses of computers. The instrument can be used for a demonstration study, but should be continuously refined and validated.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Evaluating the discriminatory power of a computer-based system for assessing penetrating trauma on retrospective multi-center data.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the discriminatory power of TraumaSCAN-Web, a system for assessing penetrating trauma, using retrospective multi-center case data for gunshot and stab wounds to the thorax and abdomen. METHODS: 80 gunshot and 114 stab cases were evaluated using TraumaSCAN-Web. Areas under the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curves (AUC) were calculated for each condition modeled in TraumaSCAN-Web. RESULTS: Of the 23 conditions modeled by TraumaSCAN-Web, 19 were present in either the gunshot or stab case data. The gunshot AUCs ranged from 0.519 (pericardial tamponade) to 0.975 (right renal injury). The stab AUCs ranged from 0.701 (intestinal injury) to 1.000 (tracheal injury).

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed2000

The intersection of health informatics and evidence-based medicine: computer-based systems to assist clinicians.

Evidence-based medicine and health informatics may assist clinicians contend with the current barriers to the integration of evidence-based "best practice" into typical healthcare settings. Computer-based decision support systems can improve the process of care, but whether they improve patient outcomes in a cost-effective manner is uncertain.

Decision Making, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Encouraging underscreened women to have cervical cancer screening: the effectiveness of a computer strategy.

BACKGROUND: Computers that collect data from patients and provide both patients and practitioners with printed feedback on a range of health risks are a tool for assisting general practitioners with preventive care. This study assessed the impact of computer-generated printed feedback on cervical screening among women who were underscreened for cervical cancer. METHOD: Female attenders at two Australian general practices were randomly allocated to Experimental or Control groups. Women in both groups completed a health risk survey on a touch screen computer prior to their consultation. Those in the Experimental group received printed pages summarizing their results, including their eligibility for cervical screening and last Pap test, for themselves and their doctor. The number and proportion of underscreened women who had a Pap test in the 6 months after completing the computer survey, as determined by pathology records, were examined. RESULTS: Of the 679 participants, 139 were classified as underscreened on the basis of self-report (74 Experimental, 65 Control) and 272 on the basis of their pathology records (148 Experimental, 124 Control). Overall about one-third of women had a test in the 6-month period, and the differences between the groups were not significant for women overall (18-70 years) or for women 18-49 years. Among women 50-70 who were underscreened based on self-report, those receiving the printout were more likely to have a Pap test in the next 6 months (P < 0.05). This pattern was also evident, but did not reach statistical significance, for older women who were underscreened based on pathology records. CONCLUSIONS: We are unable to draw conclusions regarding the effectiveness of the computer system due to the modest proportions of women screened, the small numbers, and the fact that the computer survey may have created an intervention effect in the Control group. As the study suggests the computer system is acceptable to women and may be effective for encouraging screening among older women, further exploration of the system is desirable.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Using parallel evolutionary development for a biologically-inspired computer vision system for mobile robots.

We describe a new approach to attacking the problem of robust computer vision for mobile robots. The overall strategy is to mimic the biological evolution of animal vision systems. Our basic imaging sensor is based upon the eye of the common house fly, Musca domestica. The computational algorithms are a mix of traditional image processing, subspace techniques, and multilayer neural networks.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1982

Data acquisition and control system for multiparameter cell sorting based on DEC LSI-11 microprocessor.

A computer system has been developed to add data acquisition, display, storage, and processing capability to a multiparamenter flow cytometer/sorter. The system can handle one or two parameters in histogram mode. Alternatively one, two or more parameters are stored event-by-event on an external storage device in list-mode with a resolution of 12 bit. The processor can also control cell sorting. Usual multichannel analyzer features are implemented in software, using standard interface boards without special electronics. Data are accepted via Direct Memory Access (DMA), which depends only on hardware. Data acquisition deadtime is nearly independent of software routines such as graphics display and interactive work. Since more than 8000 events/sec are achieved for eight paramenter handling, the computer system has capacity for rapid data acquisition. Although there is no need for such high data acquisition rates in present flow cytometry, it gives the advantage of short single event acquisition and longer process control handling.

Cell Separation↗
PubMed1984

Relationships between computer use and pharmacists' professional behavior.

Relationships between use of pharmacy computers and performance of selected professional activities were investigated, via a survey of southern Michigan pharmacists. Respondents included users of two major computer systems as well as pharmacists who do not use computers. A net response rate of 65.7 percent (213 usable questionnaires) was achieved. In general, computer users reported encountering more drug-related problems than did nonusers and more frequent contacts with prescribers for drug-therapy problems. Little difference was found between the two groups in regard to patient counseling activities, except that computer users were more likely to use auxiliary labels. When responses from users of the two computer systems were examined separately, results suggested that one of the systems contributed positively to certain aspects of pharmacists' professional activities while the other system had little influence. These results indicate that it may not be possible to state general conclusions about the effect of computers on the professional practice of pharmacy.

Computers↗
PubMed1983

A simple microcomputer-based three-dimensional serial section reconstruction system (MICROS).

We have developed a computer system which enters and aligns serial sections and displays the completed reconstructions at different rotations in space. The system uses commercially available hardware, including a Hewlett-Packard 9845T microcomputer and an H-P 9874A digitizer. The software for the system is written in the BASIC language. The system consists of two programs, one for section digitization, the other for rotation and display of the reconstructions. Sections are digitized directly from micrographs or back-projected slides. The outlines of cells or other structures are traced from these media using a hand-held cursor on the digitizer. The positions of elements (inputs) which contact the structure and fiducials are also digitized. The sections are aligned by simultaneously displaying two consecutive sections on the graphics CRT screen. The sections are coarsely superimposed by centering around screen center using a centering algorithm. They are precisely aligned by rotating and translating the images with a reference cursor. Special functions for inserting and deleting sections and rapid section scanning are available for editing. The aligned sections are stored using a linked-list file structure on either floppy disks or tape cartridges. The rotation program replots the completed reconstructions on the graphics CRT or digital plotter. The program will reproduce the reconstructions at any scale and at any rotation in the x-, y- or z-planes. A hidden line algorithm removes hidden lines to give a 3-dimensional (3-D) perspective to the reconstructions. The positions of inputs and fiducials are represented by symbols. We use the system to reconstruct cells and neural processes. The 3-D reconstructions allow us to: (a) examine the spatial distribution and density of synaptic contacts on neurons; (b) study complex neuronal shapes; (c) examine the vectors of neural processes. The computer reconstruction system, which is moderately priced, should also prove useful for reconstructing many other types of biological profile.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

A microcomputer system for on-line study of atrioventricular node accommodation.

An automated on-line programmable stimulator and interval measurement system was developed to study atrioventricular node (AVN) accommodation. This dedicated microcomputer system measures and stores the stimulus-to-His bundle (S-H) interval from His bundle electrogram (HBE) recordings. Interval measurements for each beat are accurate to within 500 microsecond. This user-controlled system has been used to stimulate at any rate up to 6.5 Hz and to measure intervals up to 125 ms in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. A built-in timer-reset mechanism prevents failure of the system in the absence of a His potential (i.e., 2:1 AV block). It may be modified for use in clinical studies or other experimental systems and has the ability to measure other physiological intervals. The system provides the precision in pacing and accuracy in the measurement of AVN conduction time that is necessary for meaningful analysis of AVN accommodation and has the simplicity of design and use that is not available in previously described systems. Furthermore, this computer system can be used not only in studies involving AV conduction, but also in any setting where programmed stimulation and interval measurement and recording need to be performed simultaneously.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The implementation of ab initio quantum chemistry calculations on transporters.

The RHF and geometry optimization sections of the ab initio quantum chemistry code, GAMESS, have been optimized for a network of parallel microprocessors, Inmos T800-20 transputers, using both indirect and direct SCF techniques. The results indicate great scope for implementation of such codes on small parallel computer systems, very high efficiencies having been achieved, particularly in the cases of direct SCF and geometry optimization with large basis sets. The work, although performed upon one particular parallel system, the Meiko Computing Surface, is applicable to a wide range of parallel systems with both shared and distributed memory.

Computers↗
PubMed1991

[In-vitro research on the precision of the marginal adaptation of computer-milled titanium crowns (I). Scanning electron microscopy marginal fissure analysis].

The Digitising Computer System (DCS) can be mechanically programmed to produce computer-milled titanium frameworks for veneered ceramic single crowns using three-dimensional computer models. Titanium frameworks were constructed in this way during the present in-vitro investigation involving twelve extracted teeth with shoulder or chamfered preparation. An electron scanning microscope was used to evaluate the marginal accuracy of fit of the cemented crowns. The total length of 42.7 cm comprised by the crowns enabled 397 measuring points to be used. The arithmetical mean marginal leakage for the shoulder preparation amounted to 68.3 +/- 61.1 micrometers, and 95.7 +/- 83.2 micrometers for the chamfered one. From these results, it can be affirmed that the marginal accuracy of fit in constructing crowns by the Digitising Computer System is comparable to that of the conventional method.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed1994

Redirection of client/server relationship of X Window system as a simple, low-cost, departmental picture archiving and communication system solution for nuclear medicine.

Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) offer significant advantages over current film-management techniques. However, PACS are complex and expensive, factors that have limited their entry into the radiology and nuclear medicine communities. We present a simple, low-cost PACS solution that allows viewing of images from different computer systems by redirection of the X Window system. In this technique, multiple copies of the imaging software are remotely opened from generic UNIX workstations interfaced to the main computer system via Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol over Ethernet. The X Window system that provides the windowing system for the main computer is redirected to the workstations' displays. With this technique, viewing and processing of images on a remote station is virtually identical to working at the main computer's console. The technique requires that the commercial imaging system's hardware, operating system, and imaging software support multiuser multitasking and the execution of multiple copies of its imaging software, and that they use X Windows as the graphical system. Advantages of the technique include low cost, ease of maintenance, ease of interconnecting different types of computers, the capacity to view images regardless of file format, and the capacity to both view and process images. The latter is a necessity for modalities such as nuclear medicine. A disadvantage of the technique is that the number of nodes that can be supported is limited.

Computer Communication Networks↗