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PubMed2005

The impact of a school-based nutrition education intervention on dietary intake and cognitive and attitudinal variables relating to fruits and vegetables.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of a school-based nutrition education intervention aimed at increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables. DESIGN: The intervention programme increased the provision of fruits and vegetables in schools and provided a range of point-of-purchase marketing materials, newsletters for children and parents, and teacher information. Curriculum materials at age 6-7 and 10-11 years were also developed and utilised. Evaluation was undertaken with groups of younger (aged 6-7 years) and older (aged 10-11 years) children. Methods included 3-day dietary records with interview and cognitive and attitudinal measures at baseline, with follow-up at 9 months, in intervention and control schools. SETTING: The work was undertaken in primary schools in Dundee, Scotland. SUBJECTS: Subjects comprised 511 children in two intervention schools with a further 464 children from two schools acting as controls. RESULTS: Children (n=64) in the intervention schools had an average increase in fruit intake (133+/-1.9 to 183+/-17.0 g day(-1)) that was significantly (P<0.05) greater than the increase (100+/-11.7 to 107+/-14.2 g day(-1)) estimated in children (n=65) in control schools. No other changes in food or nutrient intake were detected. Increases in scores for variables relating to knowledge about fruits and vegetables and subjective norms were also greater in the intervention than in the control group, although taste preferences for fruits and vegetables were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that a whole school approach to increasing intakes of fruits and vegetables has a modest but significant effect on cognitive and attitudinal variables and on fruit intake.

Child↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Schizophrenia and common sense: study of 3 single cases.

There is new interest in subjective experiences of schizophrenia. This kind of analysis emphasizes the subjective stories of patients, and the methods do not pretend to have the objectivity of science. However, the plausibility and the empathetic resonance of the single case may bring subjective confirmation to the validity of an insight and indicate new directions of research. Following this line, the authors present a study of 3 single cases of 'reflexive' residual type of schizophrenia. The methods for selecting the cases and the philosophical groundings of the concept of 'reflexive schizophrenia' are explained. The analysis of the single cases revealed that (1) schizophrenic persons' cognitive deficit is related to the constitution of common sense; (2) some schizophrenics cope with the cognitive deficit by creating a theoretical corpus of axioms stemming from common sense, namely the 'axioms of everyday life'; (3) this mechanism of coping is described as an inflexible attachment to 'axioms of everydayness', and (4) this attachment to common sense releases the patient from all personal investment of self in the process of anchoring in the living world and, on this basis, allows a relatively solid, although distant, attachment to reality. The nature of deficit in schizophrenia is also discussed by confronting the phenomenological point of view and the neuropsychological, that is the so-called 'theory of mind'.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

Risk information for public consumption: print media coverage of two risky situations.

This study examines (1) the extent to which newspaper and magazine coverage of two risky situations included the kinds of cognitive information about risks that would help readers make risk judgments and (2) the extent to which the scientific sophistication of the audience would influence such inclusion. The two situations were a nuclear power plant accident that released a small amount of radioactive steam into the atmosphere and a report in the New England Journal of Medicine about a potential relationship between coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer. Stories about each topic in trade magazines, popular science magazines, general magazines, and both prestige and more typical daily newspapers were examined to determine the nature and extent of risk information included. The analysis found more detailed risk information in these stories than has been found in past studies, but it also suggested that sophistication of audience was not a good predictor of the presence/absence of such information. The most pronounced differences in communication strategies were found instead between topics, not across types of media. Closer examination of individual stories suggests that the variance may be attributable to differences in the way stories about the two incidents were framed by journalists.

Accidents↗

PubMed2001

Versatile computerized system for tracking and analysis of water maze tests.

A crucial step in the estimation of properties of compounds in behavioral experiments is the quantification and description of the different effects observed. The goal of the present work was the automation of the Morris water maze test, one of the most popular behavioral methods for the study of animal memory. An original system was developed that provides fast and accurate tracking of animals, storage of the results in the database and video archive and a means of analyzing the results. This computerized version of the Morris water maze test permits the quantification of such vague characteristics of cognitive function as the "directionality" of search of the hidden platform after a standard training series. The suggested parameters made it possible to discriminate cognitive properties of the novel compounds from other behavioral effects affecting escape latency. The effectiveness of this system was demonstrated in two experiments with neurochemically lesioned and drug-treated rats.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1996

[Behavioral and cognitive models of post-traumatic stress disorder].

The necessity of developing efficient treatment for the numerous victims of violence and catastrophes render essential the understanding of the mechanisms of development, maintainance and resorption of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Consequently, this article presents the most influential behavior and cognitive models followed by a brief critical analysis. The etiological models chosen are those of Mowrer (1960), Foa and al. (1989), Jones and Barlow (1990), Chemtob and al. (1988) and Janoff-Bulman (1985). Finally these models are compared and discussed.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed2026

Effectiveness of hyperbaric oxygen in traumatic brain injury patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common neurological disorder and a leading cause of global mortality and disability. Although growing evidence suggests potential benefits of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) for TBI, its efficacy remains controversial. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception to March 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating HBOT versus any comparator including sham, standard care and no treatment in adults with TBI were included. Two independent reviewers screened records, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I² statistic. Effect sizes were pooled using random/fixed-effects models per heterogeneity results. RESULTS: 8 studies involving 570 participants were included. HBOT significantly improved computerized cognitive performance (SMD = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.07-0.40, p = 0.004, I² = 0%), executive function and processing speed (SMD = -0.59, 95% CI: -0.93 to -0.26, p = 0.0005, I² = 30%), memory function (SMD = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.03-0.63, p = 0.03, I² = 0%), and sleep quality (MD = 1.98, 95% CI: 0.07-3.88, p = 0.04, I² = 65%). No significant benefits were observed for Glasgow Outcome Scale (RR = 1.57, 95% CI: 0.55-4.44, I² = 87%), PTSD symptoms (MD = -3.05, 95% CI: -7.05-0.95, I² = 67%), neurobehavioral symptoms (MD = -9.06, 95% CI: -32.13-14.00, I² = 97%), and emotional distress (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI: -0.32-0.81, I² = 85%). Most adverse events were mild and transient. CONCLUSION: HBOT demonstrates domain‑specific benefits for cognitive function and sleep quality in TBI patients, predominantly those with mild TBI. However, evidence for PTSD, neurobehavioral symptoms, and emotional distress remains uncertain. Furthermore, the applicability of current evidence to moderate-to-severe TBI populations is restricted.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Applications and outcomes of virtual reality in inpatient psychiatry: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Virtual reality (VR) has been widely used in outpatient psychiatric services and has demonstrated benefits across several clinical diagnoses, but its use and effects in inpatient settings remain to be explored. This systematic review aimed to examine the use of VR during psychiatric hospitalization, including types of VR applications, barriers and facilitators of implementation, and effects on various outcomes. METHODS: The review was registered in PROSPERO (#CRD42023446524). Following PRISMA guidelines, databases (Ovid, SciVerse, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and WorldCat) were searched from 1983 to 2025 using keywords related to VR and psychiatric disorders. Studies involving the use of VR with psychiatric inpatients (≥85%) were included. Descriptive statistics and narrative syntheses were used to summarize findings. Study quality was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS: After full-text screening, 37 studies (N = 1,004) met inclusion criteria. VR was used for both assessment and intervention, with cognitive-behavioral therapy/exposure (35%) and assessment (24%) being the most frequently used. VR use in inpatient units appeared feasible, acceptable, and safe for inpatients and clinicians, though findings remain preliminary. Several facilitators (e.g. adequate staff training and supervision) and common barriers (e.g. technical difficulties and limited resources) were identified. The most consistent improvements were observed in clinical symptoms (e.g. anxiety) compared with psychosocial, cognitive, and physiological outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that inpatient settings represent a promising, yet understudied context for VR-based assessments and interventions. High-quality trials and systematic reporting of implementation are needed in future studies to inform research and clinical practice.

Humans↗

PubMed1984

Research practices in the psychology of aging: a survey of research published in the Journal of Gerontology, 1975-1982.

The aim of this paper was to describe current research practices in the study of the psychology of aging. A total of 263 articles published in the Psychological Sciences Section of the Journal of Gerontology was examined in terms of subject-selection procedures, sample characteristics, author characteristics, data analysis techniques, research design, and specific area of research. Compared with an earlier survey, it was observed that research practices have improved with regard to sample representativeness of the age variable and the appropriate use of statistics, especially use of multivariate and regression analyses. Fifty-six percent of the studies surveyed were classified as cognitive investigations, and many of these studies were conducted from an information-processing perspective. A need for more detailed description by authors of subject-selection procedures and subject characteristics was noted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Exercise and weight loss in obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of this pilot study were to determine if a combined dietary and exercise intervention would result in significant weight loss in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis, and to compare the effects of exercise plus dietary therapy with exercise alone on gait, strength, knee pain, biomarkers of cartilage degradation, and physical function. DESIGN: Single-blind, two-arm, randomized clinical trial conducted for 24 weeks. SETTING: A university health and exercise science center. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-four community-dwelling obese older adults aged > or = 60 years, body mass index > or = 28, knee pain, radiographic evidence of knee osteoarthritis, and self-reported physical disability. INTERVENTION: Randomization into two groups: exercise and diet (E&D) and exercise alone (E). Exercise consisted of a combined weight training and walking program for 1 hour three times per week. The dietary intervention included weekly sessions with a nutritionist utilizing cognitive-behavior modification to change dietary habits to reach a group goal of an average weight loss of 15 lb (6.8 kg) over 6 months. MEASUREMENTS: All measurements were conducted at baseline and 3 and 6 months, except for synovial fluid analysis, which was obtained only at baseline and 6 months. In addition, weight was measured weekly in the E&D group. Physical disability and knee pain were measured by self-report and physical performance was measured using the 6-minute walk and stair climb tasks. Biomechanical testing included kinetic and kinematic analysis of gait and isokinetic strength testing. Synovial fluid was analyzed for levels of total proteoglycan, keratan sulfate, and interleukin-1 beta. RESULTS: Twenty-one of the 24 participants completed the study, with one dropout in the E&D group and two in the E group. The E&D group lost a mean of 18.8 lb (8.5 kg) at 6 months compared with 4.0 lb (1.8 kg) in the E group (P = .01). Significant improvements were noted in both groups in self-reported disability and knee pain intensity and frequency as well as in physical performance measures. However, no statistical differences were found between the two groups at 6 months in knee pain scores or self-reported performance measures of physical function. There was no difference in knee strength between the groups, with both groups showing modest improvements from baseline to 6 months. At 6 months, the E&D group had a significantly greater loading rate (P = .03) and maximum braking force (P = .01) during gait. There were no significant between-group differences in the other biomechanical measures. Synovial fluid samples were obtainable at both baseline and 6 months in eight participants (four per group). The level of keratan sulfate decreased similarly in both groups from an average baseline of 96.8 +/- 37.1 to 71.5 +/- 23 ng/microg total proteoglycan. The level of IL-1 decreased from 25.3 +/- 9.8 at baseline to 8.3 +/- 6.1 pg/mL. The decrease in IL-1 correlated with the change in pain frequency (r = -0.77, P = .043). CONCLUSIONS: Weight loss can be achieved and sustained over a 6-month period in a cohort of older obese persons with osteoarthritis of the knee through a dietary and exercise intervention. Both exercise and combined weight loss and exercise regimens lead to improvements in pain, disability, and performance. Moreover, the trends in the biomechanical data suggest that exercise combined with diet may have an additional benefit in improved gait compared with exercise alone. A larger study is indicated to determine if weight loss provides additional benefits to exercise alone in this patient population.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2004

[Metastatic potential: a generic characteristic of the primary tumor].

How do metastases arise from the primary tumor? To address this important question at both cognitive and clinical levels, the somatic genetic of cancers has proposed two models based on our knowledge of genes underlying tumor progression through the use of both patients' tumors and experimental models. The first model proposes the emergence of a subpopulation of rare and variant highly metastatic cells. The second model suggests the occurrence of a pre-malignant state of all the tumor cells which further metastasize without additional transitions in gene expression. Today, the science of functional genomic allows revisiting this debatted concern.

Humans↗

PubMed1996

Involving parents in cancer risk reduction: a program for Hispanic American families.

The authors explored changes in dietary behavior, nutrition knowledge, and parental support among inner-city, low-income, Hispanic American families. Thirty-eight families were randomly assigned to receive a 12-week, culture-specific dietary intervention or be in a control group. Results showed that parental support was related to changes in diet, nutrition knowledge, and attendance for both mothers and children. Dietary behavior changes (e.g., reduction in dietary fat) were seen only in the treatment group. Distribution of health-related pamphlets to the control group may have promoted cognitive changes (e.g., increased nutrition knowledge) seen in this low-literacy sample. Further research is needed to document behavioral changes after ethnic-specific interventions and the maintenance of those changes over time.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Rural home care of a technology-dependent infant.

A multidisciplinary approach is necessary to prepare for home care of technology-dependent infants. The environment must protect, support, and promote the physical, cognitive, and social growth and development of these infants. Parents and caregivers of technology-dependent infants should be taught cardiopulmonary resuscitation and should be helped to develop a plan for obtaining emergency medical assistance.

Family Practice↗

PubMed2002

'Beyond quantum theory: a realist psycho-biological interpretation of reality' revisited.

It is hypothesised that quantum physics is not the ultimate theory of nature, but merely a theoretical account of the phenomena manifested in nature under particular conditions. These phenomena parallel cognitive phenomena in biosystems in a number of ways, and are assumed to arise from related mechanisms. Quantum and biological accounts are complementary in the sense of Bohr, and quantum accounts may be incomplete. In particular, following ideas of Stapp, 'the observer' is a system that, while lying outside the descriptive capacities of quantum mechanics, creates observable phenomena such as wave function collapse through its probing activities. Better understanding of such processes may pave the way to new science, including an understanding of why quantum reality has the form it does.

Biophysics↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Review and analysis of evaluation measures used in nutrition education intervention research.

The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of the kinds of evaluation measures used in 265 nutrition education intervention studies conducted between 1980 and 1999 and an analysis of psychometric issues arising from such a review. The data are summarized in terms of tables for interventions with each of six key population groups: preschool children, school-aged children, adults, pregnant women and breast-feeding promotion, older adults, and inservice preparation of professionals and paraprofessionals. Measures evaluating knowledge and skills or behavioral capabilities were most widely used in studies with preschool, school-aged, and inservice populations (50%-85%) and less widely used in studies with the other groups, particularly breast-feeding promotion (5%). Measures of potential psychosocial mediators or correlates of behavior such as outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, or behavioral intention were used in 90% of behaviorally focused studies with school-aged children and in about 20% of studies with adults. Dietary intake measures were used in almost all studies, primarily food recalls, records, and quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Short frequency instruments involving only foods targeted in the intervention such as fruits and vegetables are increasingly being used. Measures of specific observable behaviors are also increasingly being used. Physiologic parameters were used in about 33% of behaviorally focused interventions with school-aged children and adults, 20% with older adults, and 65% with pregnant women and/or their infants. Criterion validity of newly developed intake instruments and content validity of instruments measuring mediating variables were reported in the majority (range 50%-90%) of studies. Reliability and stability of measures of mediating variables were reported in 50% to 75% of studies, with reliability coefficients mostly about .6 to .7. Two major conclusions from this review are that evaluation measures should be appropriate to the purpose, duration, and power of the intervention and that measures should have adequate validity and reliability in relation to both the outcomes and characteristics of the target audience. Major implications are that considerable preliminary work needs to be done before any intervention study to develop and test evaluation instruments so that they are appropriate and have adequate psychometric properties, and cognitive testing of published instruments with each new target audience is essential. We will then be better able to make judgments about the effectiveness of nutrition education.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Implementing a mandatory geriatrics clerkship.

Due to the rapid growth in the proportion of U.S. citizens aged 65 and older (20% by 2030) it is imperative that U.S. medical schools train students who can provide quality care to the older population. Consequently, the objective of this paper is to report the experience of creating a 4-week, mandatory geriatrics clerkship for junior medical students. Funded by a grant from the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences developed a mandatory, third-year clerkship in geriatric medicine. The clerkship included clinical experiences in outpatient clinics, transitional care units, nursing homes, hospice programs, and core didactic sessions. The sites for the clerkship were the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences Hospital, the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Hospital, community nursing homes, and community hospice programs in Little Rock, Arkansas. The entire junior class of 135 students participated in the new clerkship. Students were assessed through a three-station Objective Structured Clinical Examination followed by a brief post- encounter examination and faculty preceptor evaluations collected from each clinical site. Students evaluated the clerkship through written evaluations and focus group discussions. This paper demonstrates that students acquired sufficient cognitive knowledge to satisfactorily complete the clerkship but did not highly value the experience.

Aged↗

PubMed2005

Whither causal models in the neuroscience of ADHD?

In this paper we examine the current status of the science of ADHD from a theoretical point of view. While the field has reached the point at which a number of causal models have been proposed, it remains some distance away from demonstrating the viability of such models empirically. We identify a number of existing barriers and make proposals as to the best way for these to be overcome in future studies. These include the need to work across multiple levels of analysis in multidisciplinary teams; the need to recognize the existence of, and then model, causal heterogeneity; the need to integrate environmental and social processes into models of genetic and neurobiological influence; and the need to model developmental processes in a dynamic fashion. Such a model of science, although difficult to achieve, has the potential to provide the sort of framework for programmatic model-based research required if the power and sophistication of new neuroscience technologies are to be effectively exploited.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗

PubMed2002

Human-computer interaction: psychological aspects of the human use of computing.

Human-computer interaction (HCI) is a multidisciplinary field in which psychology and other social sciences unite with computer science and related technical fields with the goal of making computing systems that are both useful and usable. It is a blend of applied and basic research, both drawing from psychological research and contributing new ideas to it. New technologies continuously challenge HCI researchers with new options, as do the demands of new audiences and uses. A variety of usability methods have been developed that draw upon psychological principles. HCI research has expanded beyond its roots in the cognitive processes of individual users to include social and organizational processes involved in computer usage in real environments as well as the use of computers in collaboration. HCI researchers need to be mindful of the longer-term changes brought about by the use of computing in a variety of venues.

Attitude to Computers↗

PubMed2003

Grounding a new information technology implementation framework in behavioral science: a systematic analysis of the literature on IT use.

Many interventions to improve the success of information technology (IT) implementations are grounded in behavioral science, using theories, and models to identify conditions and determinants of successful use. However, each model in the IT literature has evolved to address specific theoretical problems of particular disciplinary concerns, and each model has been tested and has evolved using, in most cases, a more or less restricted set of IT implementation procedures. Functionally, this limits the perspective for taking into account the multiple factors at the individual, group, and organizational levels that influence use behavior. While a rich body of literature has emerged, employing prominent models such as the Technology Adoption Model, Social-Cognitive Theory, and Diffusion of Innovation Theory, the complexity of defining a suitable multi-level intervention has largely been overlooked. A gap exists between the implementation of IT and the integration of theories and models that can be utilized to develop multi-level approaches to identify factors that impede usage behavior. We present a novel framework that is intended to guide synthesis of more than one theoretical perspective for the purpose of planning multi-level interventions to enhance IT use. This integrative framework is adapted from PRECEDE/PROCEDE, a conceptual framework used by health planners in hundreds of published studies to direct interventions that account for the multiple determinants of behavior. Since we claim that the literature on IT use behavior does not now include a multi-level approach, we undertook a systematic literature analysis to confirm this assertion. Our framework facilitated organizing this literature synthesis and our analysis was aimed at determining if the IT implementation approaches in the published literature were characterized by an approach that considered at least two levels of IT usage determinants. We found that while 61% of studies mentioned or referred to theory, none considered two or more levels. In other words, although the researchers employ behavioral theory, they omit two fundamental propositions: (1) IT usage is influenced by multiple factors and (2) interventions must be multi-dimensional. Our literature synthesis may provide additional insight into the reason for high failure rates associated with underutilized systems, and underscores the need to move beyond the current dominant approach that employs a single model to guide IT implementation plans that aim to address factors associated with IT acceptance and subsequent positive use behavior.

Attitude to Computers↗