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PubMed1996

Adolescents' opposite-sex ideal in four countries.

Six hundred young adolescents (11 to 16 years old) from 4 countries (Guatemala, Iceland, Mexico, and the United States) ranked the importance of 10 qualities of the opposite-sex ideal person. Those from the United States responded in an individualistic fashion; they ranked being fun, being sexy, and having considerable money as important for the ideal. Those from Guatemala responded in a collectivistic fashion; they ranked liking children as important, but being fun and good looking as unimportant. Adolescents from Mexico and Iceland reported patterns of values not clearly associated with either collectivism or individualism.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Effect of relationship length on the experience, expression, and perceived appropriateness of jealousy.

The effect of relationship length on the perceived appropriateness and intensity of the experience and expression of romantic jealousy among American students was explored. Linear increases in perceived appropriateness and intensity of jealousy were predicted. The results largely supported the hypotheses, with jealousy experience, expression, and perceived appropriateness of jealousy expression increasing over time. However, the perceived appropriateness of jealousy experience did not vary significantly across relationship lengths. Ethnic differences in perceptions of appropriateness of jealousy experience and expression were also found.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Assessments of trust in intimate relationships and the self-perception process.

Assessments of trust in intimate relationships are often based on perceptions of a partner's behaviors; however, people's own actions, increased self-awareness, and individual differences (e.g., exchange or communal orientation) may also affect their trust in their partners. Communally or exchange-oriented members of heterosexual dating couples, students in a U.S. university, displayed either trusting or irrelevant behaviors under conditions of increased self-awareness. They then completed measures of interpersonal trust. The participants' trusting behaviors significantly determined their level of trust; heightened self-awareness and a communal orientation further enhanced the participants' trust in their partners.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

A conceptual framework for the study of anomalous erotic preferences.

Operational definitions are given for the terms "erotic" or "sexual" and "erotic arousal level." Measurement of erotic arousal level is discussed as well as "scales of erotic value." A reference system for the analysis of the progression of sexual interaction is expounded, and the analysis of anomalies from the norm of such a progression briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Marital/family developmental theory as a context for understanding and treating inhibited sexual desire.

In this article, the author offers a theoretically based, heuristic model for understanding the etiology and maintenance of inhibited sexual desire (ISD) within the context of a developing relationship system. Empirical studies of premarital relationship formation, progression and maintenance form the basis of this discussion. The interplay of intrapersonal and interactional dynamics is highlighted. Emphasis is placed upon understanding ISD according to social exchange formulations of premarital and marital behavior. Particular attention is given to the interactants' nonverbalized rules and implicitly held expectations for the sexual exchange process. Guidelines for assessment are offered and implications for intervention are drawn.

Courtship↗
PubMed1989

Changes in the premarital and marital sexual life of Czechoslovak women born between 1911 and 1970.

Using the interview method, three sexologists examined, over a period of 36 years, the sexual development and life of 2,425 gynecological patients who were sent to Franzensbad for after-treatment of conditions following gynecological inflammations or surgery. They had all been married at least 1 year and when interviewed were 20-40 years old. The average age at the time of the first coitus dropped from 20.75 among the women born in the decade 1911-1920 to 17.8 among those born between 1961 and 1970. As far as premarital sexual life is concerned, the number of young women with numerous coital partners before marriage has continuously increased since 1931. About 50% of young brides today had premarital sexual contacts with 1-3 partners. Over the decades between 1921 and 1970, the number of women with 4-10 premarital coital partners has increased from 1% to 12%. Among women born in the decade 1961-1970, there has been a distinct increase in those who achieve coital orgasm only rarely to 26%. This is the highest percentage of this type of insufficient sexual reactivity since 1911. This unfavorable change in sexual life of young married women is discussed in the context of negative social environmental factors in Czechoslovakia today. The study concludes with the opinion that frequency of coital orgasm in women is a sensitive indicator of social environmental influences in a given society.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The scaling of premarital sexual permissiveness revisited: test results of Reiss's new short form version.

A new four-item version of the widely used Reiss Premarital Sexual Permissiveness (PSP) Scale is described and analyzed. The purpose of our research was to see if this much quicker to answer format will equal the high scaling attributes of the earlier and longer versions. Samples of students from the United States (N = 217) and Sweden (N = 186) were administered the short form. The analysis and data are presented and compared with the results of the original, longer versions of the scale. Results indicated that the four-item version met all Guttman scale requirements. Comparisons among scales indicated that criteria measurement scores were higher for the four-item version than they were for Reiss's earlier versions. The ways in which the new scale may be used are discussed, including the possible use of only one or two items from this new format as a quick and accurate attitudinal assessment of premarital sexual permissiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Dating relationships and infidelity: attitudes and behaviors.

This study of 197 college student participants found that marital infidelity is significantly more unacceptable than dating infidelity. Men tended to be more lenient in their ratings of infidelity than women. Self-esteem scores were significantly higher for individuals who did not become involved in dating infidelity than for participants who did. However, self-esteem was not found to be a significant factor in whether a person remained in a current relationship in which the partner had been unfaithful.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Truth or consequences: dishonesty in dating and HIV/AIDS-related issues in a college-age population.

This article examines the issue of dishonesty in dating among college students as it relates to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States. The authors surveyed 171 under-graduates at a large midwestern university in January 1991. They conducted an analysis by gender and found significant differences in responses of male and female students. Of those students involved in monogamous relationships, 36% of the men and 21% of the women reported being sexually unfaithful to their current partner or to any of their previous partners. A greater percentage of women than of men inquired about past sexual histories before engaging in sexual activity. In addition, men admitted they had lied to their sexual partner or partners more often than did women. Because a large portion of HIV/AIDS and STD education involves teaching students to inquire about previous sexual histories, the results of this study should influence the direction and content of behaviorally focused educational programs. The authors also address implications for health educators and clinicians.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

The process of seeking sex partners online and implications for STD/HIV prevention.

Research has shown that online sex-seeking among men who have sex with men (MSM) is related to elevated risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including HIV infection; however, the process of seeking sex online is not well understood. It is important to understand the process of seeking sex partners in order to determine the best method for reaching MSM at high risk for infection. We report on baseline data from the Smart Sex Quest, an Internet-based STD prevention intervention targeting MSM (n = 1,776, 79% white, mean age = 33 years). Results indicate that older, white, college-educated men solicited sex partners on AOL, whereas Gay.com was a more frequent choice among younger men. Yahoo was named as a solicitation site more frequently by those with no college education, as were 'bareback' websites devoted to facilitating anal sex without the use of condoms. Following online solicitation, men tended to meet in public restrooms (86%), partners' homes (74%) and their own home (57%). Though results are limited by the self-selected nature of the sample, the data have important implications for online outreach, study recruitment and intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

The coherence of dyadic behavior across parent-child and romantic relationships as mediated by the internalized representation of experience.

Attachment theory suggests, first, that patterns of dyadic behavior cohere across salient relationships and, second, that such linkages are mediated by working models, defined as cognitive/emotional representations of relationships abstracted from dyadic experience. In this longitudinal study, adolescents' (age 19) Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) coherence ratings and classifications (e.g. working model proxies) were related prospectively to their observed dyadic behaviors with romantic partners in young adulthood (age 20-21). Results demonstrated significant associations between adolescents' representations of their relationships with parents and the later quality of their interactions with romantic partners. Next, a model was tested whereby participants' working models, as inferred from the AAI, mediate the across-time correlation between a subset of observationallv assessed parent-child dyadic behaviors (age 13) and the romantic relationship behaviors of these participants eight years later in young adulthood (age 20-21). Results of mediational analyses were consistent with the fundamental tenet of the organizational-developmental model that salient parent-child experiences are internalized and carried forward into adult relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Predictors of young adults' representations of and behavior in their current romantic relationship: prospective tests of the prototype hypothesis.

Although attachment theory suggests that childhood experiences with caregivers serve as a prototype for adult love relationships, few explicit tests of this hypothesis exist in the literature. Drawing on data from a longitudinal cohort followed from birth to young adulthood, this paper examined correlates and antecedents of young adults' representations of and behavior in their current romantic relationship. Young adults who experienced a secure relationship with their primary caregiver in infancy as assessed in the Strange Situation were more likely to (a) produce coherent discourse regarding their current romantic partnership in the context of the Current Relationship Interview (CRI) and (b) have a higher quality romantic relationship as observed in standard conflict and collaboration tasks. Infant security accounted for variation in CRI security above and beyond the observed quality of participants' current romantic relationship. In contrast, the association between infant and romantic security was partially mediated by individuals' self-reports about their romantic experiences, suggesting that one plausible mechanism by which early experiences with caregivers shape young adults' representations of their attachments with romantic partners is through adults' expectations for and perceptions of love relationships.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mate selection and its impact on female marriage age, pregnancy wastages, and first child survival in Tamil Nadu, India.

Marriage in Indian society is a religious duty. Consanguineous marriage is common, where individuals prefer to marry within their clan (a unilateral kin group based on either matrilineal or patrilineal descent). Keeping in mind that this form of marriage has certain disadvantages for social and biological as well as demographic aspects of individuals and families, the present study examines the influence of mate selection (i.e., close relatives, distant relatives, not related) on female age at marriage, pregnancy wastages, and survival status of the first child. The study was designed based on the information collected on a sample size of 3,948 married women aged 13-49 in Tamil Nadu, India, by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), 1992. Results suggest that 48 per cent of women in Tamil Nadu marry their relatives. This practice of marrying relatives is high in rural areas, among Hindus, Scheduled Castes/tribes, and illiterate women as compared to urban areas, among non-Hindus, non-SC/ST, and educated women, respectively. The bivariate analysis reveals that women marrying their close relatives had low age at marriage and experienced a higher per cent of pregnancy wastage and child loss (first child) as compared to those women marrying their distant relatives or nonrelatives. The result is found to be consistent even after controlling for selected background variables through multivariate techniques (applied separately for age at marriage, pregnancy wastages, and the survival status of first child). Hence, this study suggests that steps should be taken to inform people about the problems of marrying close relatives through appropriate IEC programs in Tamil Nadu.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Required parental investment and mating patterns: a quantitative analysis in the context of evolutionarily stable strategies.

Much social psychological research has been dedicated to understanding mating strategies from the standpoint of genetic-fitness payout (e.g., Simpson and Gangestad, 2000). The current work is designed to provide a coherent, quantitative model for predicting different classes of mating strategies in both males and females. Specifically, the framework developed in this paper is an elaboration of Dawkins' (1989) quantitative assessment of different male and female mating strategies. Dawkins suggests that the prevalence of different strategies employed should be predictable in terms of evolutionary stable strategies. In the current work, a quantitative analysis predicting the prevalence of different mating strategies within each sex was conducted. The mathematical functions derived suggest that variability in the costs associated with raising offspring affects the expected prevalence of mating strategies differently for males and females. According to the present model, variability in female strategies should be less affected by changes in parental investment (PI) than variability in male strategies. Important predictions regarding male and female mating strategies across cultures are discussed.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2006

Sexual strategies theory and Internet personal advertisements.

Sexual Strategies Theory supposes that certain characteristics--namely, physical attractiveness in women and dominance and the ability to provide material resources in men--are highly desirable to potential mates because they are evolutionarily advantageous. However, socially based characteristics (e.g., positive personality traits, common interests) are also desirable in potential mates. It was predicted that people who are weaker on evolutionarily advantageous traits (i.e., less attractive women, less wealthy men) would emphasize alternative, socially desirable traits to compensate for these perceived deficiencies. One hundred fifty-one Internet personal advertisements were analyzed for attractiveness, income, mention of physical attributes, and mention of other positive personal characteristics. Results were generally consistent with predictions. In males, both wealth and attractiveness were related to decreased emphasis on other positive personal characteristics, while in women, emphasis on physical attributes (but not objectively rated physical attractiveness) was negatively related to emphasis on other positive personal characteristics.

Adult↗