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Results for “COSMIC RADIATION”

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PubMedDate not supplied

Physiological and biomechanical considerations for a human Mars mission.

Evolving on Earth has made humans perfectly adapted, both physiologically and biomechanically, to its gravity and atmospheric conditions. Leaving the Earth and its protective environment, therefore, results in the degradation of a number of human systems. Long-duration stays on the International Space Station (ISS) are accompanied by significant effects on crew's cardiovascular, vestibular and musculoskeletal systems. Bone loss and muscle atrophy are experienced at a rate of 1-3% and 5% per month respectively, while VO2 (oxygen consumption) measurements are reduced by approximately 25% after a few weeks in space. If these figures are simply extrapolated, a future human mission to Mars will be seriously jeopardised and crews may find they cross the threshold of bone and muscle loss and aerobic fitness--ultimately with them being unable to return to Earth. When arriving on Mars, considerable biomechanical alterations will also occur. Optimum walking speeds will be approximately 30% lower and transitioning from a walk to a run will occur at a speed 25% slower. Peak vertical forces will be reduced by as much as 50%, while stride length, stride time and airborne time will all increase. On Mars, half as much energy will be required to travel the equivalent distance on Earth and it will be 65% more economical to run rather than to walk.

Acceleration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Correlation between the microbiological (S. aureus) and seismic activities with regard to the sun-earth interactions and neutron flux generation].

The study searched for interactions between the solar activity, seismic energy of the Earth and microbiological processes in the period from 1969 to 1997. Microbiological processes were found dependent on as the solar, so intraterrestrial (e.g. seismic) activity. The 11-year seismic on biological cycles on Earth display a positive inter-correlation and a negative one with the solar activity (sun-spots cycles). There is also correlation between the Earth's seismic energy and neutron fluxes generated at the times of earthquakes on our planet, and microbiological parameters.

Atmosphere↗
PubMed2005

[Dark matter and dark energy of the universe].

At the turn of the 20th Century, the Universe was thought to consist of our solar system, the Sun, planets, satellites and comets, floating under the Milky Way. The astronomers were ignorant of the existence of galaxies, clusters, quasars and black holes. Over the last ten years the Cosmology has made remarkable progress in our understanding of the composition of the Universe: 23 per cent is in an unknown form called dark matter; 73 per cent in another form called dark energy; 3 per cent is made of free hydrogen and helium atoms; 0.5 per cent makes up all the light we see in the night including the stars, clusters and superclusters; 0.3 per cent is in free neutrino particles; and finally, 0.03 per cent is in the heavier nuclei of which the Sun, the Earth and ourselves are made. In this work we study specially the dark matter and the dark energy. The first one appears to be attached to galaxies, and astronomers agree that it is cold, meaning that the particles that make up that matter are not moving fast. Very recently astronomers discovered that a tremendous amount of the so-cahled dark energy exists and that it is pushing and accelerating the expansion of the Universe. Should this expansion continue for another 14,000 million years, the sky will darken with only a handful of galaxies remaining visible.

Astronomy↗
PubMed2006

Monthly number of newborns and environmental physical activity.

UNLABELLED: In the last decades many studies have demonstrated the cosmophysical influences on human homeostasis. The aim of the study was to explore links between environmental physical activity--solar, geomagnetic, cosmic ray--and monthly number of newborns in general and, separately, for each gender. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The distribution of newborns' number (n=286,963) over 96 months in the Republic of Lithuania from 1995 to 2002 was compared with the monthly cosmophysical indices nine months before the month of delivery. For the comparison of gender ratio, other 52,289 newborns at the same time were studied in a big Israeli hospital. Pearson's correlation coefficients and their probabilities between the newborns' number and cosmophysical indices were established. RESULTS: A strong and significant inverse correlation of monthly newborns' number with monthly solar activity indices (r=-0.72, p<0.0001) and similar, but positive, with cosmic ray activity was shown (r=0.67, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The monthly number of newborns of both genders is strongly and significantly related to the level of monthly cosmic ray and, inverse, to solar activity indices nine months before the month of delivery. Geomagnetic activity was not significantly related to the monthly number of newborns. The subject and mechanism of these relationships needs further investigation.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed2006

[Introduction and calibration of the Chinese sun hazemeter network].

Much of the current uncertainty in the quantitative assessment of the climate and environment change is due to our lack of knowledge of the aerosol, for which the large-scale sun hazemeter ground-based network directly provides basic data. The data also can revise the results of the satellite remote sensing. Depending on the stations of CERN, the standard network was first built in China. The accurate and reliable hazemeter (LEDs) was uniformly used in the network. The hazemeters were calibrated by Langley plot method and transfer calibration and were uniformly checked. The AODs, which were synchronously retrieved from hazemeters (RSD < 3%) and CEMIL (RSD < 5%), were coherent and comparable. The stability and reliability of the hazemeters and the network was approved.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Interplanetary crew exposure estimates for galactic cosmic rays.

Using the Langley Research Center galactic cosmic-ray transport computer code and the Computerized Anatomical Man model, initial estimates of interplanetary exposure of astronauts to galactic cosmic rays, during periods of solar minimum activity, are made for a realistic human geometry shielded by various thickness of spacecraft aluminum shielding. Conventional dose assessment in terms of total absorbed dose and dose equivalent is made for the skin, ocular lens, and bone marrow. Included in the analyses are separate evaluations of the contributions from the incident primary ions, from subsequent-generation fragmentation products, and from target fragments. In all cases considered, the equivalent sphere approximation yielded conservative overestimates for the actual organ exposures.

Cosmic Radiation↗
PubMed1990

Monthly cosmic activity and pregnancy induced hypertension.

Monthly distribution of PIH (Pregnancy Induced Hypertension) was investigated in relation to the number of deliveries and nine specific cosmic and geomagnetic activity parameters during the years 1979-1983. PIH was observed in 3.165% of 19,843 deliveries. Significant (p less than 0.01) inverse correlation between the PIH index and monthly geomagnetic activity level was shown. Moderately significant (p less than 0.05) correlation with monthly maximal (noon hours) gamma-radiowave propagation was evident as was inverse correlation with this parameter in hours of minimal (early morning) propagation.

Birth Rate↗
PubMed1990

[Solar activity and venereal disease morbidity].

Analysis of the solar activity and incidence of sexually-transmitted diseases over the period of 1954 through 1987 has revealed that development of fading of an epidemic process in sexually-transmitted diseases does not depend on enhancement or weakening of solar activity. These values much differ in respect of many parameters in various years, there is no correlation as regards the length of the periods between the minimal and maximal values or over these periods in various years. The morbidity rates are in inverse correlation with the activity of therapeutic and prophylactic institutions in detecting the patients during all types of prophylactic check-ups.

Cosmic Radiation↗
PubMed1990

A closed-form solution to HZE propagation.

An analytic solution for high-energy heavy ion transport assuming straight-ahead and velocity-conserving interactions with constant nuclear cross-reactions is given in terms of a Green's function. The series solution for the Green's function is rapidly convergent for most practical applications. The Green's function technique can be applied with equal success to laboratory beams as well as to galactic cosmic rays allowing laboratory validation of the resultant space shielding code.

Cosmic Radiation↗