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PubMed1990

[The Szontágh IUD and cervix carcinoma (results of a 10-year follow up study)].

Based on a ten-year follow-up of 8334 Szontágh IUD (a non-medicated, Hungarian-made device) cases, the author evaluates the connection between the IUD and the cervical cancer. At the end of the tenth year, the number of those at risk is 1159, and the cumulative woman-month of use is 397 817. During the observation period, 35 devices were removed for suspect colposcopic and/or cytologic findings. Using life table rates the author analyses the occurrence of the invasive and the in situ carcinoma, the dysplasia and those cases where the histopathology performed after the IUD removal resulted in "negative" finding. The 35 removals represent a 5.2 net cumulative termination rate at the end of the 120th month (calculated for 1000 women). The same figure for the 2 in situ and the 3 invasive carcinoma is 0.3 and 0.4, respectively. Evaluating the gross specific (annual) rates, it is stated that there is not any correlation between the duration of the IUD use and the occurrence of cervical malignancy; consequently, the intrauterine contraceptive device does not cause carcinoma. These rates were compared to the overall country figures, and the IUD users showed lower frequency. Of course, it does not mean that the device gives protection against malignancy, but it proves that the regular follow-up helps to discover the suspect cases in time.

Female↗
PubMed1997

[Maternofetal disseminated candidiasis and high-grade prematurity].

BACKGROUND: Despite the frequency of vaginal yeast colonization, serious candidiasis infections in pregnant patients or neonates remain rare. Four cases of disseminated congenital candidiasis in very preterm infants are reported. CASE REPORTS: Congenital Candida albicans infection has been diagnosed in four very preterm infants. In three cases, the mothers had intrauterine devices in place throughout pregnancy. A careful macroscopic examination of the umbilical cord and placenta after birth has allowed an early management strategy in three cases. In all cases, a serious infectious alveolitis occurred. A pronounced increase in white blood cells (> 50,000/mm3) and high levels of both segmented neutrophil and band cells, despite the frequent normality of the CRP, constituted other features. Infection was controlled by parenteral amphotericin B or fluconazole. In one case, serious thrombocytopenia occurred after the first amphotericin B injection requiring substitution for fluconazole. The outcome was unfavourable in two cases with an extensive periventricular leukomalacia. CONCLUSION: Congenital candidiasis in these four very preterm neonates has several features in common: intrauterine contraceptive device during pregnancy, characteristic chorioamnionitis and funisitis, high WBC count, infectious alveolitis. Fluconazole as alternative to amphotericine B therapy is proposed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Black fertility patterns--Cape Town and Ciskei.

The reproductive and contraceptive experience of 491 Black women in urban and rural areas (Cape Town and Ciskei) is presented. The 'average woman' in the sample was 31 years old and first became pregnant by the age of 19,8 years; she had had 3,5 pregnancies, 2,9 living children and wished for 3,9 children. Family size was related to the level of education, degree of urbanization and age of the mother. A sizeable minority of the women experienced at least 1 miscarriage or the death of at least 1 child. Most of the women (65,5%) used some method of contraception between pregnancies, and 57% were using contraception when interviewed. All but 20,7% of those using contraception were receiving an injectable progestogen (Depo-Provera). In urban areas a significant minority used oral contraceptives or sterilization for contraception. Very few women used an intra-uterine contraceptive device. The results of our survey suggest that it is more difficult for the poor to maintain their desired family size. There is a need for family-planning services to be accessible to all, and especially to teenagers. The strongest motivation for a decrease in family size probably results from the settled family life and job opportunities which characterize urban life.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

The significance of finding curved rods in the vaginal secretions of patients attending a genito-urinary medical clinic.

Curved rods were found in 108 (21.6%) of 500 women consecutively attending a genito-urinary medical clinic. A positive association was elicited with the wearing of an intra-uterine contraceptive device (p less than 0.001), intercourse with a casual or multiple sexual partners within the preceding 3 months (p less than 0.001) and concurrent chlamydial infection of the uterine cervix (p less than 0.025). There was no apparent relationship with contact with non-candidal balanitis, but an increased rate (31.3%) was noted in contacts of non-gonococcal urethritis indicating a need for further research into a possible aetiological role.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1994

Does a condom-promoting strategy (the Swiss STOP-AIDS campaign) modify sexual behavior among adolescents?

OBJECTIVE: To measure sexual behavior changes (especially the use of condoms) among adolescents after 5 years of a population-based acquired immunodeficiency syndrome prevention strategy at the national and regional level. DESIGN: Two comparative cross-sectional surveys by self-administered questionnaires were conducted in 1987 and 1990. SETTING: Two similar samples of 16- to 19-year-old apprentices. The two samples, 1987 (n = 1359) and 1990 (n = 817), are comparable in terms of sex, age, profession, and location. RESULTS: The percentage of boys who say they are sexually active has remained the same (75%) and has slightly increased among younger girls (65% to 75%, NS). The average number of partners has remained steady for boys and girls. Regular use of any contraceptive device has remained steady among girls (75%) and increased among boys (1987, 38%; 1990, 54%; P < .001). In 1987 as well as in 1990, the condom was the most widely used method (> 90%), followed by the pill (50%), withdrawal (20%), and chemicals (5%). Rates were about the same for both sexes. Rates of irregular use of condoms increased among boys and girls (P < .01); regular use of condoms increased among boys (22% to 34%, P < .01) and girls (10% to 27%, P < .001); use of the pill has slightly decreased. CONCLUSIONS: During a 5-year period, the Swiss "STOP-AIDS" campaign and local interventions had had no real effect on the rate of sexual activity of apprentices but had had a positive effect on the use of contraception and condoms. The prevention strategy should (and will) be maintained in the future.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1984

Intracervical release of ST-1435 for contraception.

Seven women used an ST-1435-releasing intracervical contraceptive device (ST-ICD), inserted immediately after the cessation of menstrual bleeding. Patterns of bleeding and clinical performance were evaluated and plasma concentrations of ST-1435, estradiol, progesterone and gonadotropins were measured by radioimmunoassays. The results of ten months of treatment are presented. There were no uniform patterns of bleeding. No hormonal side-effects were registered. The plasma concentration of ST-1435 reached 100 pg/ml within two hours after insertion of an ST-ICD. No ovulations occurred during the initial three months of treatment. A rapid decline in the plasma concentrations of ST-1435 was observed; during the tenth month the concentration of ST-1435 was under the sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay of ST-1435. Hence, the release of ST-1435 from Silastic was too rapid for long-acting contraceptive purposes.

Adult↗