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Results for “COLD CLIMATE”

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At least 1,639 records · Page 91Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Injuries and risk factors in an 18-day Marine winter mountain training exercise.

OBJECTIVES: This study determined the incidence of and risk factors for injuries among 356 Marines during a winter mountain training exercise. METHODS: Marines received a podiatry screening and completed a questionnaire on race, education, tobacco use, height, weight, and fitness (4.8-km run, sit-ups, pull-ups). RESULTS: Forty-five Marines (12.6%) reported at least one injury each, 68.9% of which were traumatic injuries. Total injuries resulted in 114 days of limited duty time. A final foot examination (N = 141) revealed 118 injuries (82.2% blisters and abrasions, 11.9% frostnip). White ethnicity was a risk factor for overall injuries, and forefoot varus alignment was a risk factor for traumatic injuries. Lower education and rank and smokeless tobacco use were associated with foot injuries. The Marine ski-march leather boot and smoking were related to foot cold injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Military winter training is associated with injuries and lost training time. Risk factors were identified, suggesting that these injuries may be preventable.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Atmospheric heat exchange of the human being, bioclimate assessments, mortality and thermal stress.

In epidemiological investigations of the impact of the atmospheric environment on mortality usually only air temperature, in addition to sometimes relative humidity, are used, although it is generally known that the heat exchange conditions of the human body also depend on water vapour pressure, wind velocity, and short- and long-wave radiation. The state-of-the-art approach to this problem is the application of complete heat budget models which allow thermophysiologically significant assessments of the above-mentioned meteorological variables taking metabolic rate and isolation of clothing into account. The application of such a model to 30-year mortality data of Baden-Württemberg (SW-Germany) shows, in winter, increasing daily mortality rate with decreasing "perceived temperature." (a term which relates temperature to a fixed standard condition). A sudden warming during a cold period also results in an increase in mortality, a certain contradiction which has not yet been able to be explained. During cold spells a marked increase in mortality with a delay of 3 days can be observed. Above normal values last for about 4 weeks and will then be partially compensated by an "undershot". Generally the explanation of variance in winter is distinctly lower than in summer, probably because in winter there is rarely direct exposure to outdoor conditions. The degree of cold stress is likely to serve only as an indicator for indoor conditions which promote infectious diseases.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed2000

[Help during the paratyfoid-A epidemic in Kirkenes in 1943-44].

Finnmark is the northernmost county in Norway. Kirkenes played a prominent part in the Second World War, and suffered 328 Russian bombing raids. In June 1943, there was an outbreak of paratyphoid A in the town. Its water reservoirs were heavily contaminated from a camp for Russian prisoners of war. In November the situation became disastrous with 208 new cases. Six advanced medical students from Oslo and 16 volunteering Red Cross nurses were sent to Kirkenes for medical support. Their biggest problem turned out to be the large number of convalescent carriers excreting bacilli in the faeces. A provisional bacteriological laboratory was established. Almost the entire population of Sør-Varanger (10,000 inhabitants) was vaccinated with combined typhoid and paratyphoid A and B vaccine (TAB). The children were also vaccinated against diphtheria. Obviously the TAB vaccine did not protect against paratyphoid A. Officially, 254 Norwegian cases of paratyphoid A were registered in the course of the epidemic; the true number, however, was probably about 300. There was only one death, from intestinal perforation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

[Rescue operations with helicopter ambulances in the Barents sea].

BACKGROUND: Search and rescue helicopters from the Royal Norwegian Air Force conduct ambulance and search and rescue missions in the Barents Sea. The team on board includes an anaesthesiologist and a paramedic. Operations in this area are challenging due to long distances, severe weather conditions and winter darkness. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 147 ambulance and 29 search and rescue missions in the Barents Sea during 1994-99 were studied retrospectively with special emphasis on operative conditions and medical results. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION: 35% of the missions were carried out in darkness. Median time from alarm to first patient contact was 3.3 hours and median duration of the missions was 7.3 hours. 48% of the missions involved ships of foreign nationality. About half of the patients had acute illness, dominated by gastrointestinal and heart diseases. Most of the injuries resulted from on-board accidents; open or closed fractures, amputations, and soft tissue damage. 90% of the patients were hospitalised; 7.5% would probably not have survived without early medical treatment and rapid transportation to hospital.

Air Ambulances↗
PubMed2001

The incidence of injury with the British Antarctic Survey, 1986-1995.

Medical consultations recorded by the British Antarctic Survey between 1986-1995 were analysed. A total of 3683 new consultations were recorded, an incidence of 2193.7/1000/year, with a significantly higher incidence on the bases compared to the ships. Injuries comprised 30.2% of consultations, an incidence of 661.7/1000/year. The bases had a significantly higher incidence of injuries. Work accounted for 47.0% and recreation 30.6% of all injuries.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Northern cardiometeopathies.

Our research in high latitudes has allowed the identification of a special class of deadaptive disorders, northern cardiometeopathies, which integrates cardiovascular functional violations connected to biologically significant modifications of meteorological, geomagnetic, electrical, gravitational, rhythmological and other geo-ecological factors of the North. Cardiac and cerebral disorder complexes, and also some psychoemotional modifications manifest cardiometeopathies. Cardiometeopathies can occur with developing of pathology, and in such a case they can be selected in the independent form of deadaptive disease. At the same time, cardiometeopathies in case where cardiovascular pathology already exists could cause complications and become a particular risk factor for the development of injuries and myocardial heart attack. The most important mechanism of cardiometeopathies' formation is the organism's reaction to modifications of the Earth's electromagnetic field, based on internal electromagnetic fields' (first of all pulsing field of heart) dependence on the magnitude and directness of modification of the external electromagnetic fields. The analysis of the high degree of dependence of the blood circulation effiency during geomagnetic perturbations in the North of the modification of electromagnetic heart activity allows us to speak of the discovery of an earlier unknown electromagnetic blood pump.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of the tension of regulatory mechanisms in schoolchildren in the North].

The regulatory mechanisms were evaluated in healthy first-former pupils living in the North by using cardiointervalography and calculating basic parameters that reflect the specific features of cardiac rhythm regulation. This revealed various tension of the regulatory systems that characterize a different "cost of adaptation" in the examinees to environmental conditions. The optimum status in most children is maintained by a high "physiological cost", significant tension and occasionally overstrain of their regulatory mechanisms, which may predispose to diverse diseases.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1985

Cryoconite holes on glaciers.

Cryoconite holes are water-filled depressions on the surface of glaciers. They contain microbial communities and may contribute to glacial wastage and biological colonization of ice-free areas.

Antarctic Regions↗
PubMed1988

Gathering evidence: the case for past life on Mars.

Four billion years ago, the surface of Mars may have been conducive to the origin of life. Scientific evidence suggests that Mars had a biologically favorable atmosphere back then, with warm temperatures and abundant water during its formative years. Many scientists contend that life arose on early Mars but was subsequently wiped out. If Mars was a harbor for past life, why did it become extinct? Where should we, on future Mars missions, look for evidence of past life? Are there analogous biological systems on Earth to study and hypothesize the presence of early Martian life?

Antarctic Regions↗