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PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical biochemical parameters of the endangered Catalonian donkey breed: normal values and the influence of sex, age, and management practices effect.

Twelve clinical biochemical parameters were determined in 97 animals of all age groups and both sexes of the endangered Catalonian donkey breed. Significant sex differences were observed for phospholipid concentration (P<0.01). Evaluating the effect of management practices on the various parameters showed significant differences for total bilirubin (P<0.001) and creatinine (P<0.05) concentrations and gamma-glutamyltransferase (P<0.05) activity. Moreover, it was observed that inorganic phosphorus concentration decreased with age (P<0.001), whereas albumin and triglyceride concentrations increased with age (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). Comparison of biochemical ranges obtained for the Catalonian donkey breed with reference ranges for other breeds and populations (Mammoth, USA donkeys, UK donkeys, Indian donkeys and Poitou donkeys), indicated that most values were similar, with the exceptions of enzymatic activities mainly. The results reported in the present study could serve as reference ranges for donkey populations.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Risk of malaria attacks in Gambian children is greater away from malaria vector breeding sites.

The causes of local variation in the prevalence of malaria were investigated in rural Gambia. Cross-sectional prevalence surveys were carried out among 1184 young children (aged 6 months-5 years) in 48 villages, at the end of the transmission season in 1996. Villages were categorized according to distance from the nearest vector breeding sites, and the patterns of malaria transmission, infection and disease compared. Children living in villages within 3 km of breeding sites experienced more infective bites, and higher prevalences of parasitaemia and spleen enlargement than less-exposed children living further away. Clinical illness, in contrast, was more common among infected children who were less exposed. Infected children living 3 km or more from breeding sites were more likely to have high-density parasitaemia (odds ratio [OR] = 1.98), fever (OR = 2.60) and high-density parasitaemia together with fever (OR = 3.17). Clinical attacks did not decline in older children, as seen amongst children who were more exposed. These findings show that significant differences in the risk of infection and clinical attacks can occur over very short distances. The age at which protective immunity is acquired may be delayed in villages where transmission intensity is lower, thus increasing the risk of a clinical attack following infection. Communities with the lowest vector densities may be those at greatest risk of disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Effects of melatonin and plane of nutrition on mammary development in prepubertal Boutsiko mountain breed ewe lambs.

The effects of melatonin (implants, M or no implants, C) and plane of nutrition (high, H or low, L) on mammary development and growth hormone (GH) concentrations were investigated in prepubertal Boutsiko mountain breed ewe lambs. Eighty female lambs were assigned to each of 4 treatments: ad libitum feeding control (HC), HM, LC and LM. The rearing treatments started and ended at mean ages of 63 and 160 d, respectively. Feed restriction resulted in a mean daily gain of 70.6% of the ad libitum-fed lambs during the experimental period. Melatonin (18 mg Regulin) was administered at 68 d of age (January 10) and replaced on March 1. Blood samples were collected from 10 lambs in each treatment group at the end of the experiment for GH measurements. At a mean age of 160 d, seven lambs from each treatment group were slaughtered and the udder was removed. One udder half was trimmed and the parenchyma and fat pad portions were kept for determination of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content. Melatonin did not influence mammary development parameters, while the mass of parenchyma tended to be greater in lambs on low than high nutrition planes (P<0.10). Mean mammary parenchymal weight and DNA content were 25.1 and 29.2 g and 52.5 and 58.2 mg in high and low nutrition lambs, respectively. Mean plasma GH concentrations were not affected by melatonin treatment and were higher in low than high nutrition lambs (P<0.01). There were no correlations between mean plasma GH concentrations and parenchymal DNA content, or between mean daily weight gain and parenchyma (g), in contrast to those found in a previous experiment with lambs of the same breed but greater age at slaughter. The results suggest that a period of accelerated mammary development occurs later than 140 d of age in Boutsiko mountain breed ewe lambs.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Effect of age, breed and dietary omega-6 (n-6): omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid ratio on immune function, eicosanoid production, and lipid peroxidation in young and aged dogs.

The focus of this study was to examine the influence of age and diet on various parameters of immune function in young and old Fox Terriers and Labrador Retrievers. Eighteen young and old dogs were utilized for this study. Young and old dogs were fed a basal diet containing an (n-6):(n-3) ratio of 25:1 for sixty days (Phase I). Half of the dogs were then switched to a diet with an (n-6):(n-3) ratio of 5:1, and all were maintained on their respective diets for an additional sixty days (Phase II). Results from these studies revealed an age-associated decline in several immune parameters measured. Both these breeds demonstrated a reduction in sheep red blood cell titers, as well as in their ability to respond to different mitogens. Interestingly, this decline was greater in Fox Terriers, suggesting a decrease in cellular proliferative capacity in lymphocytes isolated from the larger breed. Neither cytokine production or DTH response was affected by age. Diet and breed interactions resulted in a significant increase in T- and B-cell mitogen responsiveness. In contrast, supplementation with n-3 fatty acids did not affect IL-1, IL-6 or TNF-alpha production. Supplementation with n-3 fatty acids resulted in increased PGE3 production from peritoneal macrophages but had no effect on PGE2 production from peripheral blood mononuclear cells or peritoneal macrophages. The n-3 fatty acid supplementation did not influence alpha-tocopherol status although older dogs had significantly lower serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations. Oxidative status of these dogs was assessed by serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE). Feeding an n-3-enriched diet did not affect 4-HNE levels but significantly decreased MDA levels in old dogs. In summary, this study indicates that feeding a diet containing an (n-6):(n-3) fatty acid ratio of 5:1 had a positive, rather than a negative, effect on the immune response of young or geriatric dogs.

Aging↗
PubMed2000

A model on female breeding dispersion and the reproductive systems of pinnipeds.

Because most mammalian mating systems ultimately depend on female dispersion, the study of habitat selection by breeding females will help in understanding the ecology of mating systems. I developed a cost-benefit model of breeding dispersion of females that is based on the concept of 'ideal free' distribution. The currency of the model is the probability of offspring survival. The cost of female grouping is the increment of female-female competition for resources, and the benefit is the reduction of male harassment. The maximal benefit depends on the resource quality of the breeding sites. I tested the qualitative predictions of the model on the female dispersion and mating system of pinnipeds. The model predicted the main differences observed between taxonomic groups of pinnipeds: higher female aggregation and polygyny in Otariidae than in Phocidae, in Otariinae than in Arctocephalinae, and in Mirounga spp. and Halichoerus sp. than in the rest of the phocids. My approach emphasises the importance of male harassment for the evolution of mammalian mating systems. I propose that the classical view of a unidirectional approach to the ecology of mammalian mating system (resource dispersion-->female dispersion-->male dispersion), should be modified to incorporate a feedback from male dispersion to the factors that regulate female dispersion.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Duration of bluetongue viraemia and serological responses in experimentally infected European breeds of sheep and goats.

The duration of viraemia and the serological responses were studied in two breeds of sheep and two breeds of goats, experimentally infected with bluetongue (BT) virus serotype 4. Viraemia, detectable by cell culture and embryonated chicken egg inoculation, lasted from the third to sixth day until the 27th-54th day post infection (p.i.). Significant differences between sheep and goats were not recorded. Lesbos sheep and goats together appeared to have significantly longer viraemias (n = 9, mean 41.3 days) than east-Friesian sheep and Saanen goats (n = 10, mean 30.4 days, p = 0.0039). Serological response was studied by competitive ELISA (c-ELISA) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests. The c-ELISA was more sensitive in detecting BT virus antibodies in all animals than the AGID tests. No significant differences were observed between sheep and goats or between breeds. The epidemiological significance of subclinical infection and the extended BT virus viraemias in Lesbos sheep and goats, in relation to the maintenance of the virus and to overwintering is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Effects of season and breed on sperm acrosin activity and semen quality of boars.

Acrosin activity and semen quality (sperm concentration, ejaculate volume and number of spermatozoa) were assessed from March 1997 to March 1998 in semen of Large White, Pietrain and Duroc x Pietrain boars. Semen quality varied with season, including high production of spermatozoa in autumn and winter and low production in summer. Semen quality also differed across breeds. Acrosin activity of boar spermatozoa was not affected by breed (range 3.16-3.32 mU/10(6) spermatozoa), but exhibited distinct seasonal changes. Monthly changes in acrosin activity were parallel to changes in number of sperm in the ejaculate from November to March. On the other hand, dramatic changes in acrosin activity between July and October (range 1.85-4.59 mU/10(6) spermatozoa) were not paralleled by similar changes in number of ejaculated sperm. These fluctuations in acrosin activity may reflect either changes in sperm acrosin production or disturbances to sperm membranes, probably related to effects of high summer temperatures during spermatogenesis. Results confirmed seasonal and breed-related differences in boar semen quality characteristics.

Acrosin↗
PubMed2001

Progesterone concentrations in milk fat at first insemination--effects on non-return and repeat-breeding.

The relationship between milk fat progesterone concentration at first artificial insemination (AI) and reproductive performance of Norwegian Red Cattle dairy cows was investigated in a field study. Fifteen AI technicians collected milk samples from 2250 cows from 458 herds and progesterone was analysed in the milk fat portion of the samples. Logistic regression revealed decreased probability of non-return, and increased likelihood of repeat-breeding, with increasing progesterone concentrations at insemination. The odds ratio for non-return and for repeat-breeding between the minimum and maximum value for milk fat concentrations between 4 and 32.2ng/ml was 4.5 (P < 0.01) and 3.2 (P = 0.01), respectively. The variable 'Technician' did not significantly influence non-return rate or repeat-breeding. Progesterone concentration at AI was positively related to calving to last insemination interval, and to number of inseminations per cow (P < 0.05). The association between the progesterone concentration at insemination and calving interval was only marginally significant. Technician was significantly (P < 0.01) associated with interval from calving to first AI, interval from calving to last AI (P = 0.05), and number of AI per cow (P = 0.01). Technician was not significantly related to the calving interval. We conclude that increased suprabasal progesterone concentrations at the time of first insemination, and higher return rate at AI may, at least partly, be due to endocrinological asynchrony at AI, a condition which may lead to decreased fertility.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Collection of oocytes through transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of follicles in an Indian breed of cattle.

The present study was undertaken in Karan Fries, an Indian breed of cattle to (1) determine the number of follicles available for puncture and (2) explore the potential of this breed as a donor of developmentally competent oocytes. Ovum pick-up (OPU) was performed using an ultrasound machine with a transvaginal convex transducer (5 MHz) with a needle guide, single lumen 19-gauge 60 cm long needle and a vacuum pressure of 90 mmHg. The number and size of follicles in each ovary was determined before puncture. The follicles were characterized on the basis of their diameter as small (3-5 mm), medium (6-9 mm) and large (>/=10 mm). The oocytes recovered were classified by quality. They were matured in vitro, irrespective of their grade, in 50 microl droplets of the in vitro maturation (IVM) medium (TCM-199+10% fetal bovine serum(FBS)+5 microg/ml follicle stimulating hormone (folltropin)+1 microg/ml estradiol-17beta+0.2 mM sodium pyruvate), covered with paraffin oil, in 35 mm petridish for 24 h in a CO(2) incubator (5% CO(2) in air) at 38.5 degrees C. The cleavage rate was recorded at day 2 post-insemination after subjecting the oocytes to in vitro fertilization (IVF). The differences in follicular populations of all size categories among individual donors were not significant. A total of 92 oocytes were recovered by aspiration of 157 follicles, with an overall recovery rate of 59% (range 35-79%). Of these, 32% were of grades A and B and the rest of grades C and D. The mean numbers of total follicles and the oocytes recovered per session did not differ significantly among individual donors. Out of the 73 oocytes subjected to IVM and IVF, 24 reached 2-4 cell stage at day 2 post-fertilization, with a cleavage rate of 33%. The total number of oocytes recovered was correlated with the number of small (R=0.54, P<0.01) but not with the number of medium and large follicles. This study demonstrates the use of OPU as a means of obtaining developmentally competent oocytes from an Indian breed of cattle for obtaining cattle oocytes in India where cow slaughter is not allowed for religious reasons.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Opioidergic and nutritional involvement in the control of luteinizing hormone secretion of postpartum Rasa Aragonesa ewes lambing in the mid-breeding season.

The role of endogenous opioids and nutrition on the inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion during the postpartum period was investigated in a Spanish breed of sheep lambing in the mid-late breeding season. Two groups of adult Rasa Aragonesa ewes housed in individual pens and lambing on 30 December were fed during the suckling period to provide maintenance requirements and the production of 1.1 (M; n = 8) or 0.55 (L; n = 8) kg of milk per day. On days 10, 20 and 30 after lambing, the effect of a treatment with the opiate receptor antagonist naloxone (1 mg/kg at four hourly intervals) on LH secretion was assessed in half of the ewes of each group, the remaining females receiving four saline injections. After weaning, animals were fed to provide requirements for maintenance of liveweight. Blood samples were collected twice a week from day 20 postpartum until the end of March, and assayed for progesterone and prolactin. Although underfed ewes showed significantly lower mean plasma concentrations during the control period on day 20 postpartum, nutrition did not seem to modify LH secretion before naloxone or saline injections. Moreover, no differences between nutritional groups in the response to naloxone injections on pattern of LH secretion were found. In fact, naloxone treatment induced an increase of mean LH concentrations on days 10, 20 and 30 postpartum (at least, P < 0.05), of LH pulse frequency on days 20 and 30 (P < 0.05), and of LH pulse amplitude on days 10 and 20 (P < 0.05). Underfed ewes during the postpartum period showed a slower decline in plasma prolactin levels, with significant differences on days 29, 36 and 39 after lambing (P < 0.05). Only 3 M ewes ovulated before the onset of the seasonal anoestrus period. It is concluded that endogenous opioids are involved in the inhibition of LH secretion during the early suckling period of a reduced seasonality breed of sheep without any influence of nutrition on the response to naloxone treatment; however, ewes underfed before weaning failed to reactivate their cyclicity prior to the onset of the seasonal anoestrus.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1996

Effects of breed and adipose depot location on responsiveness and sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation in ovine adipose tissue.

Karakul tail adipose tissue had the smallest adipocytes, and this tissue was also the least lipolytically responsive. However, lipolytic responsiveness did not vary with breed or depot when expressed per gram of tissue. Sensitivity to isoproterenol and epinephrine was higher in tissues of the Karakul than of the Outaouais breed of sheep. As well, there was evidence for alpha-antilipolytic action in Karakul but not Outaouais adipose tissue. The Karakul breed is a unique model for the study of adipocyte metabolism in that a wide range of adipocyte volumes exist within an individual, and the Karakul adipose tissue appears to be particularly sensitive to adrenergic regulation.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed2000

Effect of breed and age on the voluntary intake and the micromineral status of non-pregnant sheep. II. Micromineral status.

Twenty-four non-pregnant sheep, divided into four groups of six animals each, were used to test breed (Suffolk and Rambouillet) and age (mature (six years old) and yearling (16 months old) ewes) differences in micromineral status. The animals grazed alternatively two mixed pastures containing Trifolium repens latum, Lolium perenne and Pennisetum clandestinum from 07:00 to 16:30hours, and remained penned overnight. Hand-plucked forage samples, blood and wool samples were collected on Days 1 (except forage), 7 (except wool), 21, 35, 49, and 63 of the experiment and assayed for Zn, Fe, Cu, Se, and Mo. Blood and wool data were analyzed as a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement with repeated measurements. Zinc blood levels (2.15mgkg(-1), below normal values) showed a sampling timexbreed interaction (P<0.05) with a quadratic trend (P<0.02). Iron blood levels (337.48mgkg(-1)) showed a sampling timexage interaction (P<0.05), with mature ewes having higher and more variable levels than yearlings. A sampling time effect (P<0.01) with a quadratic trend (P<0.05) dependent on the breed (P<0.01) was found in Se blood levels. Rambouillet sheep had higher (86µgkg(-1)) initial levels than Suffolk sheep (61.14µgkg(-1)) and they declined linearly, whereas Se levels in Suffolks showed a quadratic trend. Copper blood concentration (below normal values) was higher (P<0.01) in Suffolks (0.46mgkg(-1)) than in Rambouillets (0.35mgkg(-1)). Suffolk sheep had higher Zn (P<0.01) and Cu (P<0.05; below normal values) levels in wool (146.63 and 2.16mgkg(-1), respectively) than Rambouillet sheep (141.34 and 1.72mgkg(-1), respectively). No effect was found in Fe wool levels (291.22mgkg(-1)), and Se concentration in wool (204.7µgkg(-1)) only showed a sampling time effect (P<0.05) with a decreasing linear trend (P<0.01). Coefficients of variations higher than 50% were found for Zn and Se in blood and Fe and Se in wool. Molybdenum could not be detected either in blood or in wool. Rambouillet sheep, in general, showed lower and less variable micromineral levels than Suffolk sheep. Because no signs of deficiency were observed nor was the animals' productivity affected after the study, it is considered that reported normal values for Zn and Cu could be more variable than suspected, depending on breed, location, feeding practices and physiological state.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Metabolism in two breeds of geese with moderate or large overfeeding induced liver-steatosis.

Biochemical mechanisms which may control fat deposition in liver and/or peripheral tissues have been studied in Poland and Landes geese. Post-prandial plasma substrates and post-heparin lipoprotein-lipase (LPL) activity were measured in 10-week-old animals. At 23 weeks of age, geese were overfed for 14 days then slaughtered. Hepatic steatosis was more important in Landes geese, while muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were less developed. In this breed, fatty liver weight negatively scaled to LPL activity, suggesting that a low LPL activity is a limiting factor of peripheral fat deposition. Consequently, non-catabolized VLDL may return to liver and increase hepatic steatosis. In Poland geese, such a mechanism does not exist. On the other hand, fatty liver weight was positively correlated to very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and triacylglycerols measured in overfed Poland geese, suggesting that lipids synthetized by liver are better transferred from liver to extrahepatic tissues. Kinetics of post-prandial plasma glucose, triacylglycerols, phospholipids and uric acid were similar in the two breeds. However, the marked decrease in post-prandial plasma glycerol in Poland geese suggests that an extrahepatic tissue lipolysis inhibition could contribute to the higher peripheral fattening in overfed Poland geese and could be a limiting factor of hepatic steatosis in this breed.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Energetics and litter size variation in domestic dog Canis familiaris breeds of two sizes.

We measured resting metabolic rate (RMR), daily energy expenditure (DEE) and metabolisable energy intake (MEI) in two breeds of dog during peak lactation to test whether litter size differences were a likely consequence of allometric variation in energetics. RMR of Labrador retrievers (30 kg, n=12) and miniature Schnauzers (6 kg, n=4) averaged 3437 and 1062 kJ/day, respectively. DEE of Labradors (n=6) and Schnauzers (n=4) averaged 9808 and 2619 kJ/day, respectively. MEI of Labradors (n=12) was 22448 kJ/day and of Schnauzers (n=7) was 5382 kJ/day. DEE of Labrador pups (2.13 kg, n=19) was 974 kJ/day and Schnauzers (0.89 kg, n=7) were 490 kJ/day. Although Labradors had higher MEIs than Schnauzers during peak lactation, there was no difference in mass-specific energy expenditure between the two breeds. Hence, it is unlikely that litter size variation is a likely consequence of differences in maternal energy expenditure. Individual offspring were relatively more costly for mothers of the smaller breed to produce. Therefore, litter size variations were consistent with the expectation that smaller offspring should be more costly for mothers, but not that smaller mothers should per se invest more resources in reproduction.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Ultrasonographic measurement of the bovine teat: breed differences, and the significance of the measurements for udder health.

The objective was to measure teat canal length and diameter, teat diameter and teat wall thickness by ultrasonographic scanning in order to determine the differences in bovine breeds, and to study the influence of teat canal length and diameter on the occurrence of mastitis. A total of 269 lactating dairy cows of four different breeds (Brown Swiss, Simmental, Simmental crossbred with Red Pied, and Holstein-Friesians) from seven Upper Austrian dairy farms were examined. Average teat canal length of Brown Swiss animals was shortest (15.7 mm) followed by Holstein-Friesians (17.2 mm) and Simmental (18.3 mm). These differences in teat canal length were highly significant (P < or = 0.001). There was no significant difference in teat canal length between pure-bred and crossbred Simmentals. Differences of teat canal diameter between breeds were significant (P < or = 0.05). Brown Swiss animals had the largest diameters (2.0 mm) and Holstein-Friesians the smallest (1.7 mm). Differences in teat diameter between Brown Swiss, Holstein-Friesian and Simmental were also significant. No differences were found between the pure-bred and crossbred Simmental cows. The narrowest teats were in Holstein-Friesians and the widest in Simmental. Holstein-Friesians also exhibited the thinnest teat walls while the Simmental had the thickest ones. Teat canal length and diameter were correlated with udder health. Teat canals of healthy udders tended to be longer (17.4 mm) and narrower (1.8 mm) than teat canals of infected udders (15.8 mm, 2.1 mm; P < or = 0.001). A logistic regression model showed significant effects of teat canal length, teat canal diameter and lactation number on udder health.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The activity periods and life-cycle of the tick Ixodes uriae (Acari: Ixodidae) in relation to host breeding strategies.

We investigated the timing of seasonal activity of the seabird tick Ixodes uriae by examining engorgement rates of off-host ticks and the prevalence of infested common guillemots (Uria aalge) and kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) on the Isle of May, Scotland. More than 99% of I. uriae fed during the period late April to early August which coincided with the seabird breeding season. No ticks fed in the autumn and winter, and none over-wintered in the engorged state. Peak tick feeding activity was during the hosts' incubation period in May and early June, when over 70% of birds were parasitized. Few ticks were active when guillemot chicks were being brooded, or during the early part of kittiwake chick-rearing. Adult female tick feeding peaked in the first week of June, while nymphal and larval activity peaked in the third week of May. Adult female ticks fed later than nymphs on guillemots and larvae on both guillemots and kittiwakes; however, there was considerable temporal overlap in the feeding periods of the 3 stages of both hosts. All larvae and nymphs fed in May and early June, but up to 18% of adult females remained unengorged at this time, and probably deferred feeding by 1 year. A small proportion of individuals which fed as larvae in May appeared to feed again as nymphs in July of the same season, thereby shortening their life-cycle by 1 year. The duration of the life-cycle of I. uriae on the Isle of May is typically 3 years but varies from 2 to 4 years. Ticks feeding on guillemots did so significantly earlier than those feeding on kittiwakes, possibly because guillemots start breeding earlier in the year. Breeding of both guillemots and kittiwakes was later in 1994 than in 1993. This delayed the activity of all tick stages on kittiwakes and adult female ticks on guillemots, but did not affect the timing of activity of nymphs or larvae feeding on guillemots.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Introduction, persistence and fade-out of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in a Dutch breeding herd: a mathematical analysis.

The objective of this study was to investigate the dynamics of PRRSV infection and to quantify transmission within a breeding herd, and its impact on herd performance. For this purpose a longitudinal study was performed in a closed breeding herd of 115 sows. Statistical methods and Monte Carlo simulations based on stochastic SIR models were used to analyse the observational data. Moreover, a case-control study was performed to determine whether seroconversion of sows during gestation was associated with aberrant litters. The transmission parameter R was estimated to be 3.0 (95% confidence interval 1.5-6.0) for the model version based on the most plausible assumptions that the infectious period lasts 56 days and no lifelong immunity exists after infection. Based on simulations using a breeding herd of equal size the average time-to-extinction was estimated to be 6 years; using a herd of twice the size, it was 80 years. Furthermore, in contrast to the epidemic phase of the disease, the endemic phase was not detrimental to herd performance.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Blood polymorphism in west African breeds of sheep.

This paper reports the blood groups and blood protein distribution in West African sheep breeds. About 100 animals of the Djallonke, Fulani and Touabire breeds were sampled for blood polymorphism analysis. Their blood groups were typed by haemolytic and agglutination reactions, and their blood proteins by starch gel electrophoresis. Almost all the loci analysed showed variability in the three breeds, with the Touabire and Fulani being closer to each other than to the Djallonke.

Africa, Western↗