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PubMed2006

Expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Assessment of IGF-I as a potential local mitogen and antiapoptotic cytokine.

Little is known about IGF-I expression in the alveolar lymphocytes (AL), and about local role of IGF-I in physiological conditions and in interstitial lung diseases. Bronchoalveolar lavage was carried out in patients with silicosis, asbestosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and sarcoidosis, as well as in control subjects (n = 13, 9, 12, 56, 15, resp). Alveolar macrophages (AM) and lymphocytes (AL) were studied for (1) IGF-I, BCL-2, Fas and Fas Ligand expression and (2) cell cycle (incl. sub-G1 peak of late apoptosis) with propidium iodide (PI). Flow cytometry (FC) and immunocytochemistry were used. AL early apoptosis was detected by Annexin V FITC/PI staining. IGF-I was present in AL of all tested groups. The number of IGF-I positive AL was significantly higher in IPF (52 +/- 6.7%) and in later (II and III) stages of sarcoidosis (39 +/- 7.8 vs 16 +/- 4.0% in controls, p < 0.05). Increased BCL-2 expression in AL was detected in IPF and sarcoidosis. In all tested groups, AL were almost exclusively Fas+ T cells. Generally, a low number of AL entered apoptosis; no significant differences were found between patient groups, except decreased apoptosis rate in sarcoidosis (0.60 +/- 0.17 vs 1.15 +/- 0.33% in controls, p < 0.05). Proportion of AL positive for IGF-I was significantly correlated with parameters reflecting AL and AM cell proliferation and BCL-2 expression (e.g. AL IGF-I+ vs AM in S phase of cell cycle: r(S) = +0.50, p = 0.001), but not with apoptosis. The results show that human alveolar lymphocytes express IGF-I in normal conditions, as well as in ILD. The proportion of IGF-I+ lymphocytes was significantly increased in IPF and at later stages of sarcoidosis. In our material there was no evidence for profibrogenic or antiapoptotic activity of IGF-I. We suggest that IGF-I originating from AL may be locally active as a mitogen for alveolar macrophages and lymphocytes in ILD.

Apoptosis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pulmonary adiaspiromycosis].

A 54-yr old male patient with a history of dyspnea and cough is presented. Due to the clinical course of disease and the radiological changes in the chest a diagnosis of sarcoidosis was established. However, the open lung biopsy revealed the true nature of the pulmonary disease: pulmonary adiaspiromycosis, only secondary to asbestosis, siderosis and silicosis as due to the well known occupational exposure to asbestos and other dusts.

Chrysosporium↗
PubMed1991

[Asbestos content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid].

The concentration and size distribution of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) asbestos fibers (AF) longer than 2 microns was determined by analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The concentration of asbestos bodies (AB) was measured by TEM and light microscopy (LM). The study group consisted of 110 patients. 27 patients had no occupational asbestos exposure, 44 patients had occupational exposure to asbestos but no asbestos related disease and 39 patients had asbestos related diseases, either asbestosis (n = 34) or malignant mesothelioma of the pleura (n = 5) following long time asbestos exposure at the working place. Occupational asbestos exposure was reflected by increased asbestos fiber concentration in the BAL samples. Mean fiber concentration and size was different between the groups, but the scatter was large.

Asbestos↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dispersion of asbestos fibers and artificial mineral fibers (MMMF) inside truck cabs: a possible exposure of truck drivers].

Tests on samples of braided asbestos cord used in truck exhaust systems revealed a constant presence of chrysotile. Amosite fibres were also observed in many of the samples. Following a case of asbestosis in a truck driver, it was assumed that asbestos fibres could reach the driver's cab through the openings of the ventilation and heating system and also through the spaces between the bonnet and the floor of the driver's cab. Dust samples taken in the driver's cab of 10 (no.) trucks revealed the presence of asbestos fibres in 3 cases; MMMF were present in 7 cases, very likely originating from the noise insulation panelling. It is therefore suggested that there is a possible risk for truck drivers of exposure to asbestos and MMMF fibres dispersed inside the driver's cab.

Asbestos↗
PubMed1976

[Results of animal experiments concerning the carcinogenic effect of fibrous dusts and their interpretation with regard to the carcinogenesis in humans (author's transl)].

After reviewing the hypotheses about the pathogenesis of asbestos-induced malignant tumours we report about experimental data on animals. A high incidence of tumours (most of them mesotheliomas) was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of fibrous dusts (chrysotile, palygorscite, crocidolite, glass fibres, nemalite). Treatment with 8 types of granular dusts led though applicating a high dosage (50--100 mg) to neoplasms in only a small percentage of animals. After intraperitoneal application of 2 mg of chrysotile, crocidolite or glass fibres a tumour incidence in a range from 16% to 38% was observed and fibrous reaction was slight. 100 mg of milled chrysotile with relative short fibres (99.8% less than 5 mum, 99.5% less than 3 mum) caused no asbestosis, nevertheless tumours developed in 32% of the rats. Intraperitoneal injection of fibrous dusts also induced mesotheliomas in mice, however not in Syrian hamsters and guinea pigs. Our results point out that the fibrous shape of asbestos dust causes its carcinogenic effect and that furthermore other fibrous dusts can also lead to tumours. Prerequisites are an adequate measure of the fibres and their constancy in the tissue. For these two parameters no exact dates exist. It is estimated that a fibre with a diameter less than 1 mum and a length less than 3 mum exert a cancerogenic effect. Furthermore, a sequence of other factors has an importance for the dose-effect relationship of fibrous dusts. Material of the fibres plays a role in so far it defines the effect producing amount of fibres. The relevance of the results of animal experiments to man is discussed especially with regard to the cancerogenic effect of glass fibres.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Overview of radon, lead and asbestos exposure.

Reducing the incidence of diseases caused by exposure to radon, lead and asbestos is a major public health challenge. Radon gas, which usually enters a home through the foundation, can cause lung cancer. Exposure to lead through paint, auto emissions and other sources can cause neurologic deficits, as well as anemia, abnormal vitamin D metabolism, nephropathy, hypertension and reproductive abnormalities. Asbestos, which is used in a vast number of products, is primarily associated with parenchymal asbestosis, pleural fibrosis, mesothelioma and lung cancer. The family physician can play a pivotal role in providing information about hazardous exposure, sources of exposure, epidemiology and disease prevention.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

An investigation of crocidolite contamination and mesothelioma in a rural area of China.

Crocidolite was found to be ubiquitous in a county in southwestern China. It had been widely used in the making of road pavement, stoves, wall paint, etc. The environmental levels of the asbestos fibers were determined. Of the 2175 local residents examined, 16 had asbestosis and 232 had pleural plaques. These clinical manifestations were noted mainly in patients over 50 years of age.

Asbestos↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physiologic testing in preventing occupational lung disease.

In summary, although CT scans can demonstrate abnormalities, there are minimal data suggesting that these findings are of physiologic significance. This observation would be similar to the CT detection of unsuspected pleural plaques on routine chest radiographs in workers or others exposed to asbestos fiber who remain clinically asymptomatic with normal lung function. Further radiographic progression and clinical and/or functional impairment would not be generally expected for localized pleural plaques and/or radiographically negative, 0/1, 1/0, or 1/1 asbestosis. Radiographic progression has infrequently been noted following withdrawal from exposure. Understanding of underlying physiologic mechanisms and attention to the meaning of pathologic-physiologic relationships can help improve the utilization of pulmonary function testing for preventing occupational lung disease.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

[Thoracic pain, dyspnea].

A 54-year old patient was admitted to the hospital with chest pain, dyspnea and left-sided pleural effusion, which was confirmed by a radiograph of the chest. In view of an exposure to asbestosis a CT scan of the chest was performed, which showed pleural thickening. The suspected diagnosis of a malignant mesothelioma was confirmed by needle biopsy of a paraaortic lymph node. Because of the existence of metastases a palliative pleurectomy was performed. Histologically a malignant mesothelioma of the biphasic type was found. The patient died less than half a year later from local progression of the tumor.

Chest Pain↗
PubMed1991

The recognition and control of occupational disease.

Occupational diseases account each year in the United States for an estimated 50,000 to 70,000 deaths and 350,000 new cases of illness. Often, however, occupational diseases are not correctly diagnosed, because they mimic diseases due to other causes and because most physicians are not well trained in their recognition. Opportunities for prevention and treatment are therefore lost. The occupational history is the most effective means for proper diagnosis of occupational illness. It should routinely be obtained for every patient. A brief but systematic guide for obtaining an occupational history is presented in this report. Also, approaches are summarized for the recognition and diagnosis of such important occupational diseases as occupational cancer, asbestosis and other respiratory disorders, and occupational neuropsychologic disorders. The management and prevention of occupational diseases depend on reduction of hazardous exposures in the workplace and better education of workers, industrial managers, and physicians. This report outlines a program for the control of occupational disease based on (1) preventing exposures in the workplace, (2) premarket toxicity testing of new chemicals and technologies, and (3) astute clinical diagnosis.

Asthma↗
PubMed1990

[Dust levels and dust-induced diseases in the main dust-producing industries].

The data on airborne dust and occupational disease in the main dust-related industries of the People's Republic of Bulgaria are generalized and analyzed for a period of 15 years. In the ore producing industry is established a stability in the concentration of total and respirable dust 1-2 TWA concentrations and decrease of silica content in dust. The highest occupational hazard is registered in diggers. The levels of TWA total and respirable dust and silica concentrations in the other underground mines as well as in the overground industries are strongly variable and high. Silicosis is still in the first place among dust-related diseases, but mainly among miners of advanced age. The newly detected other pneumoconiosis, asbestosis, mixed pneumoconiosis are already more than the cases of silicotuberculosis. An essential part is taken by the newly detected diffusive pneumosclerosis and dust bronchitis. The distribution of the newly detected occupational lung diseases is studied according to branches of industry.

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1990

[Medico-legal statistics on occupational asthmna in Quebec between 1986 and 1988].

The authors have carried out a statistical analysis of cases of occupational asthma and other occupational lung diseases submitted to the Ministry of Labour in Quebec between 1986 and 1988. The total number of claims was 913, 993, and 866 respectively for the 3 years of which 61% to 71% were accepted. 41% to 55% were new assessments. Of 228 new claims accepted in 1988, 81 (36%) were for occupational asthma. This number surpassed the number of claims accepted for traditional pneumoconiosis (asbestos = 30, and silicose = 36). Isocyanates were the principle cause of occupational asthma (23% of cases were recognised in 1988) followed by flour, red and white cedar, snow crab process workers, and various pharmaceutical products and grains. In comparison with statistics in 1977, one noticed there was a large reversal of the frequency of certain occupational lung diseases that are recognised, because at that time asbestosis and silicosis were the principle causes of claims put forward and accepted. The authors discuss the statistical bias of occupational lung disease obtained by medico-legal agencies. Although occupational asthma has not been the object of the systematic screening program in the work place and although there is a tendency for workers to avoid or abandon their occupation more often than in the traditional pneumoconioses current protection is sufficient in Quebec to motivate individuals who are possibly suffering from occupational asthma to put in a claim for compensation.

Asthma↗
PubMed1990

Chrysotile asbestos exposures can produce an alveolitis with limited fibrosing activity in a subset of high fibre retainer sheep.

Inhalation of fibrogenic mineral dust may enhance fibronectin (Fn) production by alveolar macrophages and increase fibroblast growth activity (FGA) in lung lavage fluid. To investigate the relationship of these changes to fibre retention and the development of asbestosis, we exposed 15 sheep to 100 mg Canadian chrysotile fibres in 100 ml saline, and ten sheep to 100 ml saline only, at ten day intervals. The animals were studied at 3 month intervals. At month 18, ten sheep had abnormal chest radiograph (category greater than or equal to 1) (group B) and five had normal radiograph (category 0) (group A). Pulmonary function data indicated restrictive patterns of abnormalities in both groups, more severe in group B. Sheep in group A had bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cellularity and biochemistry comparable to controls; sheep in group B had significant increases in total BAL cells (x2), macrophages (x2), neutrophils (x4) and eosinophils (x3), increased BAL lactate dehydrogenase and Fn, but FGA and procollagen 3 comparable to controls. Fibre retention was significantly increased in all exposed sheep and 2.5 x higher in group B vs group A despite similar exposures (70 intratracheal, 100 mg chrysotile infusions). Enhanced fibre retention in group B preceded the appearance of disease. This study confirms our earlier observation linking individual susceptibility to development of alveolitis to individual dust burden and provides evidence that the excess of fibre retention can be observed before detectable disease. In addition, we report a chrysotile-induced early alveolitis with incompletely expressed fibrosing activity at the time of initial radiographic detection. The intensity of the alveolitis is related to the degree of fibre retention.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Man-made mineral fibers (MMMF): human exposures and health risk assessment.

MMMF are made by spraying or extruding molten glass, furnace slag, or mineral rock. Health concerns are based on the morphological and toxicological similarities between MMMF and asbestos, and the well-documented evidence that asbestos fibers can cause lung fibrosis (asbestosis), bronchial cancer, and mesothelioma in humans. Epidemiological evidence for human disease from inhalation exposures to fibrous glass is largely negative. Some positive associations have been reported for slag and rockwools. Most of the toxicological evidence for MMMF toxicity in laboratory animals is based on non-physiological exposures such as intratracheal instillation or intraperitoneal injection of fiber suspensions. The risks for lung fibrosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma for industrial exposures to most fibrous glass products are either low or negligible for a variety of reasons. First, most commercial fibrous glass products have mean fiber diameters of approximately 7.5 microns, which results in mean aerodynamic diameters greater than 22 microns. Thus, most glass fibers, even if dispersed into the air, do not penetrate into the lung to any great extent. Second, the small fraction of smaller diameter fibers which do penetrate into the lungs are not persistent within the lungs for most fibrous glass products, due to mechanical breakage into shorter lengths and dissolution. Dissolution is most rapid for the smaller diameters (less than 0.1 micron) capable of producing mesothelioma. The greater hazards for slag and rockwools, in comparison to conventional fibrous glass, appear to be related to their smaller diameters and greater durability within the lungs.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1990

Exposure to man-made mineral fibers: a summary of current animal data.

The inhalation of asbestos fibers (crocidolite, chrysotile and amosite) has been implicated in the development of a number of lung disorders including lung cancer, asbestosis, and mesothelioma. The mechanism responsible for these effects is not well characterized but is generally thought to be related to the fibrous nature of these materials. Therefore, concerns have also been raised as to the potential health impact of other fibrous materials including man-made mineral fibers. Man-made mineral fibers are being used as substitutes for asbestos in a wide range of products. However, relatively little data are available on the potential health impact of these fibrous materials. Epidemiology and clinical studies have served as an important source of information on the effect of various environmental pollutants, but have not been sufficient to date to fully address the potential health impact of man-made mineral fibers. This is due in part to the relatively recent introduction of a number of these materials, the long latency period before the onset of clinical symptoms, and in general, the lower exposure levels associated with these materials. Therefore, a number of animal studies have been performed to predict or confirm the toxicity of various man-made mineral fibers in humans. Both fibrosis and mesothelioma have been induced in experimental animals exposed to man-made mineral fibers although no disease has been consistently observed in occupationally exposed workers.2+ While little is known about the mechanism of this response, information from animal and cell culture experiments indicate that dose, fiber dimension, and fiber durability are the most important factors in determining the biological activity of these materials.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1990

[The significance of pleural fluid cytology in the differential diagnosis of pleurisy showing lymphocyte-predominant pleural effusion].

We examined the significance of pleural fluid cytology in differentiation between tuberculous and non-tuberculous pleurisy in patients with lymphocyte-predominant pleural effusion. We divided pleural fluid cytologic findings into two patterns, that is "tuberculous" and "non-tuberculous pattern", according to the report by Spieler, and compared the cytologic pattern with the final clinical diagnosis. Thirteen out of 19 cases (68.4%) with tuberculous pleurisy showed "tuberculous pattern" in the pleural fluid cytology, while four (pleurisy associated with collagen-vascular disease, asbestosis and carcinoma, and idiopathic pleurisy) out of 13 (30.8%) with non-tuberculous pleurisy revealed "tuberculous pattern". The pleural fluid cytology could be used as one of the additional means to differentiate between tuberculous and non-tuberculous pleurisy, though it is impossible to differentiate between them with the pleural fluid cytology alone.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1990

Radiation-induced malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is a rare and usually fatal disease. Its association with asbestosis is well recognized. The authors report a case of malignant pleural mesothelioma that developed 30 years after the patient underwent radiotherapy for breast cancer. This appears to be the first such case reported in the radiology literature.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

Occupational health: a classic example of class conflict.

The history of class conflict in occupational health in the United States is illustrated by the current Pittston Company attack on coal miners' health benefits, the silicosis and asbestosis controversies, the corporate restrictions on state workers' compensation laws, and the unremitting management opposition to the federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 and the Occupational Health and Safety Act of 1970. A positive action program is presented as the basis for convening the long-overdue White House Conference on Occupational Health and Safety. Mining engineers are urged to support that action program to prevent unnecessary work-related death and disability.

Humans↗