Women as food producers and suppliers in the twentieth century. The case of Zambia.
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Africa↗
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Results for “workforce development”
Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.
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Why does A&E attract newly qualified registered nurses?
Workforce planning is a particular buzzword that nurse managers must grapple with and now must understand. They must develop strategies to ensure the life and growth of a department while incorporating numerous government targets to ensure the service reaches quality, achieves and meets predetermined goals. To do all this that manager needs a workforce. The recruitment of nursing staff to a specialist area such as Accident & Emergency (A&E) requires a level of creativity and sustained effort. Newly qualified registered nurse working in A&E have, in the past, been considered to be an unusual group of staff to apply to work in A&E. However, many health service managers receive applications from staff in this category and are often encouraged to recruit newly qualified registered nurse's rather than pay for agency workers. Using a qualitative approach this paper explores the key reasons why newly qualified registered nurses choose to work in an Accident & Emergency environment. Data was collected from a sample of 25 newly qualified registered nurses and analysed thematically. Five themes are presented: challenge, teamwork, diversity, support, and learning. These themes have implications for Accident and Emergency units and human resource and workforce planning departments.
Adult↗
Economic recession and international labour migration in the Arab Gulf.
"The article examines the broad effects of economic recession on immigrant labour flows into the Arab Gulf states. Attention is focussed on Kuwait which has experienced a significant reduction in new expatriate labour inflows since 1983. At the same time, however, the increasing rate of work permit renewals and of job transfers within the labour market suggest a growing stability of the expatriate workforce. As a result it is concluded that the economic recession may not result in a significant draw-down on expatriate labour stocks."
Asia↗
The floating population: an informal process of urbanisation in China.
"This paper attempts to employ substantial source materials to shed light on the characteristics of population migration in a centrally planned society that is in the process of transforming to a market economy. In order to compare rural-urban migration in China with that in other developing countries, the data on 1985-1990 interprovincial population migration have been analysed. Some demographic research techniques on population migration, such as the impact on the place of origin and the place of destination, have been employed to assess the influence of rural-urban migration on China's long-term economic development. Economic betterment appears to be the sole motivation of rural population migration in China."
Asia↗
Worker training for new threats: a proposed framework.
BACKGROUND: In an effort to identify health and safety training needs for various groups of workers related to weapons of mass destruction, including chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons and high yield explosives (CBRNE), a conference, "Worker Training in a New Era: Responding to New Threats," was held at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in October 2002. METHODS: Two questions were addressed: Which general skills and knowledge are common to all workers who might be exposed to terrorist threats from CBRNE weapons? What are the particular skills and knowledge relevant to these threats that are specific to workers in different sectors? RESULTS: Thirteen core components for pre- and post-event training were identified. Pre-event training applies to all workers. Post-event training applies to selected personnel including first responders, skilled support personnel, and other workers involved in these operations. Recommendations to improve worker safety training related to preparedness include: identify specific competencies for worker pre- and post-event training; coordinate Federal policy on worker training for CBRNE hazards; adopt federal guidelines or standards on worker training for new CBRNE threats, based on the competencies and coordinated Federal policy; conduct an inventory of training programs and other resources that could be used or adapted for use for new threats; and develop new training content and methods for pre- and post-event training to address specific competencies. CONCLUSIONS: Given the possibility for the introduction of CBRNE threats into the workplace, all workers need some training in the potential hazards involved: the individual worker's specific role in an emergency; incident command; activation of the emergency notification system; use of personal protective equipment (PPE); and safe evacuation of the workplace. While some occupational sectors have developed effective training related to these new threats, there is a need to develop, implement, and evaluate training programs across many different sectors of the workforce.
Disaster Planning↗
The use of paramedics in family planning services in Iran.
In the Family Planning Department of Farah Maternity Hospital, from 1968 to 1976, paramedics were trained to administer all reversible methods of family planning and pregnancy termination up to ten weeks and to perform a limited number of abdominal and vaginal tubectomies (1). From 1974 to 1976, all the above methods, except tubal ligation, were performed satisfactorily on 460 417 acceptors at a clinic not located in the hospital. The complication rate of 1%-5% was the same whether the procedures were performed by paramedics or by physicians. The project has been economical. It has been accepted by both patients and paramedics and has freed doctors to carry out other work.
Abortion, Induced↗
Toward a general analysis of endogenous Easterlin cycles.
Easterlin believed that there were two features associated with the birth cycles he observed: the cycles were related to the labor market, and they might be self-generating. This paper tries to set up a model that contains both of these two features. The authors suppose that the welfare of various age-specific cohorts are determined by their respective marginal productivity, and that the underlying technology which puts together labor force of various age-specific cohorts can be characterized by a general production function. Under these weak assumptions, they show that the well-analyzed cohort and period models along the lines of Lee (1974) are restricted versions of the general setting. Given that both the cohort model and the period model were rejected by statistical tests, the authors adopt the coefficient values obtained from the estimation of the unrestricted version to perform the bifurcation analysis. They go beyond the previous study which focused upon the possible existence of limit cycles, and show that the US fertility limit cycle solution is unstable. Therefore the population trajectory will never converge to that limit cycle.
Americas↗
The labour supply of married and cohabiting women in the Netherlands, 1981-1989.
"In this article we investigate the differences in labour supply of married women and cohabiting women in the Netherlands; we try to answer the question how these differences can be explained. From this study, it can be concluded that differences between both categories of women in participation and in weekly hours worked can predominantly be explained by differences in characteristics (e.g. age, net wage rate, and age of children), than by differences in behaviour. The empirical results indicate that cohabiting women are more economically independent than married women. However for married women we found evidence that there was increased economic independence during the eighties; i.e. their weekly hours work has become less affected by the income of their partners." (SUMMARY IN FRE)
Demography↗
The decision to retire: the case of Dutch men aged 50-64.
"The main aim of this paper is to determine the extent to which people respond to economic incentives with respect to the decision to retire from the labour force. The data used are for Dutch men aged 50-64. First, a brief description is given of the labour force status of the elderly in the Netherlands. Then an attempt is made to estimate the impact on the retirement decision of the replacement rate and the income of the spouse by estimating a five-equation model. It is concluded that these economic factors play a significant role." (SUMMARY IN FRE)
Adult↗
[Preventive aspects and problems of a rural health project in Chad--the need for health motivation].
Some of the main difficulties encountered in health work in developing countries depend on the sociocultural conditions. Health animatiod until now) of rural health care. Its implementation requires the training and recycling of existing health personnel as well as of parts of the population. It includes the concept of "barefoot doctor", which corresponds well to the prevailing priority health needs. One should note potential difficulties, however, for example in regard to the way the barefoot doctor is to be remunerated (the author discusses some possibilities). It isn't easy either, in practice, to mobilize the community through health education and to obtain its participation in prevention and health promotion measures. The crucial element is to win its confidence. The author describes his practical experiences in Chad in this respect. Health animation stimulates the responsabilization and the development of a prospective outlook in people, and can thus make an important contribution to their overall development efforts. It is necessary to fight factors which slow down such an evolution, among which certain habits as well as obstacles of an administrative nature.
Chad↗
Urbanization and rural labor supply: a historical study of Bogota, Colombia since 1920.
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Americas↗
Overurbanization and underdevelopment in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-national study.
"This paper discusses both the urban bias and world-system theories of overurbanization and presents a cross-national analysis of 32 African nations to test these perspectives. The analysis is divided into three parts. First, the effects of urban bias (i.e., the disparity in welfare between rural and urban areas) and economic dependence on overurbanization are examined. Next, the association between overurbanization and (1) the structure of the labor force and (2) economic growth is tested. Finally, the relationship between the structure of the labor force and economic growth is evaluated." The results indicate that "the rural-urban disparity and foreign investment facilitate overurbanization, and that an increase in level of overurbanization has a deleterious impact on both the structure of the labor force and economic growth. Furthermore, there is strong evidence indicating that an increase in service-sector employment has a negative effect on economic growth."
Africa↗
Labour market forecasting in Australia: the science of the art.
"This article, which is written for the non-economist, overviews recent attempts at labour market forecasting in Australia and summarizes contemporary views on their contribution towards enhancing the efficiency of the Australian labour market. Current methods of forecasting are described and assessed purely from a theoretical perspective. The paper does not attempt to assess the accuracy or otherwise of Australian labour market forecasts...."
Australia↗
Making sense of Census data: a components analysis of employment change among indigenous Australians.
"The 1996 Census count of indigenous Australians included a substantial number of individuals who were not recorded as indigenous by the previous census. This paper considers the implications of this for interpreting change in employment numbers. Two adjustments are made to employment change data. First, reverse survival of the 1996 population is applied to reconstruct 1991 employment figures. Second, administrative data are used to discount employment generated by participation in labour market programs. The effect is to substantially deflate the strong intercensal employment growth apparent from census counts with the conclusion that the rate of indigenous employment in the mainstream labour market has fallen."
Australia↗
Aboriginal socio-economic characteristics: issues affecting the interpretation of statistics.
Statistical data on aborigines in Australia are examined, and it is recognized that internationally accepted census definitions and criteria may not be appropriate for analyzing the situation of aboriginal groups. In particular, the author "uses 1981 census-based comparisons of some Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal socio-economic characteristics and discusses how these assessments are affected by Aboriginal attributes. Attention is confined to three commonly used socio-economic indicators: labour force status, occupational category and income (on an individual and per capita basis)--all examined on an Australia-wide basis and specifically for the Northern Territory."
Australia↗
Income prospects and age-at-marriage.
"This paper provides an empirical investigation of a theoretical model of the marriage market. In the model, women are valued more for their ability to bear children and men are valued more for the ability to make money. Men cannot reveal their labor market ability to potential spouses until they enter the labor force. At the same time, the relevant information for evaluating females as spouses is revealed at a younger age. The model predicts that the income of males will be positively associated with age-at-first-marriage. We find empirical support for the model [based on U.S. data]. However, we also find the association between male earnings and age-at-first-marriage becomes negative for those who married after age 30, which was not predicted by the model. Consistent with the model, we do not find a strong relationship between earnings and age-at-first-marriage among females."
Americas↗
Moral state of reasoning and the misperceived "duty" to report past crimes (misprision).
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Criminal Law↗
Injections: a fatal attraction?
The abuse of injections in the developing world has reached alarming proportions in recent years. Formal as well as informal health providers administer far too many injections to clients who perceive this form of treatment as superior to all other forms of medicine administration. Often sterilization procedures are less than adequate or non-existent, thereby increasing the risk of spreading HIV and infectious diseases to all segments of the population. Very little is at present known about why injections are so popular or the extent to which they are administered in the various health care sectors in developing countries. This article gives an overview of the present state of knowledge and highlights the need for further information in order to address the problem appropriately. It is suggested that the quest for injections may be seen as part of some general trends of change in the developing world. The article also indicates some of the important areas for further research.
Developing Countries↗