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PubMed1993

Information-seeking behaviour and sources of health information: associations with risk factor status in an analysis of three Queensland electorates.

Making a special effort to gain health information has been associated with healthy behaviour. This paper identifies the information-seeking dimension and the sources of information people use and examines whether there is an association between these and individual health status. In November 1989 a randomly selected sample of 2134 adults in the electorates of Maryborough, Toowoomba and Port Curtis (Gladstone) completed a self-administered questionnaire which aimed to measure health-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour. Factor analysis identified clusters of items representing different dimensions of risky health behaviour as well as different perceived barriers to seeking preventive health care. Multiple regression analysis was then used to determine sociodemographic, attitudinal and behavioural variables related to a tendency not to seek health information and to be at risk for preventable diseases. The findings have implications for the development of future health promotion programs in provincial Australian cities. Both age and sex were significant in predicting where people obtain information on health. Women were more likely than men to seek health information and their sources of information reflected this proactive attitude to health. While there was no significant difference between the perceived health status of males and females, reported behavioural risk factors were much more prevalent in males. Most respondents had consulted a general practitioner in the previous twelve months and stated that they would change their behaviour on the advice of a medical practitioner. However, few nominated medical practitioners as their main source of health information.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Relationship between CPITN and oral health behaviour in Japanese adults.

Many studies on toothbrushing have concentrated on clinically diagnosing plaque and measuring periodontal status as indicators of oral health behaviour. From a behavioural point of view, however, the more important objective is the health behaviour itself. To investigate the relationship of oral health behaviour to periodontal status, 517 urban employees in Japan (249 men and 268 women aged 20-59 years) responded to a 20-item dental health behaviour questionnaire, entitled the HU-DBI, and had their periodontal conditions examined using the CPITN. Only 1 per cent were found with a healthy periodontium (Code 0), and 9 per cent had bleeding on probing (Code 1). Calculus (Code 2) was the most prevalent condition with 51 per cent of subjects having this code as the worst condition, followed by shallow pockets (Code 3) in 30 per cent, and deep pockets (Code 4) in 9 per cent of the sample. The mean HU-DBI score was 4.2 (out of 12). Females had somewhat higher scores than males (4.4 vs. 4.0, p < 0.05). CPITN had a negative relationship with the HU-DBI (r = -0.26, p < 0.001), and a positive relationship with age (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). Similar relationships were observed in each gender. These data demonstrate the relationship of age with periodontal status, and periodontal status with oral health behaviour. A two-dimensional matrix of HU-DBI score by CPITN may provide a simple and effective means of identifying low and high risk individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Behavioural changes in stabled horses given nontherapeutic levels of virginiamycin.

Abnormal behaviour commonly develops in intensively managed horses. A possible cause is the change in diet occurring when the horse is stabled. An experiment was performed to examine this possibility by manipulating the diet with the feed supplement virginiamycin, as Founderguard. During 4 weeks, 18 horses were fed diets ranging from hay alone to concentrate plus hay in the ratio of 3:1. The rations of half the horses given concentrate were supplemented with Founderguard. Horses eating high concentrate rations displayed abnormal oral behaviours at a higher frequency than those eating only hay. The incidence of these behaviours was reduced when diets were supplemented with Founderguard. The drop in faecal pH of animals on concentrate diets was also reduced by Founderguard. Animals on concentrate diets had an average of 21 kg less gut fill post mortem. Dietary supplementation with virginiamycin as Founderguard apparently lessens some behavioural problems associated with management of stabled horses and the intake of grain. It may allow concentrate to be fed at higher levels than customary without adverse behavioural side effects. The suggested mechanism for the improved behaviour due to Founderguard supplementation is reduced fermentative acidosis in the hindgut.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1995

Dexamethasone reduces the behavioural effects induced by baclofen in mice.

The present study examines the influence of dexamethasone on the behavioural effects induced by baclofen in mice. The behaviour elements considered were locomotor activity, motor co-ordination, catalepsy, stereotyped behaviour and antinociception. Baclofen (1.0-4.0-6.0 mg kg-1, i.p.) induced a significant reduction of all behavioural elements studied and an antinociceptive effect was recorded. Dexamethasone alone (0.1-0.5-1.0 mg kg-1, i.p.) did not induce significant changes in the behaviour elements considered. On the other hand, when the steroid was injected immediately before baclofen a significant reduction of baclofen's behavioural effects was found. Our results suggest a possible link between glucocorticoid and the GABA-ergic system.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Assertiveness, submissive behaviour and social comparison.

This paper explores the relationship between a new assertiveness measure (the Scale for Interpersonal Behaviour--SIB), social comparison and submissive behaviour. The paper investigates these measures in relation to the personality traits of neuroticism and introversion. Findings suggest: (a) that social comparison may be an important variable in assertiveness and submissive behaviour and shows a strong relationship to neuroticism and introversion; (b) that submissive behaviour is not the mirror opposite of assertive behaviour; and (c) submissive behaviour seems more strongly associated with introversion and neuroticism than assertive performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The therapeutic effect of reactive self-monitoring on the reduction of inappropriate social and stereotypic behaviours.

The effect of self-monitoring on the reduction of inappropriate social and stereotypic behaviour was investigated. Participants were three men and two women with mild to moderate learning disabilities. A multiple baseline design across participants was used. Participants were taught to monitor and record the frequency of their inappropriate behaviours. No extrinsic reinforcement was used throughout the study. Assessments of language ability and functional significance of behaviours were made. Significant reductions in target behaviours for all participants were observed. The findings suggest that individuals with learning disabilities have the potential to use self-regulatory procedures to control their behaviour with a minimum of external intervention. The implications of language development and functional covariation of behaviours are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Affective factors and learning behaviour in secondary school mathematics and English lessons for average and low attainers.

This study had two broad aims; firstly, to investigate the predictive relationships between i) overall subject affective factors (attitude and subjective norm), ii) specific lesson factors (behaviour intention, perceived preventive factors and self efficacy) and iii) learning behaviour during lessons; and secondly, to investigate the consistency of these affective factors across English and maths, and whether there were differences between average and low attaining pupils in these affective factors. Twenty-eight boys and girls, aged 11-14 years, in an inner city comprehensive school were assessed for these factors in two subjects over two occasions. It was found that neither attitude nor subjective norm were consistently predictive of intentions. The lesson specific factors (behaviour intention, preventive factors and self efficacy), which were inter-related, were moderately predicted by past learning behaviour, and were each predictive of subsequent learning behaviour. Pupils were also consistent in their affective perspectives to learning maths and English, though few differences were found between average and low attaining pupils. The significance of the findings is discussed in terms of the theoretical links between self efficacy and reasoned action approaches, the context of assessment and the nature of behaviour intention.

Achievement↗
PubMed1996

Locus of control in behaviourally disordered children.

It is widely held that behaviourally disordered children have greater difficulty than their peers in recognising a contingent relationship between their actions and subsequent outcomes (i.e., they have a relatively external locus of control) yet studies have not examined intra-group differences within this population. For this reason, this study explored the relationship between a number of specific behaviours and locus of control in 237 children with emotional and behavioural difficulties. Cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimensional scaling were employed to group locus of control items and behaviours in ways which might assist prediction. The findings indicated very little relationship between locus of control and behaviour. It is suggested that clinicians working with behaviourally disordered children should treat the claims for the construct's therapeutic importance with a degree of caution.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Dynamics of behaviour in the Strange Situation: a structural equation approach.

In this paper, we present a structural equation approach to modelling infant behaviour in the Strange Situation. A model was developed on a Dutch data set, and was subsequently cross-validated for an American data set containing the original Ainsworth data. Model building is reported in some detail as no previous similar analyses of the Strange Situation exist in the literature. The latent variables in the preferred model are stranger wariness, minimization or deactivation of attachment concerns, and maximization or hyperactivation of attachment concerns. Stranger wariness influences only the subsequent behaviour towards the mother, and behaviour in the second reunion episode is dependent on the same mother behaviour in the first reunion episode, and not on other mother behaviours. Structural equation modelling behaviour in the Strange Situation is shown to provide further insight into the dynamics of the procedure.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1988

Type A behaviour and the healthy individual.

The Type A behaviour pattern (TABP) is an interesting and controversial construct that has generated debate, empirical testing, and behavioural modification attempts. TABP is depicted as consisting of impatient or hurried behaviour, a strong orientation toward work responsibilities and task completion, and intensive competitive behaviour in situations that involve evaluation. Recently, the importance of what is called the anger/hostility dimension has been emphasized in research studies. After more than two decades of debate, testing, and attempting to modify the entire TABP there is now a growing acceptance of the proposition that a major overhaul or change in the TABP is not necessary or even feasible. The Type A person is also now being presented as possessing many desirable characteristics and healthy behaviours that are worth reinforcing. The present paper provides a brief review of the contradictory research evidence surrounding the Type A syndrome. Theorists, researchers, and organizational practitioners are encouraged to seek improvements in understanding the TABP through improved assessment and how it can be modified in generally healthy individuals. A theoretical model to guide improvement efforts in measurement and intervention is provided as a viable framework to examine causal pathways between antecedents, Type A core behaviours, responses, and consequences.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed2005

Regulation of sexual behaviour in male macaques by sex steroid modulation of the serotonergic system.

The view that androgen action is the primary impetus underlying male-typical behaviour has been irrevocably altered by the profound perturbations in social and sexual behaviour observed in recent models of oestrogen insufficiency in male mice. Evidence is also accumulating for an involvement of oestrogens in the modulation of neural systems that are thought to play important roles in male reproductive functioning. Specifically, the serotonergic system is implicated in diverse autonomic functions, most or all of which are sensitive to oestradiol as well. Although their interaction domains have yet to be examined in male primates, roles have been established for both oestrogen and serotonin in the regulation of male sexual behaviour. We used a blinded, sham-treated and self-controlled, randomized, multitreatment cross-over design to test the hypothesis that male sexual behaviour is regulated by oestrogen modulation of the serotonergic system in intact male Japanese macaques. Regression analysis revealed that oestradiol and whole blood tryptophan, but not testosterone or 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, had additive, independent effects on male potentia over a range of hormone concentrations, whereas androgens were confirmed to be the primary determinants of sexual motivation. We suggest that modulation of the serotonergic system by 'female hormones' may be fundamental to the regulation of male mating success in higher primates. This might also explain, at least in part, why significant correlations between steroid hormones and male copulatory behaviour have traditionally proven so elusive in this order, thereby warranting a re-evaluation of the current notion that male sexual behaviour has been emancipated from activational hormonal control in higher primates.

Anastrozole↗
PubMed2006

Determinants of neuropsychological and behavioural outcomes in early childhood survivors of congenital heart disease.

AIMS: To evaluate the relative effect of cyanosis, surgical interventions and family processes on neuropsychological and behavioural outcomes in 4-year-old survivors of serious congenital heart disease (CHD). METHODS: 90 children with a range of cyanotic and acyanotic conditions, who underwent either corrective or palliative surgery, completed a neuropsychological and behavioural evaluation. Families of participants were also profiled by evaluation of maternal mental health, worry, social support, parenting style and family functioning. RESULTS: Compromised neuropsychological outcomes were associated with a combination of cyanotic conditions and open-heart surgery, but this was not exacerbated by having a complex, palliative, status. Both cyanotic and acyanotic conditions were associated with specific sensorimotor delays, regardless of method of the correction. Only children with complex conditions and palliative interventions seemed at risk of poor behavioural outcomes; indeed, children with cyanosis with complete repair showed favourable behavioural outcomes compared with controls. Multivariate analyses highlighted the sometimes greater relevance of family processes (eg parenting style, maternal mental health and worry), rather than disease or surgical factors, in predicting especially behavioural outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The findings (1) suggest a more complex relationship between cyanosis, surgical methods of correction, neuropsychological and behavioural outcomes than previously charted, (2) highlight that family processes may be aetiologically more important than disease and surgical factors, and (3) indicate specific targets for secondary prevention programmes for this at-risk population.

Anxiety↗
PubMed1993

Can brain impairment be detected by in utero behavioural patterns?

Fetal behavioural patterns were examined to test whether they could be used to localise sites of brain damage antenatally. Decreased fetal movement, persistent nonreactive fetal heart rate (FHR) pattern, and/or central nervous system malformation were used as indicators of possible neurological impairment. Ten fetuses tested in this way underwent further ultrasound examination observing movement of the extremities, chest wall (breathing), and eye and mouth, and active/quiet FHR patterns. Eight of these 10 fetuses were found on postnatal examination to have a brain impairment. The fetuses having potential in utero brain impairment were divided into four groups: those with (1) lesion sites at, or caudal to, the pons-medulla that were specifically identified by fetal behaviour, (2) diffuse lesions in the brain which, although resulting in abnormal behaviour, could not be localised by this behaviour, (3) lesions localised in the cerebral hemisphere(s) but with no abnormal behaviour and (4) temporally abnormal behaviour in utero, finally changing over to a normal pattern with no neonatal neurological abnormality. A screening system for the antenatal assessment of brain impairment is thus proposed.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed2002

Long term behavioural outcome after neonatal arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries.

AIMS: To evaluate behavioural outcome and quality of life in children aged 8-14 years after neonatal arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries. METHODS: Sixty children operated as neonates with combined deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and low flow cardiopulmonary bypass were evaluated at age 7.9-14.3 years by the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) and the Inventory for the Assessment of the Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents (IQCL). RESULTS: Parent reported behavioural outcome on all CBCL problem and competence scores was worse, whereas quality of life on self reported IQCL scores was not reduced compared to the normal population. On multivariate analysis, severe preoperative hypoxia was related to parent reported social problems; peri- and postoperative cardiocirculatory insufficiency was associated with internalizing, externalizing, attention, and total behavioural problems. Reduced expressive language was associated with total behavioural problems, and poor academic achievement was related to parent reported deficits in school performance. Impaired neurological status and reduced endurance capacity both predicted self reported stress by illness. CONCLUSIONS: The neonatal arterial switch operation with combined circulatory arrest and low flow bypass is associated with parent reported long term behavioural impairment, but not with self reported general reduction in quality of life. This discrepancy may be a result of different perception of illness. In our experience, increased risk of long term psychosocial maladjustment after neonatal corrective cardiac surgery is related to the presence of neurological impairment and reduced endurance capacity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Long term follow up after meningitis in infancy: behaviour of teenagers.

AIMS: To determine the effects of meningitis in infancy on subsequent teenage behaviour. METHODS: A national postal survey of parents and teachers using an established standard behavioural questionnaire. Subjects were 739 of the surviving children from the national incidence study of infantile meningitis in England and Wales carried out between 1985 and 1987, together with a group of 606 matched controls that had been recruited when the index cases were 5 years old. RESULTS: 46% of parents of children who had had meningitis with complications in infancy, compared with 21% of parents of control children rated their children as having behavioural problems. When the children were rated by their teachers, 37% and 23% respectively, were scored as having behavioural problems. There was no significant difference in behaviour between the 103 children who had had meningitis during the first month of life and the 634 who had had postneonatal meningitis. Eight of the index children had been excluded from school compared to none from the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The behaviour of teenage children who had meningitis in infancy is worse than that of control children who did not have infantile meningitis when rated by parents and teachers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adolescence: ethnic and socioeconomic differences.

OBJECTIVE: To assess developmental trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in British adolescents in relation to sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). DESIGN: A 5-year longitudinal study of a diverse cohort of students aged 11-12 years at baseline in 1999. SETTING: 36 London schools sampled using a stratified random sampling procedure. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5863 students categorised as white, black or Asian, and stratified for SES using the Townsend Index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of days per week of vigorous activity leading to sweating and breathing hard. Hours of sedentary behaviour, including watching television and playing video games. Data were analysed using multilevel, linear, mixed models. RESULTS: Marked reductions in physical activity and increases in sedentary behaviour were noticed between ages 11-12 and 15-16 years. Boys were more active than girls, and the decline in physical activity was greater in girls (46% reduction) than in boys (23%). Asian students were less active than whites, and this was also true of black girls but not boys. Black students were more sedentary than white students. Levels of sedentary behaviour were greater in respondents from lower SES. Most differences between ethnic and SES groups were present at age 11 years, and did not evolve over the teenage years. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity declines and sedentary behaviour becomes more common during adolescence. Ethnic and SES differences are observed in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in British youth that anticipate adult variations in adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk. These are largely established by age 11-12 years, so reversing these patterns requires earlier intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Randomised controlled trial of intensive cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with chronic schizophrenia.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether intensive cognitive behaviour therapy results in significant improvement in positive psychotic symptoms in patients with chronic schizophrenia. DESIGN: Patients with chronic schizophrenia were randomly allocated, stratified according to severity of symptoms and sex, to intensive cognitive behaviour therapy and routine care, supportive counselling and routine care, and routine care alone. SETTING: Adjunct treatments were carried out in outpatient clinics or in the patient's home. SUBJECTS: 87 patients with persistent positive symptoms who complied with medication; 72 completed treatment. OUTCOME MEASURES: Assessments of positive psychotic symptoms before treatment and 3 months after treatment. Number of patients who showed a 50% or more improvement in symptoms. Exacerbation of symptoms and rates of readmission to hospital. RESULTS: Significant improvements were found in the severity (F=5.42, df =2,86; P=0.006) and number (F=4.99, df=2,86; P=0.009) of positive symptoms in those treated with cognitive behaviour therapy. The supportive counselling group showed a non-significant improvement. Significantly more patients treated with cognitive behaviour therapy showed an improvement of 50% or more in their symptoms (chi2=5.18, df=1; P=0.02). Logistic regression indicated that receipt of cognitive behaviour therapy results in almost eight times greater odds (odds ratio 7.88) of showing this improvement. The group receiving routine care alone also experienced more exacerbations and days spent in hospital. CONCLUSIONS: Cognitive behaviour therapy is a potentially useful adjunct treatment in the management of patients with chronic schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cognitive behaviour therapy in addition to antispasmodic treatment for irritable bowel syndrome in primary care: randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy delivered in primary care for treating irritable bowel syndrome. DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial. SETTING: 10 general practices in London. PARTICIPANTS: 149 patients with moderate or severe irritable bowel syndrome resistant to the antispasmodic mebeverine. INTERVENTIONS: Cognitive behaviour therapy delivered by trained primary care nurses plus 270 mg mebeverine taken thrice daily compared with mebeverine treatment alone. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary measures were patients' scores on the irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity scale. Secondary measures were scores on the work and social adjustment scale and the hospital anxiety and depression scale. RESULTS: Of 334 referred patients, 72 were randomised to mebeverine plus cognitive behaviour therapy and 77 to mebeverine alone. Cognitive behaviour therapy had considerable initial benefit on symptom severity compared with mebeverine alone, with a mean reduction in score of 68 points (95% confidence interval 103 to 33), with the benefit persisting at three months and six months after therapy (mean reductions 71 points (109 to 32) and 11 points (20 to 3)) but not later. Cognitive behaviour therapy also showed significant benefit on the work and social adjustment scale that was still present 12 months after therapy (mean reduction 2.8 points (5.2 to 0.4)), but had an inconsistent effect on the hospital anxiety and depression scale. CONCLUSION: Cognitive behaviour therapy delivered by primary care nurses offered additional benefit over mebeverine alone up to six months, although the effect had waned by 12 months. Such therapy may be useful for certain patients with irritable bowel syndrome in primary care.

Adolescent↗