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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Development and application of a fully automated continuous flow radioimmunoassay system.

A fully automated, continuous flow radioimmunoassay system is described. The antibodies are covalently linked to a magnetic cellulose solid phase and separation of bound and free antigen is achieved by applying an external electromagnetic field. The bound fraction, after washing, is counted in a flow-through gamma counter chamber. The system employing Auto Analyzer modules, is highly reproducible and allows assays to be performed without equilibrium being reached, and only 10 minutes incubation time is required. The method is universally applicable to the assay of ligands, either protein, hormone, or drug, and for obtaining information about binding proteins. A new approach to the latter has been developed and is illustrated by a fully automated thyroid hormone uptake test which gives better discrimination between normal and pathological states than existing assays. The system operates at 30 samples/h and is characterised by the high precision, speed, and minimal carry-over which can be achieved.

Antigens↗
PubMed2003

Sensitivity of a low energy Ge detector system for in vivo monitoring in the framework of ICRP 78 applications.

In in vivo detection of internal contamination by actinides the minimum detectable activities (MDAs) correspond to significant doses, so the sensitivity of the detection system is the key to establishing adequate individual monitoring programmes for internal exposure to these radionuclides. The whole body counting (WBC) faculty at CIEMAT uses a low-energy Ge detector system with different available counting geometries to estimate the retention of actinides in the lungs and evaluate 125I in thyroid and 241Am in bone (skull and knee). A study of the factors and uncertainties involved in estimations of MDA is presented for lung and thyroid monitoring. The dependence of detection limits on counting efficiency in the measurement of low-energy emitters in the lungs has been carefully studied, carrying out a comparison among different biometric equations obtained by ultrasound techniques for estimations of chest wall thickness. Dosimetric implications of the estimated MDAs are taken into account in the framework of ICRP 78 application and considering Spanish regulations. The main interest in lung measurements is for the assessment of occupational exposure. This work confirms the low-energy Ge detector system to be an adequate in vivo technique for the routine monitoring of internal exposure to most insoluble uranium compounds (detection of 3% enriched uranium in lungs), and also to be useful in special monitoring programmes or in the case of incidents when the detection of 241Am is required.

Actinoid Series Elements↗
PubMed2004

Application of receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) analysis when definitive and suspect morphologic flags appear in the new Coulter LH 750 analyzer.

Workflow efficiency is important in every laboratory. Manual assessment of white blood cell counts and differentials that have been rejected by an automated analyzer is one of the most time-consuming tasks in the routine hematology laboratory. In this study, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was used for the first time when anomalous distribution and suspect flag alarms appeared in hemograms carried out with the new Beckman Coulter LH 750 analyzer. This article is our second about the LH 750 analyzer published in this journal; we increased the number of cases and describe the novel application of statistical analysis of ROC curves. In processing of specimens from patients with 3% to 6% immature granulocytes (myelocytes + metamyelocytes + bands ), the suspect flag Imm Ne 1 (immature granulocytes) showed 77% diagnostic efficiency with a maximum area under curve (AUC) of 0.71 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.597 to 0.831 without significant differences between the 3 available levels of alarms in the analyzer (L1, L2, L2). In processing of specimens from patients with >6% immature granulocytes, the Imm Ne 1 flag showed superior diagnostic efficiency of 98% with a maximum AUC of 0.80 and a CI of 0.713 to 0.879. The suspect flag Imm Ne 2 in processing of specimens from patients with >6% of immature granulocytes showed diagnostic efficiency of 92% with a maximum AUC of 0.77 and a CI of 0.665 to 0.871, finding a significant positive difference in level L3 regarding sensitivity in comparison with the other 2 levels of the analyzer (L1, L2). For specimens from patients with >2% blasts, the suspect Blasts alarm showed a diagnostic efficiency of 94%, an AUC of 0.91, and a CI of 0.775 to 1.043; positive differences were observed between the levels L2/L3 and L1. In processing of specimens with variant lymphocytes (large, granular, prolymphocytes, cleaved, chronic lymphocytic leukemia type, and so forth) >10% (x = 14%), the suspect alarm Var Lym (variant lymphocytes) showed a low diagnostic sensitivity of 20% with a maximum AUC of 0.59 and a CI of 0.300 to 0.870 without significant differences between the 3 available levels (L1, L2, L3). However, in processing of specimens presenting values >10% reactive or activated lymphocytes (x = 23%), typical for patients with infectious mononucleosis, the Var Lym flag showed a superior sensitivity of 75% with a diagnostic efficiency of 92% and an AUC of 0.84 with a CI of 0.587 to 1.089. Finally, the laboratory can easily program definitive abnormal morphological flags of distribution (granulocytosis, eosinophilia, monocytosis, and so forth) on the basis of its patient population. In this study we were able to carry out comparisons of AUC and to choose the values for the automated counts in percentage, absolute value, or both. Therefore we were able to define the reliability and impact on the alarm routine to optimize the performance of the user-adjustable definitive alarms for anomalous distribution.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Current aspects of the diagnosis of the nutritional status in surgery].

An exact nutritional assessment is a prerequisite for parenteral, enteral or parenteral-enteral nutrition, especially after extended operations or during conservative therapy. By using biochemical methods (visceral proteins), anthropometric measurement (body mass, triceps skinfold, arm muscle circumference, creatinine-index) and immunological procedures (total lymphocyte count and skin testing with recall-antigens) it is possible to determine exactly the nutritional status, severity and type of malnutrition. Furthermore the patients immunocompetence can be evaluated. Determining the digestion and resorption capacity enables the route of application to be chosen.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Protective effect of pantethine on experimental thrombocytopenia in the rat.

The effects of pantethine on circulating platelet counts and platelet functions were studied in normal and experimentally produced thrombocytopenic rats. Administration of pantethine to normal animals did not cause any alterations in both platelet count and function except for a slight enhancement of intravascular platelet aggregation induced by collagen or neuramindase. Injection of anti-rat platelet rabbit serum into rats resulted in acute thrombocytopenia. Administration of pantethine prior to the antiserum promoted recovery from the thrombocytopenia in a dose dependent manner, but administration of the drug after development of the thrombocytopenia was not effective. A similar result was obtained with a transietnt thrombocytopenia induced by exchange transfusion with platelet poor blood. Regardless of whether animals were treated with pantethine or not, the platelets newly generated during the course of recovery from thrombocytopenia were essentially normal in the function tested in vitro. A more chronic thrombocytopenia induced by repeated injections of the antiserum was prevented, to some significant degree, by daily administration of pantethine throughout the experimental period. In contrast to these, such effect of pantethine was not observed with the thrombocytopenia models produced bynitrogen mustard N-oxide and neuraminidase. These findings were idscussed in relation to mechanism of the action of pantethine and to possible clinical application to the drug to thrombocytopenia.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium oocysts by cell culture immunofluorescence assay: applicability to environmental samples.

In the past few years many waterborne outbreaks related to Cryptosporidium have been described. Current methods for detection of Cryptosporidium in water for the most part rely on viability assays which are not informative concerning the infectivity of oocysts. However, for estimation of the risk of infection with Cryptosporidium this information is required. For environmental samples the oocyst counts are often low, and the oocysts have been exposed to unfavorable conditions. Therefore, determination of the infectivity of environmental oocysts requires an assay with a high level of sensitivity. We evaluated the applicability of in vitro cell culture immunofluorescence assays with HCT-8 and Caco-2 cells for determination of oocyst infectivity in naturally contaminated water samples. Cell culture assays were compared with other viability and infectivity assays. Experiments with Cryptosporidium oocysts from different sources revealed that there was considerable variability in infectivity, which was illustrated by variable 50% infective doses, which ranged from 40 to 614 oocysts, and the results indicated that not only relatively large numbers of fresh oocysts but also aged oocysts produced infection in cell cultures. Fifteen Dutch surface water samples were tested, and the cell culture immunofluorescence assays were not capable of determining the infectivity for the low numbers of naturally occurring Cryptosporidium oocysts present in the samples. A comparison with other viability assays, such as the vital dye exclusion assay, demonstrated that surrogate methods overestimate the number of infectious oocysts and therefore the risk of infection with Cryptosporidium. For accurate risk assessment, further improvement of the method for detection of Cryptosporidium in water is needed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Influence of endotoxin on the level of tumor necrosis factor alfa and blood morphology in rats.

The influence of endotoxin E.coli O127 B:8 given intravenously or intraperitoneally on the level of Tumor Necrosis Factor alfa (TNF-alpha), blood cells count and bone marrow morphology in rats was studied. The presented results show that endotoxin (3 mg/kg) given intravenously or intraperitoneally (1 or 3 times) provoked an appearance of TNF-alpha in the systemic circulation 24 hours after its injection. Endotoxin given intravenously evoked greater changes in blood morphology and bone marrow than that applicated intraperitoneally.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Inhibition of cervical ripening by local application of cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to test the hypothesis that the previously demonstrated progesterone-independent prolongation of pregnancy in rats treated with cervical application of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor nimesulide is the result of inhibition of cervical ripening. STUDY DESIGN: Timed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly allocated to treatment with 50 mg nimesulide or vehicle, applied daily on the cervix for 5 days (days 14-18). On day 19 the animals were humanely killed and the cervices were removed. In the first series of experiments the cervices of animals treated with nimesulide (n = 10) or vehicle (n = 10) were examined with a cervimeter, which stretches the cervical tissues in incremental steps of 0.2 mm at 1-minute intervals. A steeper slope through the linear portion of the resulting force-versus-displacement curve indicates more resistance to stretch. In the second series of experiments the cervices of animals treated with nimesulide (n = 11) or vehicle (n = 11) were examined with the Collascope optical device. The cervical content of cross-linked collagen was measured with light-induced fluorescence. The fluorescence spectrum at 390 nm (peak wavelength of the collagen spectrum) was determined. For standardization, the ratio of counts of collagen peak over reference counts was used in the final analyses as an indicator of cross-linked collagen content. RESULTS: Animals treated with cervical application of nimesulide had significantly higher resistance to stretch than controls (slope: 0.2564 +/- 0.1213 vs 0.1387 +/- 0.0652; P =.019). The cervical content of cross-linked collagen was not significantly different between nimesulide-treated animals and controls (light-induced fluorescence ratios: 3.2134 +/- 0.7390 vs 2.7892 +/- 0.8518; P =.227). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with cervical application of the cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor nimesulide prevents the physiologic process of cervical ripening in late pregnancy. The inhibition is not the result of changes in cross-linked collagen content. Inhibition of cervical ripening with locally administered cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor may be a potentially valuable treatment for patients at risk for preterm delivery.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed2006

Practical nerve morphometry.

Histopathological examination of peripheral nerves is often complemented by morphometric analysis in both clinical and research settings. However, existing manual or semi-automated methods are highly tedious, labour intensive and time-consuming, whereas fully automated morphometry is prone to error from the conversion of maldetected particles to spurious data. Both fully and interactive-automated morphometry have significant hardware requirements and may be difficult to implement. A new method for nerve morphometry is described aiming to combine the speed of automated morphometry with the accuracy of manual or semi-automated methods, and requiring only a digital image of the nerve section and two widely available software packages. Comparison with a standard digitizer pen method of nerve morphometry without sampling yielded statistically similar axon counts, mean area assessments and axonal area frequency distribution histograms, with assessment times of the new method between 35% and 45% of those of the standard method. This has widespread potential experimental and clinical applications and offers a means of relieving much of the tedium currently associated with nerve morphometry.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[Model for experimental efficacy testing of control measures against Salmonella infections in poultry].

An infection model is shown for testing the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic measures against S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis infections of chickens at different ages. By detecting viable counts in caecum and liver or spleen respectively at weekly intervals after administration of salmonellas (crop instillation) the course of salmonella infection can be grasped. Oral application of the salmonella strains used (S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis) to 1-day-old chickens at a dose of 10(2) cfu/bird, to 8-days-old chickens at a dose of 10(9) cfu/bird and to 5-weeks-old chickens at a dose of 10(10) cfu/bird resulted in a characteristic course of infection but not in clinical symptoms or death. By detecting viable counts of the challenge strain in the organs testing the efficacy of a preceding immunization is possible.

Aging↗
PubMed1981

[Comparative studies on the evaluation of leukocyturia by means of counting chambers, sediment microscopy and the Cytur test].

For the purpose of quantitative evaluation of leucocyturias we examined the spontaneous urine (mid-stream method) of 260 patients with nephropathies. The quantitative chamber counting of non-centrifuged urine was compared with the microscopic examination of spun sediment and the Cytur-test. The microscopic examination of spun sediment has to be declined because of high falsely positive and negative results. The Cytur-test is to be performed in a simple way and of high evidence. It is referred to the necessity of an application of test-stripes for leucocyturia.

Humans↗
PubMed2002

Once-daily tazarotene 0.1 % gel versus once-daily tretinoin 0.1 % microsponge gel for the treatment of facial acne vulgaris: a double-blind randomized trial.

The efficacy and tolerability of tazarotene 0.1% gel and tretinoin 0.1% microsponge gel were evaluated in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group study in patients with mild-to-moderate inflammatory facial acne vulgaris. A total of 169 patients were randomized to once-daily applications of one of these topical retinoids for 12 weeks. Both agents were associated with significant reductions from baseline in the noninflammatory and inflammatory lesion counts. Tazarotene treatment was associated with a significantly greater incidence of treatment success (defined as > or = 50% global improvement [67% vs 49%; P=.03]) and significantly greater reductions in overall disease severity (36% vs 26%; P=.02) and noninflammatory lesion count (60% vs 38% at week 12; P=.02) than tretinoin microsponge treatment. Both drugs were well tolerated, with mean levels of dryness, burning, pruritus, erythema, and peeling generally being no more than trace throughout the study. There were no clinically significant between-group differences in these measures of tolerability. Two patients in each group (2%) discontinued because of treatment-related adverse events. The mean amount of medication applied by the patients was 0.28 g per application with tazarotene and 0.41 g per application with tretinoin microsponge, resulting in cost-effectiveness ratios of $81.45 per treatment success with tazarotene and $108.24 per treatment success with tretinoin microsponge. Tazarotene was observed to have greater efficacy and comparable tolerability and to be a cost-effective alternative to tretinoin 0.1% microsponge gel.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1992

Inocoterone and acne. The effect of a topical antiandrogen: results of a multicenter clinical trial.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Because acne is androgen dependent, antiandrogen therapy might improve the condition. Inocoterone acetate (RU 882) is a nonsteroidal antiandrogen that binds to the androgen receptor and has antiandrogenic activity in animal models. To test its topical effect on acne, 126 male subjects with facial acne completed a 16-week, multi-center, double-blind study in which the twice-daily application of a 10% solution of inocoterone was compared with vehicle solution. Baseline and monthly examinations included acne lesion counts and general and endocrine laboratory tests. RESULTS: Inflammatory papules and pustules showed greater reduction in the inocoterone-treated subjects than in the subjects treated with vehicle. This difference achieved statistical significance by week 12 (24% reduction vs 10%) and week 16 (26% reduction vs 13%) and, with longitudinal analysis, throughout the course of the study. Global assessments and changes in comedo counts and sebum excretion rates were not significantly different between the groups. No serious adverse reactions were encountered. CONCLUSIONS: In this double-blind study of 126 male subjects with acne, a topical solution of the antiandrogen inocoterone, compared with vehicle, produced a modest but statistically significant reduction in the number of inflammatory acne lesions.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1982

Application of automated REM analysis in depression.

Application of automated rapid-eye-movement (REM) analysis can characterize individual REM periods in depressed patients. Average REM count for the individual REM periods generally demonstrated considerable decreases in the second half of the REM period and differentiated patients who subsequently did not respond well to tricyclic antidepressants. These findings suggest that, even as late as six hours into a night of sleep, significant differences among depressed patients are present, based on treatment responder groups. Furthermore, a reevaluation of the previous emphasis on REM abnormalities in the first hour or two of the night may be indicated.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A cross-linguistic examination of the noun-category bias: its existence and specificity in French- and Spanish-speaking preschool-aged children.

Previous research has revealed that English-speaking preschoolers expect that a novel count noun (but not a novel adjective), applied to an individual object, may be extended to other members of the same basic or superordinate level category. However, because the existing literature is based almost exclusively on English-speakers, it is unclear whether this specific expectation is evident in children acquiring languages other than English. The experiments reported here constitute the first cross-linguistic, developmental test of the noun-category linkage. We examined monolingual French- and Spanish-speaking preschool-aged children's superordinate level categorization in a match-to-sample task. Target objects were introduced with (a) novel words presented as count nouns (e.g., "This is a fopin"), (b) novel words presented as adjectives (e.g., "This is a fopish one"), or (c) no novel words. Like English-speakers, French- and Spanish-speakers extended count nouns consistently to other category members. This is consistent with our prediction that the mapping between count nouns and object categories may be a universal phenomenon. However, children's extension of novel adjectives varied across languages. Like English-speakers, French-speakers did not extend novel adjectives to other members of the same category. In contrast, Spanish-speakers did extend novel adjectives, like count nouns, in this fashion. This is consistent with our prediction that the mappings between adjectives and their associated applications vary across languages. The results provide much-needed cross-linguistic support for the noun-category linkage and illustrate the importance of the interplay between constraints within the child and input from the language environment.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1973

A particle detector for use in ventilation engineering.

An electronic particle counting device is described, based on a constant-temperature hot-wire anemometer probe. The device has found application in tracing the motions of droplets and measuring their concentration within ventilated areas when subjected to different types of ventilation. In this way the effectiveness of various systems may be determined.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Determination of aluminium-26 using a low-level liquid scintillation spectrometer.

The lack of a suitable tracer has severely limited the use of radioisotope tracer experiments in environmental and biological studies on aluminium. The only aluminium radioisotope with a half-life greater than 10 min is the long-lived positron emitter 26Al (t1/2 7.2 x 10(5) years). The exposure of this nuclide and the difficulty in attaining sufficiently low determination limits with standard radioanalytical techniques have restricted its application as a radioactive tracer. The development of a simple method for the routine determination of 26Al using Cerenkov counting and a Quantalus 1220 low-level liquid scintillation spectrometer is reported. For a 300 min counting time, determination limits of about 60 mBq in water samples and 120 mBq in biological (fish gill) samples can be attained. With these levels of determination, the use of 26Al as a tracer is a viable technique for the study of aluminium in environmental and biological systems.

Aluminum↗
PubMed1989

Photoaffinity labelling of isopenicillin N synthetase by laser-flash photolysis.

Isopenicillin N synthetase (IPNS) from Acremonium chrysogenum was photolabelled by laser-flash photolysis in the presence of a diazirinyl-containing substrate, 2-[3-(3-trifluoromethyl-3H-diazirin-3-yl)-phenoxy]acetyl-S- methyloxycarbonylsulphenyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (DCV). Labelling of IPNS by DCV is partially inhibited in the presence of an excess of L-alpha-aminoadipoyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine (ACV), the natural substrate. In the absence of light, DCV is converted into the corresponding penicillin with comparable Km but significantly depressed Vmax relative to ACV. Selective incorporation of [14C]DCV into IPNS has been demonstrated by fluorography of IPNS analysed by SDS/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Scintillation counting of labelled IPNS purified on an ion-exchange f.p.l.c. column confirms this result. This methodology may be applicable for studies aimed at investigating the binding of substrates to IPNS.

Acremonium↗