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PubMed1989

[Visual field defects in strabismic amblyopes].

Kittens raised with different kinds of abnormal early visual experience (monocular and binocular deprivation, convergent strabismus, eye rotation, asymmetric alternating occlusion, early callosal split) show systematic deficits in the nasal field of the affected eye. Since the kittens' visual field is tested by monitoring their orienting toward visual stimuli, it is not clear whether these deficits are due to a genuine sensory loss (involving the geniculocortical pathway) or to a sensory-motor impairment (involving the projection through the visual cortex to the superior colliculus). To answer this question, the authors measured the monocular visual field of humans with subnormal binocular vision (strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes, strabismics with alternating fixation). Eight amblyopes were tested with a computerized static perimetry (Octopus 2000). Twenty other subjects were tested with static and kinetic perimetry (Goldmann 940). In some of these subjects, we also tested the latency of saccades and the accuracy of visually guided pointing toward stimuli presented in the nasal or the temporal visual field. Both strabismic and anisometropic amblyopes occasionally showed deficits of visual sensitivity in the central part of the visual field, but no systematic deficits in the peripheral visual field. Strabismic alternators had practically equal fields in the two eyes. Neither saccadic latency nor pointing accuracy showed any asymmetries between the nasal and temporal visual fields. These results seem to contradict a recent report of a nasal hemianopia in deep amblyopia (Mehdorn, 1986); taken together, these results suggest that in adult strabismic humans, a nasal field loss is the exception rather than the rule.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amblyopia↗

PubMed1991

Pituitary adenomas: automatic static perimetry and Goldmann perimetry. A comparative study of 345 visual field charts.

In a series of 81 cases of pituitary adenoma 345 charts of visual field performed with static automatic perimetry (AP) on the Vision Monitor and Goldmann perimetry (GP) were compared. Generally both methods were equivalent in the detection of chiasmal compression. The charts were divided into two groups: (A) 208 charts and (B) 137 charts according to the number of isoptres investigated: two (V4, 112) or three (V4, 112, 12). In group A the AP was more often altered than the GP, and the difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.001). In group B the GP seemed more effective, but the number of questionable cases was greater and the difference was not statistically significant. When the most internal isoptre of GP was outside the central 30 degrees, AP was more often abnormal (29%) than GP (2.2%), and the difference was statistically significant (chi 2, p less than 0.001). Within the central 30 degrees the GP seemed more often to be altered (23% of cases) than the AP (19.4%), but one-third of the cases were questionable. Within the central 30 degrees both techniques gave identical results and there was no statistically significant difference. The discrepancies between both static and kinetic techniques are an argument for their complementary use.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1982

Optic nerve damage in human glaucoma. III. Quantitative correlation of nerve fiber loss and visual field defect in glaucoma, ischemic neuropathy, papilledema, and toxic neuropathy.

The number and distribution of human optic nerve axons were compared with clinical measurements available the same eyes, including visual acuity, disc appearance, and visual field studies. Definite loss of axons occurs prior to reproducible visual field defects in some patients suspected of having glaucoma. In glaucoma, the superior and inferior poles of the nerve lose nerve fibers at a selectively greater rate, leading to an hourglass-shaped atrophy. Cavernous degeneration of the retrobulbar optic nerve is rarely observed in chronic glaucoma. The pattern of atrophy in examples of toxic amblyopia, ischemic optic neuropathy and chronic papilledema differ from that of glaucoma, suggesting different mechanisms of damage in these conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Diffusion tensor imaging in cases with visual field defect after anterior temporal lobectomy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Visual defect due to optic radiation injury is a complication of temporal lobectomy for temporal epilepsy. To investigate whether diffusion tensor imaging can delineate the changes in optic radiations after lobectomy, we evaluated parameters on tensor images for optic radiations and correlated them with visual defect. METHODS: We examined 14 cases after temporal lobectomy. Durations after surgeries ranged from 3 weeks to 9 years. The cases were classified into three groups on the basis of the severity of visual field defect (A-C, with group C the most severe). We evaluated signals on T2-weighted images and parameters of tensor images, including fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), for the optic radiation in both the operated and intact side. RESULTS: On T2-weighted images, high signals in optic radiations were seen in four cases, occurring more than 4 weeks after surgery. The mean operated-to-intact side FA ratio in the optic radiation decreased according to severity of visual defect (group A, 0.88; group B, 0.89; group C, 0.73). The mean operated-to-intact side ADC ratio showed no significant difference in the overall cases. The ratio for ADC, however, tended to increase according to visual defect in cases after 10 weeks postsurgery. CONCLUSION: Optic radiation showed a decreased FA value in cases after temporal lobectomy. In later stages, ADC values tended to increase and high signal intensities on T2-weighted images were observed. The FA value can be used for evaluating Wallerian degeneration of optic radiation even in the early stages after surgery.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

No reversion in vigabatrin-associated visual field defects.

Sixty adult patients with partial epilepsy who have been treated with vigabatrin for 7 months to 14 years as mono- or add-on therapy were examined with repeated kinetic Goldmann perimetries to evaluate the prevalence, risk factors, and long-term outcome of vigabatrin-associated visual field defects. A follow-up examination was performed after 4 to 38 months (mean, 15 +/- 7) in 55 patients, 29 of whom had discontinued vigabatrin therapy. Neither reversion nor progression in visual field constriction was observed.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

The effect of visual field defects on eye movements and practical fitness to drive.

Eye movements of subjects with visual field defects due to ocular pathology were monitored while performing a dot counting task and a visual search task. Subjects with peripheral field defects required more fixations, longer search times, made more errors, and had shorter fixation durations than control subjects. Subjects with central field defects performed less well than control subjects although no specific impairment could be pinpointed. In both groups a monotonous relationship was observed between the visual field impairment and eye movement parameters. The use of eye movement parameters to predict viewing behavior in a complex task (e.g. driving) was limited.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

[Paradoxical sleep and information processing: exploration by inversion of the visual field].

The purpose of this study was to test the potential relationship between REM sleep and information processing with inversion of the visual field. In the first experiment, four male subjects slept in the laboratory for two sessions of 6 consecutive nights: 2 adaptation nights, 2 nights of polysomnography, and 2 nights of dream collection. During the days preceding Nights 3, 4, 5, and 6 of each session, the subjects wore glasses which, during the second session, completely inverted (rotation of 180 degrees) their visual field. In a second experiment with four other male subjects, the order of conditions was reversed, and the experimental condition (visual inversion) was introduced a second time. When the data of the two experiments were combined, there was a significant (p less than .01) increase in the percentage of REM sleep from Nights 3 and 4 of the control condition to Nights 3 and 4 of the visual inversion condition, but there was no significant change in any of the other sleep stages. There was a significant decrease in horizontal (p less than .04) and vertical (p less than .005) REM density and in the density of vertical REM bursts (p less than .02). The increase in REM sleep supports the hypothesis that REM sleep contributes to information processing while the decrease in REM density suggests that this component of REM sleep may be involved in a homeostatic process of sensory input.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1975

[Changes of visual fields in intracranial tumors outside the cerebral hemispheres].

Based on neurosurgical material of 1,746 brain tumours, the changes of the visual field determined by isopteric perimetry are discussed with their significe with regard to tumours of corpus callosum, lateral ventricles, brain stem ganglia, IIIrd ventricle, region of the sella and adjacent areas as well as posterior fossa. The proportion of unilateral blindness with primary opticus atrophy and of skotomas is strinkingly high, so that in cases of loss of vision, not readily explicable by ophthalmology, as well as in unilateral defects of the visual field, intracranial processes must be thought of.

Blindness↗

PubMed1984

Quality control of manual visual field examination by computer simulation.

Quality control of manual visual field examination is impaired because the process is difficult to monitor, and because examiners have minimal formal training and supervision, and are subject to rapid turnover. Computer simulation can be used both to teach perimetry and to provide a reference standard against which performance may be measured.

Community Health Services↗

PubMed2005

Longitudinal changes in the visual field and optic disc in glaucoma.

The nature and mode of functional and structural progression in open-angle glaucoma is a subject of considerable debate in the literature. While there is a traditionally held viewpoint that optic disc and/or nerve fibre layer changes precede visual field changes, there is surprisingly little published evidence from well-controlled prospective studies in this area, specifically with modern perimetric and imaging techniques. In this paper, we report on clinical data from both glaucoma patients and normal controls collected prospectively over several years, to address the relationship between visual field and optic disc changes in glaucoma using standard automated perimetry (SAP), high-pass resolution perimetry (HRP) and confocal scanning laser tomography (CSLT). We use several methods of analysis of longitudinal data and describe a new technique called "evidence of change" analysis which facilitates comparison between different tests. We demonstrate that current clinical indicators of visual function (SAP and HRP) and measures of optic disc structure (CSLT) provide largely independent measures of progression. We discuss the reasons for these findings as well as several methodological issues that pose challenges to elucidating the true structure-function relationship in glaucoma.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of topical betaxolol and timolol on visual field in Japanese open-angle glaucoma patients.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of topical betaxolol and timolol on the visual field in Japanese open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients. METHODS: This study was a multicenter, 2-year, prospective, randomized and double-masked study. Tests using the Humphrey 30-2 perimeter program were conducted every 6 months and the data of 95 patients were analyzed using regression analysis. Estimated regression coefficients for mean deviation (MD), corrected pattern standard deviation (CPSD), and total deviation (TD) values clustered into 15 sectors were obtained for each treatment group. RESULTS: Estimated slopes (dB/year) for MD and CPSD showed no significant difference from zero in either group. However, in the betaxolol group, estimated slopes (dB/year) for two adjacent sectors in the inferior arcuate area were significantly positive (P =.0135,.0116) while in the timolol group, no significant difference from zero was seen in any of the sectors. IOP changes from baseline in the timolol group were greater than in the betaxolol group, although no statistical significance was seen at any of the examination times. CONCLUSION: MD and CPSD showed no significant change in either group. In the betaxolol group, however, a significant trend in improvement of visual field performance was seen in the inferior arcuate subfield. Timolol reduced IOP more effectively than betaxolol in OAG patients.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1988

Evaluation of adaptive spatial enhancement in suprathreshold visual field screening.

Sixty-three normal subjects and 94 abnormal patients, most of whom had glaucoma, were tested in the central visual field using a threshold-related, eccentricity-compensated, spatially adaptive suprathreshold screening program and a full-threshold program on the Humphrey field analyzer. The initial stimulus locations on the screening test were identical to those of the threshold test; additional screening stimuli were presented surrounding each missed initial stimulus. Surprisingly, this spatial enhancement strategy did not improve sensitivity or specificity rates of the screening beyond that achieved by considering the initial stimulus locations alone. Points missed during screening often showed a depressed sensitivity rate (measured threshold greater than 6 dB below the age-corrected normal reference value) in the same area of the threshold field. This was true in fields from abnormal and normal subjects. This finding of persistent shallow defects in the same test session among otherwise normal persons has disturbing implications for the importance of "confirmed" defects in the diagnosis of disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Visual field loss caused by retinal vascular occlusion after vitrectomy surgery.

PURPOSE: To report complete superonasal retinal arterial occlusion with resulting temporal visual field loss after uneventful pars plana vitrectomy with gas-fluid exchange. METHOD: Case report. RESULTS: Superonasal retinal arterial occlusion was observed 12 days after vitrectomy surgery. Within 10 weeks, the artery reperfused, leaving minimal vascular attenuation and mild optic atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Uneventful vitrectomy surgery can be associated with notable peripheral visual field loss caused by arterial occlusion in the immediate postoperative period. Rapid resorption of the intraocular gas and timely postoperative examination may disclose retinal arteriolar occlusion; otherwise, subsequent reperfusion may leave little evidence of the vascular event.

Female↗

PubMed2006

Inconspicuous visual field defect in anterior choroidal artery territory infarction.

We describe a patient with a right anterior choroidal artery territory infarction and an inconspicuous left visual defect. The anterior choroidal artery is a unique artery of the cerebral circulation. The occlusion of this artery can result in dysfunction of motor, sensory, and visual systems with only rare involvement of higher cortical function. Among symptoms reported, visual abnormalities are the most variable and the least common. However, the visual field abnormality may be overlooked and the incidence underestimated since some patients may not be aware of the problem until uncovered by formal visual field testing.

Aged↗

PubMed1996

Analysis of visual field progression in glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: Despite the widespread use of computerised perimetry the diagnosis of visual field deterioration in following glaucoma patients over time remains particularly difficult. A new method of analysis using a novel graphical display of longitudinal field data is presented. METHODS: A linear regression model of the luminance sensitivity at each stimulus location against time of follow up transforms the quantitative data from a series of fields into a colour coded form which illustrates the spatial configuration of change to aid the interpretation of field loss. The method of analysis and the developed computer software (PROGRESSOR) is described. Comparison with STATPAC-2 glaucoma change probability analysis is given including levels of agreement between the techniques using series of fields of 10 eyes from patients with normal tension glaucoma. RESULTS: Examples of this new method compare well with STATPAC-2 analysis. The level of agreement between the techniques to separate progressing from stable retinal locations is good (kappa = 0.62; SE = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: This new technique, which combines the change in perimetric sensitivity over time with colour coding of significant change into one image may provide an efficient method to detect true progression in glaucomatous field loss.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗

PubMed1994

The effect of refractive blur on the detection sensitivity to light offsets in the central visual field.

Detection sensitivity to light decrements created on a cathode ray tube was measured along the nasal horizontal meridian of the central visual fields of 5 normal subjects. Decremental (light offset = negative contrast = dark-on-bright) static stimuli were presented at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 degrees eccentricity. Detection thresholds to rectangular stimuli of both 4 and 16 mm2 (Goldmann equivalent size III and IV, respectively) were determined with ascending staircase single-crossing technique under various Snellen visual acuity levels. Detection sensitivity diminished with increasing amounts of plus lens-induced refractive blur. One log unit decrease in visual acuity resulted in elevation of detection thresholds for an average of 3.8 contrast decibels (dB) using size III offset stimuli. The effect of blur was less with size IV offset stimuli which resulted in an average of 0.9 dB elevation in detection thresholds. The larger size decremental stimuli provided a wider dynamic range, less interindividual variation in stimulus visibility and more resistance to refractive error than those obtained with the smaller size stimuli.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Overlapping visual fields and ipsilateral retinal projections in turtles.

The possible relationship between overlap of the visual fields and the importance of ipsilateral retinal projections was investigated in the two Chelonian genera Chinemys and Trionyx. Of these two species, Trionyx has more frontally located eyes, yet ipsilateral retinal projections could not be demonstrated by radioautography. In Chinemys, on the other hand, the ipsilateral retinothalamic projections are extensive. It is suggested that, in contrast to Trionyx, the anatomic substrate of stereoscopic vision in Chinemys may be similar to that in mammals.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Full threshold versus quantification of defects for visual field testing in glaucoma.

Nineteen glaucoma patients, 17 ocular hypertensives, and 16 normal subjects underwent visual field testing on the Humphrey Field Analyzer using two programs: full threshold (thresholding of all test points with double-crossing technique) and quantification of defects (thresholding only points that deviated more than 6 dB from a presumed normal retinal contour). The purpose of the study was to compare the diagnostic value of information gained by the latter, less time-consuming test with that of the full threshold procedure. The average time requirement per eye was 13 min 11 s for full thresholding and 4 min 22 s for quantification of defects. Of the 104 sets of fields, the diagnosis was at variance in 18. The differences were most often due to shallow defects in otherwise normal fields or shallow defects surrounding deeper scotomas that had been detected by both programs. The shallow defects placed the fields in more advanced diagnostic categories and were all detected with the full threshold technique.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗