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PubMed1983

Relation of serum cholesterol and triglycerides to the risk of acute myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke and death in eastern Finnish male population.

A random population sample from two countries of eastern Finland was studied in 1972, measuring eg the serum total cholesterol and triglycerides, blood pressure, and smoking. The participation rate among men aged 30 to 59 was 92%. Men who had had a myocardial infarction, angina or cerebral stroke in the preceding 12 months were excluded. During the seven-year follow-up 211 men had an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), 59 men had a cerebral stroke and 185 men died of any disease. The serum total cholesterol (greater than or equal to 8.0 mmol/l) had a positive association with the risk of AMI (relative risk RR = 2.8, 95% Cl = 1.8-4.3) and the risk of death (RR = 2.2, 95% Cl = 1.3-3.7) among men aged 30-49 but only with the risk of AMI (RR = 2.0, 95% Cl = 1.3-3.1) among those aged 50-59 based on multiple logistic models including also age, serum triglycerides, diastolic blood pressure, smoking and obesity. Serum triglycerides (greater than or equal to 2.8 mmol/l) had a positive risk factor-adjusted association with the risk of cerebral stroke (RR = 2.7, 95% Cl = 1.0-7.1) among men aged 30-49, but no independent association with the risk of AMI or death.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Relation of serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose to colorectal carcinoma in situ.

BACKGROUND: No one has previously examined the relation of serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides and fasting plasma glucose to colorectal carcinoma in situ. METHODS: A case-control study was performed with 129 cases of colorectal carcinoma in situ and 258 matched controls among examinees undergoing a health check-up in Tokyo from January 1991 to March 1993. RESULTS: There was a significant, positive association between serum total cholesterol levels and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in situ after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status and alcohol consumption. Serum triglyceride levels were significantly and positively associated with colorectal carcinoma in situ risk regardless of adjustment for the above covariates. Although there was no clear relation between colorectal carcinoma in situ and fasting plasma glucose levels, a modest increase of colorectal carcinoma in situ risk was observed in the highest category (> or =116 mg/dl) of fasting plasma glucose levels. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest a positive association between serum total cholesterol levels and the risk of colorectal cancer, rather than an inverse relation. The strong association with serum triglyceride levels and the weak association with fasting plasma glucose levels support the hypothesis that hyperinsulinaemia may play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Hypertriglyceridemia produced by endotoxin: role of impaired triglyceride disposal mechanisms.

The role of Salmonella typhimurium endotoxin in producing hypertriglyceridemia was investigated in 70 male rhesus monkeys. Dose-response studies were performed with 0.3-9.0 mg of endotoxin/kg injected intravenously; free fatty acids and triglycerides were measured during the subsequent 8 hr. The effect of endotoxin on lipid disposal mechanisms was assessed by both intravenous lipid-loading tests and total plasma lipolytic activity after administration of heparin. The possible interference of endotoxin with lipid-clearing enzymes was also explored. Smaller doses of endotoxin (0.3 and 0.9 mg/kg) produced significant increments in free fatty acids within 2-5 hr of administration, with minimal trilgyceride increments. Larger doses of endotoxin (2.8-9.0 mg/kg) failed to produce significant elevations in free fatty acids but did result in significant triglyceride increases 2-6 hr after administration. Within 4 hr after administration of 7 mg of endotoxin/kg, both tests showed impaired disposal of lipids. However, once lipid-clearing enzymes were activated, endotoxin did not reduce lipolytic activity in vitro. These results support the contention that endotoxin significantly elevates serum triglyceride concentrations and leads to impaired lipid disposal mechanisms by interfering with the activation of lipid-clearing enzymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Iron deficiency hyperlipidemia in 18-day-old rat pups: effects of milk lipids, lipoprotein lipase, and triglyceride synthesis.

Three levels of iron (5, 29, 307 ppm iron) were fed to rats from conception through the 18th day of lactation. Dams in the 5 ppm iron group and pups in the 5 and 29 ppm iron groups developed anemia characterized by lower hemoglobin and hematocrit values than control animals. Liver and spleen levels of iron in dams and pups in the 5 and 29 ppm iron groups were lower than in the 307 ppm iron groups. Milk iron was lower in the 5 ppm iron group than in the 29 and 307 ppm iron groups. Pups in the 5 ppm iron group had hyperlipidemia characterized by elevated serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids. Milk lipids and post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase levels in pups did not differ among experimental groups. Triglyceride and CO2 production from [U-14C]glucose were significantly greater in the iron-deficient pups than in control pups. Hyperlipidemia in 18-day-old iron-deficient rat pups appears to be related to increased endogenous production of triglycerides.

Anemia, Hypochromic↗
PubMed1980

Reduction of lipogenic enzymes by shellfish triglycerides in rat liver.

When rats were fed for 2 weeks on 3% fat diets containing 0.5 or 1%corbicula (Corbicula japonica PRIME), clam (Tapes japonica) or oyster (Callocorchina) triglycerides, serum and liver triglyceride levels were significantly lowered. The activities of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were markedly reduced in the rats. Cholesterol synthesis by liver slices was also reduced. The results of immunochemical titrations and Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis indicated that the decreases in the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were due to decreases in the enzyme quantities. The shellfish triglycerides include a high percentage of long chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are common to and characteristic of the three kinds of shellfish. They would be effective components in these observations.

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
PubMed1990

Mild pantothenate deficiency in rats elevates serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels.

Pantothenate-derived coenzymes are extensively involved in intermediary metabolism, particularly in the metabolism of lipids. Using a rat model of diet-induced pantothenate deficiency, we hoped in this study to relate pantothenate status, as indicated by serum pantothenate and hepatic coenzyme A, to levels of circulating triglycerides and free fatty acids. Although commercial "vitamin-free" casein contained approximately 3 mg total pantothenate per kilogram, marked changes in serum pantothenate and hepatic CoA still occurred during weeks when rats were fed purified diets supplemented with 0 to 1600 mg pantothenate per kilogram of diet. Conditions in different experiments included ad libitum or pair-feeding of 3- or 6-wk-old rats and blood sampling from 3 to 24 h after feeding. Under most conditions of mild pantothenate deficiency in which weight differences between groups were not statistically significant, serum triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were significantly elevated in pantothenate-deficient groups. Mild pantothenate deficiency appears to have observable in vivo effects on triglyceride metabolism before severe deficiency causes significant weight loss.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The effects of fish oil on triglycerides, cholesterol, fibrinogen and malondialdehyde in humans supplemented with vitamin E.

The effects of fish oils supplemented with 0.3 IU/g and 1.5 IU/g of vitamin E were compared in a double-blind, cross-over study. Twelve healthy volunteers were given 30 mL/day of either oil for 3 wk. Intake of the vitamin E-rich fish oil resulted in a marked decrease in serum triglycerides (48%) and in fibrinogen (11%). After administration of the low vitamin E-containing oil there was a considerably smaller reduction of serum triglycerides and no significant reduction of fibrinogen. Both oils caused an increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol and a decrease in the atherogenic index, but neither oil altered the total cholesterol level. Serum vitamin E was decreased by 9% and plasma malondialdehyde was increased by 122% after intake of the low vitamin E-containing oil, but both remained normal after intake of the other oil. The effect of vitamin E may be due to inhibition of fatty acid peroxidation with less formation of malondialdehyde and a larger amount of active (n-3) fatty acids in their sites of action in the liver, resulting in a greater decrease in the synthesis of triglycerides and fibrinogen.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Total parenteral nutrition containing medium- vs. long-chain triglyceride emulsions elevates plasma cholesterol concentrations in rats.

Male Fischer 344 rats (235-246 g) were fed for 6-14 d by intravenous or intragastric infusion with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions providing 40 or 65% of nonprotein energy as fat from long-chain triglyceride (LCT) or a 3:1 admixture of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) and LCT emulsions. In three separate experiments, plasma cholesterol concentrations were significantly greater (24-32%) with intravenous infusion of TPN solutions containing MCT-LCT rather than LCT. Plasma cholesterol concentrations in rats were not significantly different with intragastric infusion of TPN solutions containing MCT-LCT rather than LCT. Hepatic total lipid and triglyceride concentrations were not significantly different. Hepatic total cholesterol and esterified cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in animals given 65% of energy from MCT-LCT rather than LCT emulsions (main effects, two-way ANOVA). The concentration of individual hepatic acyl-CoA esters reflected the fatty acid profiles of the lipid emulsions infused. Total hepatic acyl-CoA concentrations suggested differences in utilization of acyl-CoA esters with intravenous infusion of MCT-LCT rather than LCT and were consistent with rapid oxidation of MCT. These data demonstrate that MCT-LCT elevates plasma cholesterol concentrations compared with LCT emulsions with intravenous, but not with intragastric, infusion of TPN solutions in rats.

3-Hydroxybutyric Acid↗
PubMed2001

Effect of dietary carbohydrate on triglyceride metabolism in humans.

When the content of dietary carbohydrate is elevated above the level typically consumed (>55% of energy), blood concentrations of triglycerides rise. This phenomenon, known as carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia, is paradoxical because the increase in dietary carbohydrate usually comes at the expense of dietary fat. Thus, when the content of the carbohydrate in the diet is increased, fat in the diet is reduced, but the content of fat (triglycerides) in the blood rises. The present article will review studies of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia, highlighting data obtained in fasted subjects habituated to high carbohydrate diets, data obtained from subjects in the fed state, and metabolic studies investigating fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis in subjects consuming diets of different carbohydrate content. The available data have been recently expanded by new methodologies, such as the use of stable isotopes, to investigate the metabolism of sugars in humans in vivo. Given the significant increase in body weight observed in the American population over the past decade and the changing availability of carbohydrate in the food supply, future studies of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia promise to provide important information of how the macronutrient composition of the diet can influence health.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗
PubMed2002

A CLA mixture prevents body triglyceride accumulation without affecting energy expenditure in Syrian hamsters.

We examined the effects of feeding conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) to adult male hamsters on several components of energy metabolism and body composition. Hamsters (n = 54) were assigned for 6-8 wk to one of three diets: 1) a standard diet (in percentage energy: lipids, 33, carbohydrates, 49, and proteins, 18); 2) to the standard diet augmented with the 9c,11t-isomer of CLA to 1.6% of energy (R group); or 3) the standard diet augmented with the 9c,11t-isomer and the 10t,12c-CLA isomer to 3.2 (1.6 + 1.6) % of energy (CLA mix group). (15)N uniformly labeled milk-protein was included in the diet to measure the incorporation of dietary protein into liver and muscle. Basal metabolic rate, thermogenic response to feeding and energy expenditure during spontaneous activity or during an exercise at approximately 60% of VO(2max) were measured. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), leptin, insulin and triiodothyronine concentrations, as well as the in vivo overall adiposity changes were also determined. After 6 wk, the whole-body triglyceride content determined in vivo by NMR was significantly higher in the R group than in the control and CLA mix groups. The CLA mix group differed from the others in the lack of body triglyceride accumulation between d 21 and d 45 of the study, and the appearance of a slight insulin-resistance (homeostatic model assessment index, P < 0.05). Paradoxically, the lack of effect on whole-body lipid oxidation was associated with a greater CPT-I-specific activity in tissues of both CLA-fed groups (P < 0.05). No other major effects of CLA feeding were detected. In conclusion, CLA supplementation in hamsters did not affect adipose weight or the components of energy expenditure despite a theoretically higher capacity of red muscle to oxidize lipids. Only a CLA mixture prevented whole-body triglyceride accumulation over time.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Cod protein lowers the hepatic triglyceride secretion rate in rats.

The objective of the present study was to determine the combined effects of cod protein and fish oil on the modulation of triglyceride metabolism in rats, and to evaluate their potential mechanisms of action. Plasma and hepatic lipid concentrations, triglyceride (TG) secretion rates and postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity were determined in rats fed for 28 d diets varying in both protein (200 g/kg) and lipid (140 g/kg) sources: 1) casein-menhaden oil, 2) casein-beef tallow, 3) cod protein-menhaden oil or 4) cod protein-beef tallow. Menhaden oil feeding diminished hepatic TG concentrations (P = 0.02), hepatic TG secretion rates (P = 0.003) and triglyceridemia (P = 0.02) compared with beef tallow. Hepatic TG concentrations (P = 0.05) and TG secretion rates (P = 0.04) were reduced in rats fed cod protein compared with those fed casein. The protein source did not exert an independent effect on triglyceridemia, whereas the combination of cod protein and menhaden oil resulted in 50% lower plasma TG compared with the casein-beef tallow mixture, whereas the combination of menhaden oil and casein did not significantly decrease triglyceridemia compared with casein-beef tallow. Menhaden oil (P = 0.005) and cod protein (P = 0.03) also lowered plasma cholesterol concentrations in comparison with beef tallow and casein, respectively. This was associated with a reduction in hepatic cholesterol concentrations when rats fed cod protein were compared with those fed casein (P = 0.006). No diet effect was observed on postheparin plasma LPL activity, but the activity of hepatic triglyceride lipase was reduced in rats fed menhaden oil compared with those fed beef tallow. These findings show that both cod protein and menhaden oil exert independent and beneficial effects on lipid metabolism in rats.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

The chalcone xanthohumol inhibits triglyceride and apolipoprotein B secretion in HepG2 cells.

The present study examined the role of xanthohumol (XN), a plant chalcone, on apolipoprotein B (apoB) and triglyceride (TG) synthesis and secretion, using HepG2 cells as the model system. The data indicated that XN decreased apoB secretion in a dose-dependent manner under both basal and lipid-rich conditions (as much as 43% at 15 micromol/L). This decrease was associated with increased cellular apoB degradation. To determine the mechanism underlying this effect, we examined triglyceride availability, a major factor in the regulation of apoB secretion. XN inhibited the synthesis of TG in the microsomal membrane and the transfer of this newly synthesized TG to the microsomal lumen (decreases of 26 and 64%, respectively, under lipid-rich conditions), indicating that TG availability is a determining factor in the regulation of apoB secretion under the experimental conditions. The inhibition of TG synthesis was caused by a reduction in diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) activity, which corresponded to a decrease in DGAT-1 mRNA expression, but not DGAT-2 expression. Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) may also control the rate of TG transfer from the microsomal membrane to the active lumenal pool. XN decreased MTP activity in a dose-dependent manner (as much as 30%). Whether the reduction in TG accumulation in the microsomal lumen is predominantly due to DGAT and/or MTP activity remains unknown. In summary, the data suggest that xanthohumol is a potent inhibitor of apoB secretion.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed2006

Plasma triglyceride and HDL-cholesterol concentrations in Vietnamese girls are affected by lipoprotein lipase, but not apolipoprotein CIII polymorphism.

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) play an important role in HDL-cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism. This study examined the effects of LPL S447X and apoCIII SstI polymorphisms on the plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in Vietnamese girls. Three hundred and fifty-one Vietnamese girls, from 7 to 9 y of age, were randomly selected from the urban and rural areas of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The presence of LPL S447X and apoCIII polymorphism was determined using the Invader assay, and the plasma lipid concentrations were measured by an enzymatic method. Dietary intakes and anthropometrics were assessed for each child. The frequencies of LPL 447X (11.9%) and apoCIII S2 (32.6%) polymorphisms in the Vietnamese were similar to those of other Asian populations. The frequency of LPL 447X was the same as that in Caucasians but the frequency of apoCIII S2 was approximately 3.8 times that in Caucasians. Overall, LPL 447X polymorphism was associated with a higher HDL-cholesterol concentration (7.4%, P = 0.007) and a lower triglyceride concentration (-13.6%, P = 0.04) than LPL 447S. The apoCIII S2 polymorphism was not associated with an increase in the plasma triglyceride concentration in Vietnamese girls with a low fat intake. However, due to the high frequency of the apoCIII SstI polymorphism and the increasingly westernized diet in Vietnam, attention should be paid to the interaction of genotype with the Vietnamese diet.

Alleles↗
PubMed1982

Contrasting patterns of familiality for cholesterol and triglyceride in Finland according to type of coronary manifestations and locations.

A descriptive genetic analysis (offspring between parent plot) was applied to serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels of 1044 Finnish subjects who were parents, siblings, spouses, and offspring of 204 male probands with angina pectoris or nonfatal myocardial infarction before age 55 years. The same analysis was also applied to 511 relatives of 106 control men matched to the probands for age and location (northeastern Finland or southern Finland). Striking differences in the plot results for triglyceride data suggest that male probands with angina pectoris as first evidence of coronary disease had different familial characteristics than those with nonfatal myocardial infarction at the onset. Further plot contrasts suggest stronger major gene effects for cholesterol and triglyceride levels in northeastern Finland, both in case and control families. Genetic makeup may help explain why men in northeastern Finland have the world's highest rate of early coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides during puberty: the Oslo Youth Study.

The relationships of serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and fasting triglycerides (adjusted for body mass index, wt/ht2) with stages of pubertal development were examined in a Norwegian population of 920 adolescents, aged 10 to 16 years. For 13- and 14-year-olds, all five stages of Tanner's maturity index were represented. For the whole population, total serum cholesterol showed a larger decrease when related to sexual maturity stage than to chronologic age. For females, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides increased significantly when related to age in years; this was not found when related to the maturity index. Triglycerides showed a larger increase when related to chronologic age in males as compared with sexual maturity stage. Both among 13- and 14-year-old males, the most mature had significantly lower values for total cholesterol than the least mature. For 12-year-old males, HDL cholesterol decreased significantly with increasing sexual maturation. Among females, the more mature 12-year-olds had significantly lower values for total cholesterol compared with the less mature. Early maturing 13-, 14- and 15-16-year-olds had lower levels of HDL cholesterol compared with late maturers. These findings suggest that age in years may be a poor index of development in adolescents and that a measure of physiologic developmental age should be included in epidemiologic studies of serum lipids among adolescents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The Tromsø Heart Study: food habits, serum total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides.

Associations between food habits and total serum cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and serum triglycerides were examined in 7,410 men and 7,257 women in Tromsø, Norway, following a screening in 1979-1980. High body mass index was associated with high serum cholesterol, high triglycerides, and low HDL cholesterol. Positive associations were observed between high serum cholesterol and high coffee consumption, use of butter or hard margarine, not selecting low-fat milk, and low bread consumption. The HDL cholesterol level was virtually independent of the dietary items recorded. Use of low-fat milk and frequent use of fish dishes for dinner seemed to be related to low serum triglyceride levels.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity and very low density lipoprotein secretion: a model of viral-related steatosis.

Liver steatosis, which involves accumulation of intracytoplasmic lipid droplets, is characteristic of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. By use of an in vivo transgenic murine model, we demonstrate that hepatic overexpression of HCV core protein interferes with the hepatic assembly and secretion of triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Core expression led to reduction in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) activity and in the particle size of nascent hepatic VLDL without affecting accumulation of MTP and protein disulfide isomerase. Hepatic human apolipoprotein AII (apo AII) expression in double-core/apo AII transgenic mice diminished intrahepatic core protein accumulation and abrogated its effects on VLDL production. Apo AII and HCV core colocalized in human HCV-infected liver biopsies, thus testifying to the relevance of this interaction in productive HCV infection. Our results lead us to propose a new pathophysiological animal model for induction of viral-related steatosis whereby the core protein of HCV targets microsomal triglyceride transfer protein activity and modifies hepatic VLDL assembly and secretion.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Bone marrow triglyceride accumulation and hormonal changes during long-term alcohol intake in male and female rats.

BACKGROUND: Chronic alcohol consumption may influence the metabolism of adipocytes, the most abundant stromal cell phenotype in bone marrow, and promote bone marrow triglyceride accretion. METHODS: Male and female rats 35 days old were fed the Lieber-De Carli liquid diet containing 36% of the calories as alcohol and were compared with pair-fed rats given an isocaloric liquid diet in which maltose-dextrin substituted for the calories supplied by alcohol. Other control rats were fed chow ad libitum. The rats were maintained on these diets for 64 days, after which the femurs were recovered and examined. RESULTS: End weights of male and female alcohol-fed rats were significantly lower than both control groups. Femur diaphyseal bone marrow triglyceride levels were significantly increased in alcohol-fed male and female rats compared with both control groups. Femur bone marrow cavity diameters were significantly increased and cortical thickness was significantly decreased by alcohol in both males and females. Serum insulin levels were significantly decreased by alcohol only in female rats compared with the ad libitum but not the pair-fed control group, and insulin-like growth factor-1 levels were significantly reduced in male and female rats given the alcohol diet compared with both controls. Male testosterone and female estradiol levels remained unchanged. Male estradiol levels were significantly increased by alcohol compared with both controls, and female progesterone levels were significantly reduced by alcohol compared with pair-fed rats. Whereas female leptin levels were unchanged by alcohol, male leptin levels were significantly increased by alcohol compared with pair-fed rats. CONCLUSIONS: Hormonal and growth factor changes during chronic alcohol consumption accompany triglyceride accumulation in diaphyseal bone marrow and may parallel the effects of alcohol on mesenchymal stem cells and the balance between osteogenic and adipogenic lineages and their cellular progenies.

Alcohol Drinking↗