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PubMed2002

Dysgeusia due to an orthodontic wire: a case report.

A 14-year-old female developed gustatory disorder due to an orthodontic wire having pierced the right trigonal retromolar. The patient's complaints included traction pain on the right lower jaw, numbness on the right front half of the tongue and hypogeusia with the exception of sweet tastes. Possible causes of dysgeusia in this case were: (i) direct mechanical compression of a gustatory nerve by the orthodontic wire; and (ii) disturbance of blood supply to a gustatory nerve by edema that developed in nerve tissues around the wire. The patient's retention of a normal threshold for the recognition of sweet tastes is not fully understood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Microvascular transplantation of the rat submandibular gland.

Xerostomia results from salivary gland irradiation during treatment of head and neck malignancies. In addition to having difficulty with speech and swallowing, these patients experience loss of taste, dental caries, and chronic fungal infections. The paired submandibular glands provide 70 percent of the normal salivary flow and are difficult to shield during radiation therapy. Another sicca condition, xerophthalmia, may result from facial nerve injury or other medical disorders and results in pain, corneal ulceration, and possible vision loss. Treatment options for xerostomia are limited, and management of xerophthalmia usually focuses on the eyelids, rather than the fundamental problem of inadequate secretory protection. In this study, a rat model for submandibular gland microvascular transplantation was developed to assess the feasibility of salivary tissue transfer. Sixteen rats underwent submandibular gland transplantation from the neck to the groin. Fourteen of these rats underwent microvascular anastomosis of the vascular pedicle. Ten glands were assessed for viability at 4 days after transplantation, and four glands were examined after 7, 10, 14, or 21 days. By gross and histologic examination, 93 percent of transplanted glands showed expected long-term viability after at least 4 postoperative days. Microvascular techniques were shown to be applicable to the transplantation of submandibular gland salivary tissue. This has not previously been shown in a rat model. It is possible that submandibular glands could be transplanted to the eye for treatment of xerophthalmia and out of the neck during irradiation of the head and neck, with subsequent replantation after treatment as a means of preventing permanent xerostomia.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed1999

Predicting the intent to purchase unfamiliar and familiar cheeses: the effects of attitudes, expected liking and food neophobia.

The attitude model of the theory of reasoned action (TRA) has been applied mainly to predicting the choice of familiar foods; however, the choice of unfamiliar foods may be governed by distinct factors. In the present study, 92 females rated their attitudes and subjective norms about the purchase intentions of two familiar and two unfamiliar cheeses, and the expected and actual pleasantness of them. They also completed the food neophobia scale, which measures the tendency to avoid novel foods. Neophobic persons rated the attitudes and expected and actual taste pleasantness lower than neophilics for all cheeses, except for the most familiar, mild cheese. This suggests that food neophobia also indicates the tendency not only to avoid, but also to dislike novel foods. Before tasting, attitudes and subjective norms together predicted the intent to purchase familiar cheeses better (R2=0.54 and 0.58) than for novel cheeses (R2=0.24 and 0.35); thus, the basic TRA model was not as useful in predicting intent to purchase unfamiliar as familiar cheeses. The predictions especially for the novel cheeses were clearly improved by including expected pleasantness ratings in the model. The usefulness of the food neophobia score as an additional predictor was not clearly supported. Attitudes and subjective norms measured before tasting were poor predictors of purchase intents after tasting, which implies the importance of taste and direct product experience in food choice.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effects of meal composition on subsequent craving and binge eating.

This study investigated the effects of meals differing in macronutrient composition on subsequent food craving, bingeing, nutrient intake, and mood. Nine women who had prospectively demonstrated episodes of craving received one each of a high-protein, high-carbohydrate, and mixed meal on three separate days. Appetite and mood ratings were taken before and at four intervals up to 150 min after meal consumption. Subsequent ad libitum food intake was recorded in diaries. Premeal hunger, appetite and mood ratings were similar across meal type. After the protein-rich meal, craving for sweet, carbohydrate-rich foods was significantly higher than after the carbohydrate and mixed meals. Elevated negative mood state after the protein-rich meal and reduced vigor after the carbohydrate meal were not statistically significant. The first ad libitum eating episodes after the protein meal contained significantly higher absolute and proportional amounts of total carbohydrate and sucrose and were more likely to be categorized as a binge than were those after the carbohydrate and mixed meals. Those ad libitum eating episodes classified as a craving/binge were characterized by a higher energy and absolute carbohydrate, fat, and sucrose content. Evidence of macronutrient compensation after a protein-rich meal suggests that carbohydrate intake regulation may exist in certain individuals. Possibly via the effects of sensory-specific satiety, serotonergic function, or cognitive factors, a protein-rich meal may induce craving for sweet-tasting, palatable foods in susceptible individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Two case reports of successful prevention of overdosing in borderline patients.

Overdosing often occurs among patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and confronts physicians with the dilemma of whether to prescribe psychotropic agents for them or not. Prescribing psychotropic agents is often unavoidable in the real world, because psychotherapy alone is sometimes insufficient to control their labile emotions. We report two cases of BPD in which overdosing was successfully prevented by changing the dosage form from tablets to a powder and adding a bitter taste to make it difficult to swallow a large dose at one time. Prevention of overdosing by BPD patients definitely requires a comprehensive treatment approach in terms of its social, biological, psychological, and psychopathological aspects. Although no perfect method of preventing overdosing is currently available, our method provides an option when psychotropic agents are prescribed for BPD patients in clinical practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Clinical, endocrinological and biochemical effects of zinc deficiency.

The essentiality of zinc for humans was recognized in the early 1960s. The causes of zinc deficiency include malnutrition, alcoholism, malabsorption, extensive burns, chronic debilitating disorders, chronic renal disease, certain diuretics, the use of chelating agents such as penicillamine for Wilson's disease, and genetic disorders such as acrodermatitis enteropathica and sickle cell disease. The requirement of zinc is increased in pregnancy and during the growing age period. The clinical manifestations in severe cases of zinc deficiency included bullous-pustular dermatitis, alopecia, diarrhoea, emotional disorder, weight loss, intercurrent infections, hypogonadism in males and it is fatal if untreated. A moderate deficiency of zinc is characterized by growth retardation and delayed puberty in adolescents, hypogonadism in males, rough skin, poor appetite, mental lethargy, delayed wound healing, taste abnormalities and abnormal dark adaptation. In mild cases of zinc deficiency in human subjects, we have observed oligospermia, slight weight loss and hyperammonaemia. Zinc is a growth factor. As a result of its deficiency, growth is affected adversely in many animal species and in man. Inasmuch as zinc is needed for protein and DNA synthesis and cell division, it is believed that the growth effect of zinc is related to its effect on protein synthesis. Testicular functions are affected adversely as a result of zinc deficiency in both humans and experimental animals. This effect of zinc is at the end organ level and the hypothalamic--pituitary axis is intact in zinc-deficient subjects. Inasmuch as zinc is intimately involved in a cell division, its deficiency may adversely affect testicular size and thus its function. In mice, the incidence of degenerate oocytes, and hypohaploidy and hyperhaploidy in metaphase II oocytes were increased due to zinc deficiency. Zinc at physiological concentrations reduced prolactin secretion from the pituitary in vitro and it has been suggested that this trace element may have a role in the in vivo regulation of prolactin release. Thymopoietin, a hormone needed for T-cell maturation, has also been shown to be zinc dependent. It is clear that zinc may have several roles in biochemical and hormonal functions of various endocrine organs. Future research in this area is very much needed.

Adrenal Gland Diseases↗
PubMed2003

Parent reports of sensory symptoms in toddlers with autism and those with other developmental disorders.

The Short Sensory Profile was used to assess parental report of sensory reactivity across four groups of young children (n = 102). Groups were autism (n = 26), fragile X syndrome (n = 20), developmental disabilities of mixed etiology (n = 32), and typically developing children (n = 24). Groups were comparable on overall mental age (x = 22 months), and clinical groups were comparable on chronological age (x = 31 months). Significant differences were detected at alpha <.01 for tactile sensitivity [F(3,99) = 10.01], taste/smell sensitivity [F(3,99) = 11.63], underreactive/seeks stimulation [F(3,99) = 4.56], auditory filtering [F(3,99) = 19.67], and low energy/weak muscles [F(3,99) = 14.21]. Both children with fragile X syndrome and children with autism had significantly more sensory symptoms overall than the two comparison groups, and children with autism did not differ significantly from children with fragile X syndrome. Both groups were more impaired than developmentally delayed and typically developing children in tactile sensitivity and auditory filtering. Children with autism were more abnormal in responses to taste and smell than all other groups. Children with fragile X syndrome were more abnormal than all other groups in low energy/weak muscles. Sensory reactivity of children with developmental delays was comparable to mental age-matched typically developing toddlers. Correlational analyses indicated that neither overall developmental level nor IQ was related to abnormal sensory reactivity in children with autism or general developmental disorders. However, abnormal sensory reactivity had a significant relationship with overall adaptive behavior.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

Zopiclone and triazolam in insomnia associated with generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled evaluation of efficacy and daytime anxiety.

In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, following a 1 week washout, 75 outpatients suffering from generalized anxiety disorder with severe insomnia as the target symptom were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of treatment with zopiclone 7.5 mg, triazolam 0.5 mg or placebo at bedtime. Zopiclone was significantly better than placebo on most sleep parameters. Triazolam tended to be superior to placebo, but its superiority was significant only on the sleep induction factor. Triazolam-treated patients presented significantly more day-time-interdose anxiety than zopiclone as assessed by the weekly HARS and Clinical Global Assessment of Anxiety. Although daytime-interdose anxiety was observed with both drugs, this treatment emergent symptom was more frequent and severe with triazolam. Side-effects were of a mild to moderate intensity for both zopiclone and triazolam; however, taste perversion frequently appeared with zopiclone. Although both drugs share similar pharmacological properties and bind to benzodiazepine receptors, they differ significantly with respect to side-effects and daytime anxiety.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Brief access to sweets protect against relapse to cocaine-seeking.

The availability of alternative rewards can reduce acquisition and maintenance of cocaine self-administration in rats and humans. Once acquired, however, addiction is an intractable disease where relapse is elicited by exposure to drug-associated cues, the drug itself, or stress. The present study shows that both cocaine-seeking and drug-induced relapse are significantly reduced when drug-experienced, but abstinent, rats are given just 5 min daily prior access to a palatable glucose + saccharin mixture. The results suggest that presentation of an alternative reward may be useful as a therapeutic intervention for cocaine seeking and relapse.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Elimination of thumb-sucking as a treatment for severe trichotillomania.

A 5-year-old girl presented with a 3-year history of severe trichotillomania and alopecia. The trichotillomania was observed to covary, or occur only in the presence of thumb-sucking. Thus, the elimination of thumb-sucking was targeted as a treatment for trichotillomania. The investigation evaluated the relative effectiveness of a standard aversive taste treatment, a response-dependent alarm and a response-disrupting thumb-post. Results indicated that only the thumb-post completely eliminated thumb-sucking and the covarying trichotillomania. These results suggest that when trichotillomania is a benign habit disorder, the treatment of a covarying habit such as thumb-sucking can be an effective treatment alternative and that resilient thumb-sucking can be effectively managed with an easily implemented thumb-post that requires little supervision and provides long-term success.

Aversive Therapy↗
PubMed2005

Intranasal sumatriptan: in adolescents with migraine.

Sumatriptan, a serotonin 5-HT(1B/1D) agonist, constricts cranial blood vessels and inhibits neuroinflammatory processes. A single dose of sumatriptan 10 mg (approved European dosage) was significantly more effective than placebo in achieving headache relief at 1 hour post-dose in a well designed study. Headache relief occurred in significantly more adolescents administered a single dose of intranasal sumatriptan 20 mg (at 1 and 2 hours) and 5 mg (at 2 hours) than placebo (pooled data from two studies). Sustained headache relief (1-24 and 2-24 hours) occurred in significantly more recipients of a single dose of intranasal sumatriptan 20mg and 5mg than placebo (pooled data from two studies). Intranasal sumatriptan was generally well tolerated in adolescent migraineurs (in single-episode studies or long term in multiple-episode studies). Taste disturbance occurred more often with intranasal sumatriptan than with placebo [Chart: see text].

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Considerations for treating adolescent patients.

Adolescence is a time of accelerated growth with increasing caloric needs. A strong attraction for the taste of sugar and its availability have had detrimental consequences for the adolescent's dentition and general health. Numerous factors combine to contribute to the demineralization and erosion that predispose the enamel to smooth surface caries. Obesity and its associated maladies, eating disorders, and pregnancy are additional issues for consideration. Determining the need for and appropriate timing of extraction of third molars should be included in the treatment plan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Comparison of aspartame- and fructose-sweetened layer cakes: importance of panels of users for evaluation of alternative sweeteners.

Panelists with and without known carbohydrate metabolic diseases evaluated layer cakes sweetened with aspartame, alone or in combination with low levels of fructose, for texture and flavor. Panelists used a 5-point, descriptive rating scale to evaluate flavor and texture of lemon, orange, spice, and chocolate layer cakes baked in conventional and microwave ovens. Panelists judged that aspartame alone was not suitable in layer cakes. In general, healthy panelists evaluated the cakes as sweeter, crust bitterness as greater, and overall eating quality as higher than the panel members with carbohydrate metabolic disorders. Panelists did not differ in their evaluation of textural qualities.

Aspartame↗
PubMed1987

A case of postganglionic cholinergic dysautonomia.

A 24 year old female presented with signs and symptoms of postganglionic cholinergic autonomic dysfunction manifested by impaired lachrymation and salivation, mydriasis of the pupil, decreased gastrointestinal motility, atony of the bladder, and sweating and taste disturbance. Clinical and pharmacological studies confirmed that the abnormalities were restricted mainly to the postganglionic cholinergic autonomic systems. The titre of serum complement was low, antinuclear antibodies revealed a diffuse pattern, and anti SS-A antibody was positive, suggesting that this disorder was caused by an immune mechanism.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

[Overuse of cooking salt by pregnant women in Bulgaria].

The authors investigate the ovemse of salt by pregnant women in two aspects--as a detrimental nutritive habit and as a factor in the pathogenesis of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. The study involves 140 pregnant women who were given a specially designed questionnaire in order to examine their nutritional habits. One third (33%) of them intake additional amount of salt during nutrition. Almost half of them (43%) add salt before tasting the meal. This is exclusively seen in the group of women above 30. Additional 2-3 grams of salt are intaken while eating salty cheese and pickles during the winter. The approximate amounts of salt for each trimester of pregnancy are calculated. The authors defined which foods are the greatest contributors of salt and make the conclusions of the detrimental impact of overuse of salt during pregnancy on the mother and the child.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Behavior of rats given lithium salts. A review.

Studies on the effects of lithium on drinking, food intake, locomotor activity and aggression in rats are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to the dosage, concentration, route and schedule of lithium treatments. The effects of lithium on behavior are found to depend on the experimental methods. The main effects of lithium treatments on rat behavior are found to be prevention of the reoccurrence of certain behaviors, enhancement of intake of water and sodium chloride solutions, suppression of some types of spontaneous and drug-induced activity, production of hyperactivity when given together with MAO inhibitors, reduction of some types of aggressive behavior, enhancement of morphine analygesia and reduction of morphine intake. The relationship between the outcome of studies on behavior in rats given lithium and the use of lithium salts to treat human disorders is briefly discussed.

Aggression↗
PubMed1993

"Chocolate addiction": a preliminary study of its description and its relationship to problem eating.

Definitions of chocolate addiction and its potential relationship to dieting and problem eating were investigated in 50 individuals who identified themselves as "chocoholics". Respondents were interviewed and completed a battery of questionnaires on food cravings, eating, weight, dieting and depression. On average this sample consumed about 12 (60-g) bars of chocolate per week and craved chocolate about six times per week. Cravings and amount consumed were not significantly related but amount consumed was significantly correlated with disinhibition (r = 0.3). Most (76%) respondents had definitions of chocolate addiction that centred on a lack of control around chocolate and regarded the "addictive" factor in chocolate as orosensory (i.e. taste, smell, texture). Unlike most others, dieters and secret eaters experienced negative affect following consumption of chocolate. Consumers who preferred to eat in secret reported a higher degree of aberrant eating. The extent to which the behaviour of "chocolate addicts" resembles that of eating disordered individuals and other addictions remains to be clarified.

Adolescent↗