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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

A genetic comparison of human and wildlife isolates of Echinococcus granulosus in Queensland: public health implications.

OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that the hydatid parasite infecting macropods and dingoes in Queensland is a sylvatic strain of Echinococcus granulosus, distinct from the domestic strain which produces cysts in sheep and humans. DESIGN: Molecular biological techniques were used to compare DNA isolated from hydatid cysts from humans, local macropods and sheep from New South Wales and the United Kingdom, as well as from adult tapeworms in dingoes. SETTING: The human cysts were surgically resected from two patients seen with hydatidosis in Brisbane teaching hospitals over a one-year period. Neither patient had had previous contact with sheep farms. Macropods and dingoes were shot randomly in the localities where the patients presumably acquired their infections. Sheep liver cysts were obtained from abattoirs. METHODOLOGY: Studies comprised extraction of DNA from cysts, digestion by a series of restriction endonucleases, slab gel electrophoresis. Southern blotting and then hybridisation with defined DNA probes. Polymerase chain reaction, in combination with direct DNA sequencing, was used to compare DNA from cysts and adult worms from dingoes. RESULTS: The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of DNA from all cysts and a defined mitochondrial DNA sequence from all sources were indistinguishable. This finding is significant as both techniques can clearly distinguish between genetically distinct, well characterised strains of E. granulosus. CONCLUSIONS: Hydatid cysts are prevalent in some macropod populations and adult worms are common in dingoes. Since there are relatively few sheep-rearing areas in Queensland, contact with wild animals may be the main source of human hydatid infection in this State. The strain of E. granulosus in both patients was genetically indistinguishable from that found in macropods, dingoes and sheep from New South Wales and the United Kingdom. This strongly suggests that the domestic strain of E. granulosus, or a form very close genetically, freely infects Australian wildlife, and argues against the existence of a distinct sylvatic strain. The implications for public health are considerable.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Worms in Australia.

Fortunately, Australia does not have many of the parasitic worm infections, such as filariasis, onchocerciasis and dracunculiasis, that are important on a global scale. Nevertheless, several medically important parasitic worms are endemic in Australia. Intestinal nematodes occur mostly in the tropical north although threadworm is ubiquitous. Hydatid disease and tapeworm infections occur especially in sheep and cattle farming regions.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Infection by Dipylidium caninum in an infant.

Dipylidium caninum, the dog tapeworm, is a cosmopolitan parasite of dogs and cats and occasionally causes human infection in the United States. Diagnosis is made by observing the characteristic rice grain-like proglottids in stool specimens and the pathognomonic egg packets in the gravid uterus in histologic sections of the parasite. There have been few reported cases of human infection with this parasite, and very little information on the pathology of this zoonotic disease is available in the English language. This report of a case of D caninum infection in a 6-month-old infant highlights the diagnostic features of this disease. To our knowledge, this is the first case to be reported in the American pathology literature during the last 36 years (MEDLINE database, 1966-2002).

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Separation and biologic activities of individual components of S15-1, a streptothricin class antibiotic.

A method is described for isolation of gram quantities of the components of the streptothricin complex S15-1 utilizing CM Sephadex column chromatography eluted with 10% acetic acid as an eluant followed by gradient elution with 10% acetic acid containing 0.02 N approximately 0.03 N HCI. Streptothricins F and E, as well as an unidentified component C1, have been isolated and their comparative biological activities determined. Streptothricins F and E were comparable in taeniacidal activity in mice infected with Hymenolepis nana ia feeding either one at 0.05% in the diet removed 92 approximately 100% of the adult tapeworms. The unidentified component C1 was inactive at the levels tested. In contrast, component C1 was the most active in antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis and in inhibiting the urease activity of proteus mirabilis. In the former test, the ratios of activity were; 1:7:30 for F:E:C1 and in the latter; 1:2:4 for F:E:C1.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Discovery, production and purification of the Na+, K+ activated ATPase inhibitor, L-681,110 from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. MA-5038.

The maximum yield for the production of L-681,110 by Streptomyces sp. MA-5038 (ATCC 31587) was observed after 5 days' incubation at 28 degrees C and pH about 8.3. L-681,110 was isolated from the fermentation broth by acetone extraction of the mycelia, absorption to Amberlite XAD-2 resin and two separations by thin-layer chromatography. The structure of L-681,110 was found to consist of a sixteen-membered lactone with a new type of substitution. The inhibition of ATPase, activity against Caenorhabditis elegans and stimulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid release indicate that L-681,110 possesses some characteristics of both oligomycin and avermectin. L-681,110 was also active against tapeworm and ticks in an in vivo assay.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Praziquantel: a major advance in anthelminthic therapy.

Praziquantel recently has been approved in the United States for use against a broad range of trematodes and cestodes. The drug is highly effective against all Schistosoma species that infect humans as well as other flukes and tapeworms, including the larval stage of Taenia solium, which causes cysticercosis. In addition, praziquantel is relatively nontoxic, well accepted by patients, and can be given orally in one dose or several doses in a single day. Praziquantel lowers or abolishes the threshold for treating persons with these infections, and, if costs can be contained, may help in the global control of serious systemic helminthic infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Experimental evaluation of mink and Apodemus speciosus in the Echinococcus multilocularis life-cycle in Hokkaido, Japan.

The epizootiological status of mink (Mustela vison) as definitive hosts and Apodemus speciosus as intermediate hosts in the transmission of Echinococcus multilocularis in Hokkaido, Japan, were evaluated by orally inoculating mink with protoscoleces, and A. speciosus with eggs of the cestode, respectively. No tapeworms were recovered from the alimentary tract of the mink, and no hydatid cysts were recovered from the viscera of the egg-inoculated A. speciosus. We conclude that mink and A. speciosus cannot serve as definitive hosts and intermediate hosts of E. multilocularis, respectively, in Hokkaido.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Helminths in ruffed grouse at the host's southeastern range boundary.

Carcasses of 268 ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) collected in eastern Tennessee (USA) from October 1983 through February 1988 were examined between 16 January 1985 and 25 April 1988 for non-filarioid helminths. Three nematode species and one cestode species were found. The two most common parasites were the cecal worm Heterakis bonasae (81% prevalence, mean intensity +/- SD of 62 +/- 114) and the tapeworm Echinolepis carioca (27% prevalence, 30 +/- 73 mean intensity). Age and sex of host were sufficient to predict infection by both common species. Condition of host and year and month of collection also had significant effects on prevalence. Intensity of cecal worm infection varied with age and condition of host and with region and month of collection.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Cerebral cysticercosis in a woodchuck (Marmota monax).

A juvenile woodchuck (Marmota monax) with vestibular signs was found in Woodbridge, Ontario (Canada) and later euthanized. At necropsy there was marked distortion of the right side of the skull, where a large, fluctuant, subcutaneous mass extended under the zygomatic arch and caudally from the right eye towards the right ear. The mass was multiloculated and contained a large number of tapeworm cysticerci, each about 1 to 2 mm in diameter. The third and lateral ventricles of the brain were dilated and contained large numbers of similar cysticerci. Based on the exogenous budding of cysts and the morphology of the scolex in each cyst, they were identified as cysticerci of Taenia crassiceps. This is the first report of cerebral cysticercosis in a woodchuck.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

Incidental aquatic zoonoses.

The following incidental aquatic zoonoses are discussed: eosinophilic mengingitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonesis, the Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinesis), Anisakis infections, Cryptocotyle lingua, eye fluke (Philophthalmus), the tapeworm Diplogonoporus grandis, and shellfish-borne hepatitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Papular eruption in helminth infestation--a hypersensitivity phenomenon? Report of four cases.

This communication reports on generalized papular eruption in Man, coinciding with infestation due to dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana), pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) and whipworm (Trichuris trichiura). The assumed allergic-hyperergic reaction was evident from itching, blood and tissue eosinophilia, increased serum IgE and clearing up after focus of infestation therapy. Pinworm and whipworm therapy was initially accompanied by Jarisch-Herxheimer phenomenon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[Neurocysticercosis in Spain. Apropos 4 cases seen in immigrant patients from endemic countries].

Neurocysticercosis is a helminthiasis of the central nervous system produced by the encysted larvae of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium. We report 4 cases of neurocysticercosis observed in immigrants from endemic areas (India and Latin America). Three of the patients were diagnosed because of new onset of seizures, all of the no received anthelmintic therapy with favourable outcome. The fourth case was a form known as racemose cysticercosis. She was admitted because of CNS sensorial symptoms with later development of severe intracranial hypertension that required surgical treatment. All the cases had a positive result in the ELISA test for cysticercosis. In only one patient chronic epilepsy persisted thus needing long-term anticonvulsant therapy as a sequelae. Our report helps to familiarize clinicians with the characteristic radiological findings from cysticercosis and em s the fact that epidemiological suspicion and serological data are usually enough to get the diagnosis and avoid unnecessary probes.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Thysanotaenia congolensis n. sp. (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in the lesser savanna cane rat, Thryonomys gregorianus from Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa.

Ten (100%) lesser savanna cane rats, Thryonomys gregorianus, collected from the Lake Kivv area of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Africa were found to be infected with an undescribed anoplocephalid tapeworm, Thysanotaenia congolensis n. sp. Like other species of Thysanotaenia, T. congolensis n. sp. has the ovary and vitellarium centrally located, and the egg capsules and testes are intervascular. The new species differs from the 2 existing species, Thysanotaenia lemuris in lemurs and Thysanotaenia cubensis in humans, in being smaller (34-50 mm long) and in having a smaller scolex (260-410 microns in diameter), a shorter cirrus sac (115 microns long), and smaller eggs (40 microns in diameter). Anastomoses of the excretory system and formation of egg capsules in the new species are also described.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Hydatid orbital cyst: a unique intra-orbital locality. A case report].

Orbital hydatidosis is uncommon, accounting for 1 to 2% of all localizations. It is caused by Echinococcus granulosis, a dog parasite tapeworm. We report an intra-orbital hydatid cyst observed in a five-year-old boy, presenting the main features of this unusual localization. Hydatid cyst should be evoked in case of tumorous exophthalmia in young patients, especially in children having lived in endemic zones. The preoperative diagnosis is based on clinical findings and ultrasonographic, computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings. The fronto-orbital approach is most commonly used for treatment. Infectious and functional prognosis depends on early surgery.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

[Epidemiology and systematics of cystic and alveolar hydatid disease].

Echinococcus multilocularis, a small tapeworm in foxes, has gained considerable public attention owing to its wide distribution in central Europe. Conversely, diagnosis and treatment of the disease have been significantly improved in recent years. Consequently, the incidence among human populations has remained stable and relatively low for many decades. In southern Germany, France (Franche Comté and Doubs), Austria and Switzerland, the annual incidence ranges between 0.02 and 1.4 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants. The relevance of human AE refers to the high lethality of the untreated disease. Therapy consists predominantly of radical surgery followed by continuous, long-term chemotherapy using albendazole (or mebendazole). The action of chemotherapy alone is parasitostatic rather than parasitocidal; nevertheless, clinical improvement is observed in > 80 % of such cases, including a significantly improved prognosis. Diagnosis relies predominantly on imaging procedures and serology. Immunodiagnosis must be performed early, especially when a preclinical diagnosis is desired upon exposure to infection. Thus, in the framework of seroepidemiological studies, first-time evidence was obtained about the phenomenon of natural resistance in non-diseased persons. This raised the question of a potential immunogenetic predisposition in certain infected persons. E. granulosus (cystic hydatid disease) is practically non-existent as autochthonous infection in central Europe now. Most clinical cases of E. granulosus infections are thus observed among persons who have immigrated from - predominantly - the mediterranean basin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of the calcareous corpuscles in cestode physiology: a review.

Cysticercosis is a parasitic disease caused by the larval stage or cysticercus of the cestode tapeworm Taenia solium. Cysticerci are able to survive in the host tissues for long periods in the presence of an immune response. Tissues of cestodes contain mineral concretions termed calcareous corpuscles. These corpuscles might serve for the focal deposition of exceeding amounts of calcium protecting the larvae against calcification. Studies on the morphology and composition of calcareous corpuscles in cestodes have resulted in a number of hypotheses on their origin and function. Calcareous corpuscles are believed to form either intracellularly or extracellularly and the cell type involved, the place of formation and the mechanism of mineral deposition seem to be also diverse. This review intends to provide an updated guide to the published literature on calcareous corpuscles in cestodes, giving emphasis on their role in larval physiology. Understanding biomineralization might lead to novel ways for the treatment of diseases caused by cestode larvae.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Glycogen synthase Hymenolepis diminuta. I. Allosteric activation and inhibition.

Glycogen synthase (UDP glucose: glycogen alpha-4-glycosyltransferase, EC2.4.1.11) of the tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta exists in 2 forms: 1) the I-form (independent), which has significant activity in the absence of glucose 6-phosphate (G6P); and 2) the phosphorylated D-form (dependent), which has no enzymatic activity unless G6P is present. The activity of the I-form is greatly enhanced by a variety of allosteric effectors which have, as their common feature, 1 or more phosphate groups. These include inorganic phosphate (Pi), several sugar phosphates, some phosphorylated glycolytic intermediates, and nucleoside mono- and triphosphates. Competition studies suggest that while most of the positive effectors act at the same site on the enzyme (the "G6P site"), fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3DPG) act at low concentrations to stimulate the enzyme at another locus (the "diphosphate site"), while at high concentrations they competitively inhibit the binding of G6P and of the other activators. The inhibition by high uridine monophosphate (UMP) concentrations is competitive only with the activator uridine triphosphate (UTP), suggesting the existence of a third type of allosteric site (the "uridine nucleotide site"). This third site may be the locus for feedback inhibition by the product uridine diphosphate (UDP), a control mechanism which has been observed to occur in mammalian systems. The allosteric control of the D-form of the enzyme is comparatively simple, apparently involving only one site (the "G6P site") that binds a few effects with greatly reduced affinity. Pi reverses the activation of the D-form by G6P.

Allosteric Regulation↗