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PubMedDate not supplied

[Equity and health: research needs for the development of a social policy].

This article presents a general view of the evolution of the conceptual approach to equity in health and its current meaning. The analysis of equity from the standpoint of distribution-accesibility, use and outcome of health services is proposed. Every point of view is addressed to an operational and policy-making position. This paper concludes with a proposal of perspectives for research development in this field.

Health Policy↗
PubMed2003

From Screening to Early Identification and Intervention: Discovering Predictors to Successful Outcomes for Children With Significant Hearing Loss.

This article summarizes the research findings from a longitudinal study of the language, speech, and social-emotional development of children who are deaf and hard of hearing, all of whom have hearing parents. This series of studies, from 1994 to the present, investigated predictors of successful developmental outcomes. The article provides information about how the findings of these studies relate to the existing literature. A description of the Colorado Home Intervention Program (CHIP) in which the participants were enrolled is also provided. During the course of these investigations, universal newborn hearing screening programs were established in Colorado, changing the age of identification of hearing loss and initiation into intervention in this program geared to families with infants and toddlers, birth through three years of age, from an average of 20 months of age to 2 months of age. Language development is positively and significantly affected by the age of identification of the hearing loss and age of initiation into intervention services. Both speech development and social-emotional variables are highly related to language development.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Development of a social will for tobacco control index.

OBJECTIVE: To design a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess community support for controlling tobacco. METHODS: Four samples were obtained to test the psychometric properties of the Social Will for Tobacco Control Instrument. RESULTS: Principal components analysis found 2 factors accounted for 42.8% (personal support) and 9.7% (agency support) of the variance, respectively. Sensitivity was 93.7%, specificity was 90.6%, and validity was 92.3%. The instrument predicted, within 1%, the actual vote regarding a local clean indoor air ordinance. Stability reliability was .84 and .77 respectively for the 2 factors. CONCLUSION: The SWTCI can help policy makers predict whether communities are supportive of clean indoor air ordinances.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Early interaction: consequences for social and mental development at three years.

Interaction during feeding sessions between preterm infants and their mothers and that between full-term infants and their mothers were compared. (Mothers and babies were from a low-income, inner-city population.) When the children were about 3 years old, they attended a day camp for 3 weeks, during which their cognitive ability (Stanford-Binet) and social ability (both social competence and social participation) were assessed. Early interaction was quite different for preterms and full-terms, but in general it did not predict either social or cognitive ability at age 3. Birth status (preterm/full-term) did predict cognitive (but not social) ability: preterms scored lower. Finally, the children of mothers who were more emotionally and verbally responsive during a home visit at 20 months exhibited more social and cognitive ability at age 3. These results suggest that the baby, within broad normal limits, may be "buffered" against any long-term consequences of interaction during the first few months of life.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The Myxococcus xanthus pilQ (sglA) gene encodes a secretin homolog required for type IV pilus biogenesis, social motility, and development.

The Myxococcus xanthus sglA1 spontaneous mutation was originally isolated because it allowed dispersed cell growth in liquid yet retained the ability to form fruiting bodies. Consequently, most of today's laboratory strains either contain the sglA1 mutation or were derived from strains that carry it. Subsequent work showed that sglA was a gene for social gliding motility, a process which is mediated by type IV pili. Here sglA is shown to map to the major pil cluster and to encode a 901-amino-acid open reading frame (ORF) that is homologous to the secretin superfamily of proteins. Secretins form a channel in the outer membrane for the transport of macromolecules. The closest homologs found were PilQ proteins from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which are required for type IV pili biogenesis and twitching motility. To signify these molecular and functional similarities, we have changed the name of sglA to pilQ. The hypomorphic pilQ1 (sglA1) allele was sequenced and found to contain two missense mutations at residues 741 (G-->S) and 762 (N-->G). In addition, 19 independent social (S)-motility mutations are shown to map to the pilQ locus. In-frame deletions of pilQ and its downstream gene, orfL, were constructed. pilQ is shown to be essential for pilus biogenesis, S-motility, rippling, and fruiting body formation, while orfL is dispensable for these processes. The pilQ1 allele, but not the DeltapilQ allele, was found to render cells hypersensitive to vancomycin, suggesting that PilQ1 alters the permeability properties of the outer membrane. Many differences between pilQ1 and pilQ+ strains have been noted in the literature. We discuss some of these observations and how they may be rationalized in the context of our molecular and functional findings.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Evolutionary developmental psychology.

Evolutionary developmental psychology is the study of the genetic and ecological mechanisms that govern the development of social and cognitive competencies common to all human beings and the epigenetic (gene-environment interactions) processes that adapt these competencies to local conditions. The basic assumptions and domains of this emerging field, as related to human life history and social and cognitive development, are outlined, as are implications for issues of importance in contemporary society.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed1984

Social and affective development in infants with a manic-depressive parent.

The authors observed seven infants who had a manic-depressive parent longitudinally in a structured laboratory setting with their mothers at ages 12, 15, and 18 months. The infants' attachment and affiliative behaviors and the patterning of their affective responses were assessed according to systematic measures and compared with those of a matched control group. The proband infants appeared to show a disturbance in the quality of their attachments to their mothers as well as a generalized disturbance in their capacities to regulate their emotions adaptively. There appeared to be an increasing severity of disturbance with increasing age. The authors discuss the implications of these findings.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1974

Social facilitation and development in Ephestia kühniella Z.

Total time required for larval and pupal development in Ephestia kühniella Z. was significantly modified when habitable space of the food mass was increased by dilution with a nontoxic sawdust. Doubling the living space resulted in an increased developmental rate, presumably due to a reduction in the number of larval interactions. Tripling the living space, however, produced a somewhat unexpected delay in development, accompanied by a marked increase in variance about the means for both males and females.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Measuring social change preferences in African American adolescents: development of the Measure of Social Change for Adolescents (MOSC-A).

Studies addressing Black adolescents' social change strategies are nonexistent and might be associated with the absence of social change measures for Black adolescents. In an effort to begin addressing this concern, the 30-item Measure of Social Change for Adolescents (MOSC-A) was designed to measure Black adolescents' first- (i.e., within the system) and second- (outside of the system) order social change strategies. Factor analysis of responses that 226 Black adolescents gave to the MOSC-A revealed first- and second-order social change factors. Item response theory analyses revealed that 65% of the items on the former factor adequately discriminate across different trait levels, but those of the latter were less promising. Scaffolded on this study, future research might refine the MOSC-A's psychometric properties and improve its utility.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Sperm competition and male ejaculate investment in Nauphoeta cinerea: effects of social environment during development.

Selective pressure arising from sperm competition has been predicted to influence evolutionary and behavioural adjustment of ejaculate investment, but also may influence developmental adjustment of ejaculate investment. Immature males able to target resources strategically based on the competitive environment they will experience when they become sexually mature should be at a selective advantage. In our study we investigated how the presence of potential competitors or mates affects ejaculate and testes investment during development in the cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea, a species where males control female remating via their ejaculate size (large spermatophores prevent females from remating and therefore function to avoid sperm competition for males) and females store sperm. Our aim was to determine whether the social environment influences developmental adjustment of ejaculate investment and the relative importance of ejaculate components with different functions; avoidance of or engagement in sperm competition. We conclude that the social environment can influence developmental and behavioural flexibility in specific ejaculate components that may function to avoid or engage in sperm competition.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Developing cultural competence and social responsibility in preclinical dental students.

Dental student development of cultural competence and social responsibility is recognized by educators as an important element in the overall shaping of minds and attitudes of modem dental practitioners. Yet training modalities to achieve these competencies are not clearly defined, and outcome measurements are elusive. This article shows an effective method to meet these desired outcomes. Sixty-one freshmen (class of 2005) participated in forty hours of nondental community service, and reflective journals were completed by the end of second year. Competency outcomes were measured by selecting key words and phrases found in the individual journals. Key phrases were related to compassion, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. Also, phrases had to be accompanied by written indications of direct program causation. The combination of active-learning (based upon service learning models) in public health settings outside of the dental realm, accompanied by reflective journaling, enhanced cultural understanding and community spirit in the majority of students.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMed1986

Emotion socialization and expressive development in preterm and full-term infants.

The expressive behaviors of full-term and preterm infants and their mothers were examined during face-to-face interaction when the infants were approximately 2 1/2, 5, and 7 1/2 months old. Videotapes of the sessions were coded on a second-to-second basis using Izard's discrete emotion coding system. Overall, infants showed a linear increase in positive effect, especially interest and joy, and a corresponding decrease in negative affect, especially pain and knit brow, with age; decrease in negative affect was accounted for largely by the preterm infants. In terms of maternal responses, there was an increase in contingent responding to infant interest expressions and a decrease in contingent responding to infant pain expressions over time, especially in the case of the preterm infant. The data set as a whole was examined further to establish the directionality of influence between mothers and infants in change patterns over time. There was evidence of learning effects in infants as a function of maternal modeling and contingency patterns. Anomalies in maternal responses to preterm infant affect expressions were observed. Mothers of these infants displayed significantly less matching or imitation of their infant's facial expressions, showed random rather than contingent responsiveness to sadness, and a significant ignoring response to infant anger. These differences were attributed to differences in gazing patterns and negative emotion expression in preterm infants. The results are discussed within a framework of emotion socialization that recognizes bidirectionality of influence in the emotional patterns of mothers and infants.

Adult↗