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PubMedDate not supplied

Family characteristics of diabetic adolescents: relationship to metabolic control.

This research compares the family environments of diabetic adolescents in good (HbA1c less than 10), fair (10 greater than or equal to HbA1c less than or equal to 14), and poor (HbA1c greater than 14) control. Fifty-eight adolescents diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and their parents (mothers) were independently assessed with structured interviews, the Moos Family Environment Scale, and adolescents also completed the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. As compared with adolescents in poor control, those in good control reported fewer diabetes-related symptoms and had less anxiety and a more positive self-concept. Well-controlled youths also reported more cohesion and less conflict among family members. More parents of well-controlled youths stated that family members were encouraged to behave independently. In addition, more parents of poorly controlled adolescents believed that diabetes had negatively affected the child's personality, physical well-being, schooling, and participation in activities away from home. These findings suggest a complex interplay between the diabetic adolescent's psychological and physical functioning, metabolic control, and the family environment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The psychosocial effects of acne on adolescents.

To describe the psychosocial impact of acne on adolescents, and, in particular, to assess whether self-concept is affected by medical treatment, we evaluated 39 teenagers presenting for care to a community-based dermatologist. Prior to and following treatment, subjects completed a self-assessment questionnaire, the Piers-Harris self-concept scale, and underwent an objective assessment of acne severity. Fifty-eight percent of subjects were dissatisfied with their facial appearance and this in turn was correlated with feelings of embarrassment and social inhibition (for each, r = 0.48, P less than or equal to 0.005). Subjects' rating of acne severity, but not the dermatologist's, was correlated with dissatisfaction with facial appearance (r = 0.45, P less than or equal to 0.005). Despite these findings, the mean Piers-Harris total t-score (55.4 +/- 7.4) was within the normal range. Fourteen subjects (36%) returned for follow-up and 71% of these were judged by both the dermatologist and themselves to have improved. Following therapy, significant reductions in the adverse consequences of acne were observed with 42% of subjects reporting that their facial appearance was more acceptable to peers, 50% being less embarrassed, and 58% feeling less socially inhibited. Minimal improvement in mean Piers-Harris total t-score was observed (54.6 to 57.4, P = 0.004, paired t-test). Our data demonstrate that acne is perceived by adolescents to have important negative personal and social consequences, and that improvement in these areas may accompany medical treatment.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Changes in body image secondary to disease and injury.

This article describes the relationship between body image and self-concept, discusses responses to changes in body image secondary to disease and injury, and explores strategies for adjustment to alterations in body image. Sociopsychological aspects of body image form a complex framework by which an individual understands the self and perceives how he or she is understood by others. As body image, self-concept, identity, and ego are closely associated, a loss of or alteration in any one of these factors can have deleterious effects on the entire self. Rehabilitation professionals assume an important role in helping people adjust to and accept alterations in body image by facilitating the grieving process; addressing loss, anxiety, and depression; and empowering individuals to emphasize and use their assets.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2002

Improved health and self-esteem among patients with AIDS in a therapeutic community nursing program.

This study followed up 41 clients (26 males and 15 females) admitted into a modified therapeutic community (TC) nursing home for substance abusing clients with AIDS at 3 points in time (admission, 8 months into treatment, and after completing residential treatment, 16-18 months post baseline) using the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale and other biological and social indicators, such as CD-4 cell count, body weight, and number of close friends. Analyses of repeated measures found significant linear increases on total self-esteem, CD-4 cell count, and body weight biological indicators, and number of close friends social indicator. Discussion focused on the pertinence of the TC nursing home treatment on clients' internalized behavior self-concept change, as well as positive physical and social change indicators.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

Evaluating change in attitude towards mathematics using the 'then-now' procedure in a cooperative learning programme.

BACKGROUND: Tertiary students' attitudes to mathematics are frequently negative and resistant to change, reflecting low self-efficacy. Some educators believe that greater use should be made of small group, collaborative teaching. However, the results of such interventions should be subject to assessments of bias caused by a shift in the frame of reference used by students in reporting their attitudes. AIMS: This study was designed to assess whether traditional pretest-post-test procedures would indicate positive changes in mathematics attitude during a programme of cooperative learning, and whether an examination of any attitudinal change using the 'then-now' procedure would indicate bias in the results due to a shift in the internal standards for expressing attitude. SAMPLE: Participants were 141 undergraduate students enrolled in a 12-week statistics and research design component of a course in educational psychology. METHOD: Using multivariate procedures, pretest, post-test, and then-test measures of mathematics self-concept and anxiety were examined in conjunction with a cooperative learning approach to teaching. RESULTS: Significant positive changes between pretest and post-test were found for both mathematics self-concept and mathematics anxiety. There were no significant differences between the actual pretest and retrospective pretest measures of attitude. The results were not moderated by prior level of mathematics study. CONCLUSION: Conclusions about the apparent effectiveness of a cooperative learning programme were strengthened by the use of the retrospective pretest procedure.

Anxiety↗
PubMed2006

Self-rated health among U.S. adolescents.

PURPOSE: This article investigates the meaning of subjective health assessments for younger respondents by examining the temporal stability of self-rated health (SRH) among adolescents. Two competing understandings of SRH are tested: SRH as a spontaneous health assessment or as an enduring self-concept. METHODS: Using data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (n = 13,511), an intra-class correlation coefficient and a weighted Kappa estimate are calculated to assess the test-retest reliability for SRH. Self-rated health (T2) is then modeled as a function of SRH (T1), physical health (T1), and mental health (T1), and changes in physical and mental health (T2-T1). RESULTS: SRH is found to be moderately stable over repeated observations (K = .40; rho = .55) among adolescents. Findings from multivariate analyses suggest that SRH (T2) is largely determined by SRH (T1) and less so by changes in physical or psychological health status (T2-T1). CONCLUSIONS: SRH among adolescents is in part a spontaneous health assessment but it is best understood as an enduring self-concept.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Mental representations of physically and sexually abused latency-aged females.

The mental representations and self-concept of 20 sexually abused, 20 physically abused, and 20 nonabused but distressed females, ages 7-12, were studied using the TAT and the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Results were analyzed both statistically from objective scoring systems, and clinically from direct observations and from an analysis of the interaction of abused children with the examiner. The results show that while the mental representations did not statistically differ between the sexually and physically abused children, the abused groups did differ in their internal images compared to nonabused but distressed children. Also, abused children tended to split off from consciousness the more negative aspects of their perceptions. The results demonstrate that it is abuse per se, and not simply family distress, that results in impaired object relations. Implications of these results are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2006

Psychological processes underlying delusional thinking in late-onset psychosis: a preliminary investigation.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It has been suggested that delusions may serve as a defence against negative self-representations. The present study investigated general psychological well-being and evidence for defensive emotional processes among people with late-onset psychosis. METHOD: The performance and responses of older people with late-onset psychosis (n = 13), older people with depression (n = 15), and age-matched healthy controls (n = 15) were compared in a cross-sectional design. Participants rated their own levels of depression and self-esteem, and completed an emotional Stroop task to establish whether there was evidence of implicit depression in the absence of explicit acknowledgement. Participants rated themselves on a number of personal attributes in relation to two life stages to generate discrepancies in 'actual', 'ideal' and 'other' self-concepts, and completed measures of their perceptions of current and past psychological well-being. RESULTS: People with late-onset psychosis showed no evidence of overt depression or low-self esteem. All three groups showed an attentional bias to depression-related and age-related words, although response times overall were faster for controls. The psychosis group showed no discrepancies between either their past or their current 'actual' and 'other' self-concepts, suggesting that they do not have more negative views about how others see them. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence from this study does not support the application of the 'delusion-as-defence' model to late-onset psychosis, but methodological constraints must be borne in mind when interpreting the findings.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

[Self-esteem and partner relationships of patients with bipolar affective disorder: a study of the interval personality with the Giessen-test].

The self-concept and the partner relationships of patients with bipolar affective disorder in remission were investigated with the Giessen-Test (GT, Beckmann et al. ) comparing the bipolar patients with unipolar depressive patients, a control group of orthopedic patients and the standard sample of the Giessen-Test. The new dimensions "self-esteem" and "near-to-object" were developed by means of the Giessen-Test items. Self-esteem was significantly lower in bipolar patients in remission than in the controls. The bipolar patients also described themselves as "more distant to others" than the controls. Bipolar and unipolar-depressive patients had a similar self-concept and view of their partner relationships. The results underline the importance of the regulation of self-esteem and the interpersonal dimension in the long-term course of bipolar affective disorder. Therapeutic implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The relationship between indexes of childhood friendship and biographical, personality, and behavioral variables.

The nature of childhood friendship was investigated through the relationship between four proposed indexes of friendship (choice status, acceptance of others, acceptance by others, and perceived acceptance by others), and variables of biography, interpersonal skills and behaviors, and self-concept. The subjects were 39 children (30 boys, 9 girls) in Grades 2, 4, and 6. Data were collected via sociometric techniques, questionnaires, and the Piers-Harris (1969) Children's Self-Concept Scale. The results indicated significant correlations between (a) age and choice status, (b) after-school routine and perceived social acceptance, (c) after-school routine and actual social acceptance, and (d) loneliness and social acceptance; and between certain friendship indexes.

Child↗
PubMed2003

Changes in nursing identities: supporting a successful transition.

This article examines the role of nurse managers in delivering the NHS modernization agenda by supporting the development of new and innovative nursing roles as proposed in recent health care policy. A study by Ewens (1998) indicates that nurses will respond positively to new short-term developments because of the ability to re-conceptualize work roles before actually undertaking them, but that long-term success will depend upon whether the workplace provides the scope and flexibility for integration of new identities into the self-concept. It is argued that when nurses find a gap between what they believe their role could be and what in reality it is allowed to be they separate their self-concept from their work role. In this situation the nurse experiences frustration and disappointment and the work role becomes 'untenable', resulting in them either leaving or retreating back into traditional professional identities. A discussion is provided on the role of nurse managers in the prevention of this negative response by supporting innovative work environments that can accommodate the new roles envisaged in the current policy. The paper concludes with consideration of the current direction of nursing and questions whether this move towards the nurse as 'assistant physician' will, in the longer term, be a good thing for patients.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1980

Two promising measures of health education program outcomes and asthmatic children.

Two measures of health education program outcomes were administered to a group of 50 asthmatic children: the Child's Health Locus of Control Scale and the Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale. Interest centered on the reliabilities and discriminant validity of these instruments. Results showed high alpha reliabilities for both scales and a low, positive intercorrelation. Mean health locus of control and self-concept scores for this group were comparable to those of healthy children. These findings may be useful in designing and evaluating health education programs for children with asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Peer relationships and adjustment in children with cancer.

Evaluated the psychosocial adaptations of children with cancer (n = 24, ages 8-18) as compared with same classroom controls on indices of (a) peer- and self-perceptions of sociability, aggression, and social isolation; (b) overall popularity; (c) mutual friendships; (d) feelings of loneliness; and (e) self-concept in multiple domains. Although the peer report data showed that children with cancer had a social reputation as significantly more socially isolated, no significant differences were found for their popularity, number of mutual friends, loneliness, or self-worth. Findings suggest that children with cancer have a reputation as more socially isolated, but differences were not found on measures of acceptance by peers, self-concept, or loneliness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

A preliminary study of factors associated with psychological adjustment and disease course in school-age children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.

This study consisted of a longitudinal examination (baseline and approximately 2-yr follow-up) of factors associated with psychological adjustment in a sample of 24 school-age children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Measures of depression, anxiety, and self-concept were administered to the children, and measures of behavioral problems, social functioning, and negative life events were administered to the parents. Generally, psychological adjustment seemed stable, though a decrease in positive social self-concept over time was observed. Negative life events were significantly associated with greater adverse psychological and behavioral outcomes at both baseline and follow-up. An additional component to the study investigated factors associated with survival. Examination of an additional five children who died within 12 months of baseline indicated that they experienced significantly more adverse life events, were less resilient, and had greater disease progression. The sample size was small and requires that these findings be considered as preliminary and suggestive rather than conclusive.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Teachers' personalities and students' behavior in referrals for special education.

84 regular classroom teachers completed four self-report personality scales (self-concept, tolerance, locus of control, and teachers' efficacy) and reviewed hypothetical records of three types of students (withdrawn, acting-out, and neutral) and made decisions for referral for each student to special education. Scores for self-concept, tolerance, locus of control, and teachers' efficacy were not related to their decisions to refer across types of students.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Facial attractiveness and personal-social development.

The relationship between physical attractiveness and personal-social development was examined. The entire third, fourth, and fifth grade school population (N=440) was administered a self-concept and peer acceptance measure. School pictures of these children were then rated into attractive and unattractive groups (N = 84). Three separate three-factor (sex X attractiveness X grade) analyses of variance indicated attractive children were more socially accepted than their unattractive peers and had higher self-concepts.

Beauty↗
PubMed1985

Genital herpes: the psychological consequences.

This study investigated the psychological consequences of genital herpes among 42 men and women. The impact of the disease was assessed relative to five life-areas: sexual functioning, interpersonal relationships, emotional responses, self-concept, and work or school performance. The impact of genital herpes can be best understood when placed in the context of the ethical issues raised by the disease, the individual sufferer's personal development, psychodynamics and self-concept, and the meaning which genital herpes has come to have in society. It was found that for some individuals this illness produces psychological reactions of sufficient severity to warrant psychotherapeutic intervention.

Achievement↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Body image in women treated for breast cancer.

Body image, as a component of self-concept, was compared in four groups of women (N = 257) who received the most common types of treatment for breast cancer: mastectomy, mastectomy with delayed reconstruction, mastectomy with immediate reconstruction, and conservative surgery. Data were collected by mailed questionnaires using self-report instruments. Comparison of groups using analysis of covariance with age as a covariate indicated that mean body image in the conservative surgery group was significantly more positive than in either the mastectomy group or in the mastectomy with immediate reconstruction group. No differences in self-concept were evident among the four groups.

Adult↗