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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Prevalence differences in depression among males and females: are there evolutionary explanations?

Differences in male-female prevalence rates of depression are interpreted in evolutionary perspective. Three evolutionary hypotheses are evaluated: (a) depression represents an evolved strategy to deal with adverse social interactions, particularly among partners, (b) depression has self-preservative and manipulative features, and (c) depression is a consequence of failing to achieve biological goals. While these hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive, evolutionary explanations often suffer from not specifying which hypothesis is primary and which are secondary. We argue that failing to achieve biological goals is primary and that evolved strategies and self-preservative and manipulative behaviour are secondary. Findings pointing to depression-contributing features of male-female differences, asymmetries in male-female relationships and male-female differences associated with reproduction are discussed to support our view that evolutionary explanations can adequately account for a significant percentage of the reported prevalence differences.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1992

Aftermaths of surgical sterilisation with special reference to menstrual disturbances.

With the increasing use of a variety of surgical methods for sterilisation, certain pitfalls of these surgical decisions are emerging. In the present study 216 cases who underwent sterilisation at least 2 years prior to coming for consultation with various problems have been analysed. Menstrual disturbances like menorrhagia (59.2%), dysmenorrhoea (29.6%) and metrorrhagia (5.56%) are the leading symptoms ascribable to a large extent to the operation if not the fullest extent in some cases. The physical and psychological disturbances that have evolved from sterilisation include pain abdomen (25%), vague abdominal discomfort and backache (14.8%), leucorrhoea (12.03%), obesity (8.34%), insomnia (4.17%), irritability (2.78%), depression (2.78%) and regret (1.39%).

Abdominal Pain↗
PubMed2001

Male sexual function and its disorders: physiology, pathophysiology, clinical investigation, and treatment.

This review is designed to help the reproductive endocrinologist integrate his or her professional activity with those of other disciplines including urology, radiology, neurology, and psychology in order to successfully manage all of the inseparable aspects of male sexual and reproductive functioning. Significant advances in the field of male sexual physiology and pathophysiology and new methods of investigation and treatment of male sexual disorders are outlined. The review synthesizes available data on the following: norms of sexual organs, aging and sexuality, role of central and peripheral neurochemicals in each stage of the sexual cycle, role of corporeal smooth muscles in the hemodynamic control of erection and detumescence, influence of psychological factors, drugs, and disease on all aspects of sexual functioning, and use of nocturnal penile tumescence monitoring, imaging investigations, and neurophysiologic studies in the diagnostic workup of males with sexual dysfunction. Clinical algorithms are presented where appropriate. Extensive discussions on newly developed strategies in psychological and behavioral counseling, drug therapy, tissue engineering, nonsurgical devices, and surgical treatments for all forms of sexual disorders are also provided. Lastly, the effect of sexual dysfunction and its treatment on quality of life in affected men is addressed, along with recommendations for future research endeavors.

Humans↗
PubMed1968

Sterol requirement for reproduction of a free-living nematode.

The free-living, hermaphroditic nematode Caenorhabditis briggsae has a nutritional requirement for sterols. It will reproduce indefinitely in a liquid medium containing only bacterial cells (Escherichia coli) and salts if various sterols are present. Several other lipid-soluble materials are ineffective in supporting reproduction.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Depression Across the Reproductive Life Cycle: Correlations Between Events.

BACKGROUND: This study examines whether women who become depressed at one reproductive cycle event, e.g., postpartum, are likely to become depressed at other such events. METHOD: Seventy-two women in treatment for major depression were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing mood at 4 different reproductive cycle events, i.e., while premenstrual, taking oral contraceptives, postpartum, or perimenopausal. All diagnoses were made using DSM-III-R criteria. Rank-order correlations (r) were determined between mood ratings for different reproductive cycle event pairs. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between premenstrual and perimenopausal mood ratings (r = 0.41) and between postpartum and perimenopausal mood ratings (r = 0.64). Development of severe depression during the latter 2 events was strongly correlated (r = 0.87). Women who developed severe depression during at least 2 reproductive cycle events were more likely to have bipolar disorder, a family psychiatric history, and a younger age at onset. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that there may be a unique subgroup of women who are vulnerable to depression at reproductive cycle events.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Genetic counseling in autism and pervasive developmental disorders.

With increasing awareness of the importance of genetic influences on autism, there is now a demand from families with an affected member for advice regarding their risk of having an autistic child. Research evidence currently available makes it possible to give families empirical recurrence risks. It is desirable that this information is imparted by those with joint expertise in the diagnosis and treatment of autism and in the genetics of complex modes of inheritance. A protocol for genetic counseling is described, along with the key elements that influence the recurrence risks given to individual couples. There is a need to give information regarding recurrence risks not only for autism but also for the broader phenotype. In addition, couples may have other issues they wish to discuss, which may influence their reproductive decisions.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMed2006

Diagnosis, epidemiology, and genetics of the polycystic ovary syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous disorder, and its definition remains fluid and controversial. PCOS is characterized by clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism, and is frequently accompanied by ovulatory dysfunction and polycystic ovaries. PCOS is a diagnosis of exclusion, with other androgen excess and related disorders to be excluded. The prevalence of PCOS is 6.5-8.0% of unselected women of reproductive age, using the NIH 1990 criteria. Genetically, PCOS is a common, complex disorder. Despite repeated attempts to identify the putative gene or genes responsible for this disorder, the PCOS gene(s) remain elusive.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

New roles for model genetic organisms in understanding and treating human disease: report from the 2006 Genetics Society of America meeting.

Fundamental biological knowledge and the technology to acquire it have been immeasurably advanced by past efforts to understand and manipulate the genomes of model organisms. Has the utility of bacteria, yeast, worms, flies, mice, plants, and other models now peaked and are humans poised to become the model organism of the future? The Genetics Society of America recently convened its 2006 meeting entitled "Genetic Analysis: Model Organisms to Human Biology" to examine the future role of genetic research. (Because of time limitations, the meeting was unable to cover the substantial contributions and future potential of research on model prokaryotic organisms.) In fact, the potential of model-organism-based studies has grown substantially in recent years. The genomics revolution has revealed an underlying unity between the cells and tissues of eukaryotic organisms from yeast to humans. No uniquely human biological mechanisms have yet come to light. This common evolutionary heritage makes it possible to use genetically tractable organisms to model important aspects of human medical disorders such as cancer, birth defects, neurological dysfunction, reproductive failure, malnutrition, and aging in systems amenable to rapid and powerful experimentation. Applying model systems in this way will allow us to identify common genes, proteins, and processes that underlie human medical conditions. It will allow us to systematically decipher the gene-gene and gene-environment interactions that influence complex multigenic disorders. Above all, disease models have the potential to address a growing gap between our ability to collect human genetic data and to productively interpret and apply it. If model organism research is supported with these goals in mind, we can look forward to diagnosing and treating human disease using information from multiple systems and to a medical science built on the unified history of life on earth.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Eating disorders.

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified remain a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in girls and young women. Management of eating disorders typically requires a multidisciplinary team approach, often spear-headed by the clinician initially detecting the illness. This article addresses the definitions and prevalence of eating disorders, tips on recognition and management of medical complications, and reproductive health concerns for these young women. Issues surrounding care of the patient with the female athlete triad, or amenorrhea, osteopenia, and eating disorders, are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

High male:female ratio of germ-line mutations: an alternative explanation for postulated gestational lethality in males in X-linked dominant disorders.

In this paper I suggest that a vastly higher rate of de novo mutations in males than in females would explain some, if not most, X-linked dominant disorders associated with a low incidence of affected males. It is the inclusion of the impact of a high ratio of male:female de novo germ-line mutations that makes this model new and unique. Specifically, it is concluded that, if an X-linked disorder results in a dominant phenotype with a significant reproductive disadvantage (genetic lethality), affected females will, in virtually all cases, arise from de novo germ-line mutations inherited from their fathers rather than from their mothers. Under this hypothesis, the absence of affected males is explained by the simple fact that sons do not inherit their X chromosome (normal or abnormal) from their fathers. Because females who are heterozygous for a dominant disorder will be clinically affected and will, in most cases, either be infertile or lack reproductive opportunities, the mutant gene will not be transmitted by them to the next generation (i.e., it will be a genetic lethal). This, not gestational lethality in males, may explain the absence of affected males in most, if not all, of the 13 known X-linked dominant diseases characterized by high ratios of affected female to male individuals. Evidence suggesting that this mechanism could explain the findings in the Rett syndrome is reviewed in detail.

Fathers↗
PubMed1995

Pharmacological interventions for the induction of ovulation.

Ovulation induction is the most common medical intervention for the treatment of infertility. Clomifene is generally the first treatment choice for patients with amenorrhoea, unless there is profound hypothalamic deficiency. When clomifene fails to induce ovulation, menotropins (human menopausal gonadotrophin) or gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) are effective, most notably in WHO group 1. In this condition associated with low estrogen and gonadotrophin levels, the aggregate of reported pregnancy rates is 25% per cycle. In hyperprolactinaemic anovulation bromocriptine reduces prolactin levels and thereby restores normal cyclicity. In all of the above conditions, the pharmacological agent addresses a specific defect in an explicit manner. WHO group 2 ovulatory disorders arise from hyperandrogenicity and other conditions that respond less predictably to gonadotrophin therapy. In women with WHO group 2 disorders, the aggregate of reported pregnancy rates is 8%. Ovulation induction is also used in ovulatory infertile women to generate multiple follicles and increase the likelihood of fertilisation. The aggregate of pregnancy rates in clomifene trials was 7% per cycle, and 6% in gonadotrophin trials. Gonadotrophin therapy is more effective, however, in association with assisted reproduction techniques. The contrasting treatment success in discrete disorders (25% per cycle) and heterogeneous disorders such as WHO group 2 and persistent infertility (6 to 8% per cycle) underlines the need for research to discover specific causal mechanisms and identify explicit new pharmacological interventions.

Bromocriptine↗
PubMed2004

FSH and LH together in ovarian stimulation.

The authors review the physiology of the ovulatory cycle and the role of the gonadotrophins in ovulation induction in patients with anovulatory disorders and in multifollicular development for assisted reproductive technologies. The use of gonadotrophins with luteinizing hormone (LH) activity and the use of recombinant LH associated with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are discussed. The authors point out that administration of gonadotrophins with LH activity is essential in hypogonadotropic hypogonadal anovulation, and data available in the medical literature allow the conclusion that recombinant LH may be added to all ovarian stimulation protocols because it is difficult to determine which patients will benefit from LH administration and there is no evidence that LH affects adversely the outcome of ovarian stimulation. The use of recombinant LH in addition to recombinant FSH may be particularly useful when a GnRH antagonist is associated with the ovarian stimulation regimen, by preventing the fall in estradiol and diminishing FSH requirements.

Drug Therapy, Combination↗
PubMed2005

Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes. A constant threat.

Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are used as ergogenic aids by athletes and non-athletes to enhance performance by augmenting muscular development and strength. AAS administration is often associated with various adverse effects that are generally dose related. High and multi-doses of AAS used for athletic enhancement can lead to serious and irreversible organ damage. Among the most common adverse effects of AAS are some degree of reduced fertility and gynecomastia in males and masculinization in women and children. Other adverse effects include hypertension and atherosclerosis, blood clotting, jaundice, hepatic neoplasms and carcinoma, tendon damage, psychiatric and behavioral disorders. More specifically, this article reviews the reproductive, hepatic, cardiovascular, hematological, cerebrovascular, musculoskeletal, endocrine, renal, immunologic and psychologic effects. Drug-prevention counseling to athletes is highlighted and the use of anabolic steroids is must be avoided, emphasizing that sports goals may be met within the framework of honest competition, free of doping substances.

Aggression↗
PubMed1999

Optimization of a vehicle mixture for the transdermal delivery of melatonin using artificial neural networks and response surface method.

The objective of this study was to optimize a suitable vehicle composition, using response surface method (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN), for the transdermal delivery of melatonin (MT). MT is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that influences mammalian sleep and reproductive patterns. A successful treatment for sleep disorders can be developed if MT is delivered with a rate at which it is produced in the body (endogenous rhythm). Prominent hepato-gastrointestinal first-pass metabolism and short half-life of MT in the body, limits the ability of oral route to mimic the endogenous rhythm. Transdermal route is supposed to avoid first-pass metabolism, and maintain steady-state plasma MT concentrations for a required period of time. However, MT by itself can not pass through the dense lipophilic matrix of stratum corneum. Hence solvents like water (W), ethanol (E), propylene glycol (P), their binary and ternary mixtures were employed to increase MT flux and reduce lag time. Special quartic model (RSM) and deltaW:P (50:50) were predicted as the effective vehicles. W:E:P was considered as the best vehicle, both in terms of flux (12.75 microg/cm(2) per h) and lag time (5 h). RSM and ANN prediction of the best mixtures coincided very well. The ability of these tools to summarize various responses (solubility, flux, and lag time) with respect to vehicle composition enabled us to study the inter-relativity between the responses.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1997

The elusive search for fetal infection. Changing the gold standards.

Two percent to four percent of all newborns have a major structural malformation of which only a small percentage can be explained by either aneuploidy or a single-gene disorder. No other mammal has a similar reproductive problem. It is the suggestion that previously unrecognized viral infection accounts for a large percentage of these abnormalities by interfering with appropriate embryonic cell migration, reducing hyperplasia, or damaging the precursor structure by means of an inflammatory mechanism.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Regulation of angiogenesis in the endometrium.

A crucial stage in pregnancy is the implantation of the embryo into the endometrium. The endometrium, which is situated in the lining of the uterus, is a complex structure consisting of a single epithelial layer overlying a mesenchymal stroma. Cyclical growth of the endometrium under the influence of ovarian steroids results in the establishment of a receptive endometrium. If implantation fails, or is deliberately prevented by the use of fertility regulation, the endometrium is shed by the process of menstruation. This unique system of cyclic tissue regeneration is dependent on the cyclical growth and regression of the blood vessels that supply the endometrium. Little attention has been paid to this crucial aspect of human reproduction but it now appears that many disorders that reduce the quality of life of modern women, such as heavy menstruation, endometriosis, breakthrough bleeding and infertility, might have their basis in disorders of the endometrial vasculature.

Endometriosis↗