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PubMed2004

[The human perirhinal cortex].

The perirhinal cortex is a structure that lies within the medial temporal lobe. In the present paper, we review current knowledge of the anatomical boundaries and functional correlates of this structure. In the past decade, numerous animal studies have attempted to understand the contribution of the perirhinal cortex to memory. Taken together, they suggest that the perirhinal cortex is crucially involved in recognition memory. This function appears to be independent from those assumed to be subserved by the hippocampus. In humans, data are scarce but tend to corroborate results found in the animal literature. The perirhinal cortex appears to support context-free (non-episodic) knowledge, such as general knowledge about the world and "item-specific" memories. Models of declarative memory that take into account the specific contribution of the perirhinal cortex are discussed, along with their potential application to early cortical neurodegenerative disorders.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Comparison of neuropsychological functioning in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia.

Neuropsychological changes distinguishing mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) from frontotemporal dementia (FTD) have been described, but empirical verification of differential cognitive characteristics is lacking. Archival neuropsychological data on 15 FTD patients, 16 AD patients, and 16 controls were compared. Controls outperformed both patient groups on measures of verbal and nonverbal memory, executive ability, and constructional skill, with AD patients showing more widespread memory decline. No differences were found between the 3 groups in confrontation naming, recognition memory, or basic attention. Patient groups differed only in nonverbal memory, with FTD patients performing significantly better than AD patients. However, patient groups also differed in pattern of performance across executive and memory domains. Specifically, AD patients exhibited significantly greater impairment on memory than executive tasks, whereas the opposite pattern characterized the FTD group. These findings suggest that examination of relative rankings of scores across cognitive domains, in addition to interpretation of individual neuropsychological scores, may be useful in differential diagnosis of FTD versus AD.

Aged↗

PubMed1994

Comments on Batchelder and Riefer's multinomial model for source monitoring.

Kinchla criticizes Batchelder and Riefer's multinomial model for source monitoring, primarily its high-threshold assumptions, and he advocates an approach based on statistical decision theory (SDT). In this reply, the authors lay out some of the considerations that led to their model and then raise some specific concerns with Kinchla's critique. The authors point out that most of his criticisms are drawn from contrasting the high threshold and the Gaussian, equal-variance SDT models on receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves for yes-no recognition memory. They indicate how source monitoring is more complicated than yes-no recognition and question the validity of standard ROC analyses in source monitoring. The authors argue that their model is a good approximation for measuring differences between sources on old-new detection and that it has the ability to measure source discrimination as well as detection. The authors also explore a low-threshold multinomial model and discuss the application of SDT models to source monitoring.

Attention↗

PubMed2006

Item memory, source memory, and the medial temporal lobe: concordant findings from fMRI and memory-impaired patients.

We studied item and source memory with fMRI in healthy volunteers and carried out a parallel study in memory-impaired patients. In experiment 1, volunteers studied a list of words in the scanner and later took an item memory test and a source memory test. Brain activity in the hippocampal region, perirhinal cortex, and parahippocampal cortex was associated with words that would later be remembered (item memory). The activity in these regions that predicted subsequent success at item memory predicted subsequent source memory to a similar degree. In experiment 2, memory-impaired patients with damage thought to be limited to the hippocampal region were given an item memory test and a source memory test, as in experiment 1. The patients were similarly impaired on the item memory test and the source memory test. Together, the findings suggest that medial temporal lobe structures broadly support recognition memory function and that item memory and source memory similarly depend on these structures.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Prospective remembering in younger and older adults: role of the prospective cue.

In these studies, adult age differences in event-based prospective memory were examined using an adapted version of G.O. Einstein and M.A. McDaniel's (1990) task. In Experiments 1-3, we varied prospective cue specificity by assigning a specific target word or an unspecified word drawn from a given taxonomic category. In Experiment 3, we manipulated cue typicality by presenting low or high typicality target words. Results yielded positive effects of cue specificity on prospective performance. Age effects occurred when high typicality target words served as prospective cues (Exps. 1 and 3), but younger and older adults performed comparably with moderate and low typicality words (Exps. 2 and 3). Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that age accounted for a small but significant amount of variance in prospective memory, although the contribution of age was substantially reduced after statistically controlling for recognition memory. Implications of these data for current views on prospective remembering are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Young children and television: the retention of emotional reactions.

In 6 experiments, we examined preschoolers' ability to interpret or remember the affective reactions of television characters. In 2 studies, children viewed a "Sesame Street" or "Cosby Show" segment, and then retold the story. In both, mention of the protagonists' affective states was low, with less than 1% of the reactions recalled. In 3 experiments (using muppet, cartoon, or human portrayals), we examined whether this low retention was due to an inability to interpret reactions, identify their emotional labels, or remember them across a short period. For muppet and cartoon shows, children accurately recognized labels for reactions immediately after portrayal, but showed significant reductions in recognition memory by the end of the show. For human portrayals, subjects showed accurate recognition immediately after presentation, as well as after the show. In a final experiment, free descriptions of the reactions were assessed. Correct description was significantly higher for basic emotions than complex emotions.

Child Development↗

PubMed1986

Memory deficits and anticholinergic levels in chronic schizophrenia.

Recent memory correlated inversely with serum anticholinergic levels for verbal recall but not for recognition memory in 17 chronic schizophrenic inpatients taking neuroleptic medications. The results indicate that anticholinergic activity does not impair primary memory functioning in chronic schizophrenia.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Cyclic estrogen replacement improves cognitive function in aged ovariectomized rhesus monkeys.

Among the identified risks and benefits of hormone-replacement therapy, the effects of treatment on cognitive function in postmenopausal women have proved difficult to define. Here we conducted a controlled, prospective analysis in a nonhuman primate model to test whether surgical menopause and estrogen replacement influence the cognitive outcome of normal aging. Sixteen aged rhesus monkeys were ovariectomized, and throughout the course of subsequent neuropsychological assessment, half received a regimen of low-dose, cyclic estradiol replacement. Hormone treatment substantially reversed the marked age-related impairment vehicle-injected monkeys exhibited on a delayed response test of spatial working memory. Modest improvement was also observed on a delayed nonmatching-to-sample recognition memory task. In contrast, ovariectomy exacerbated age-related deficits in object discrimination learning; the magnitude of this effect was equivalent among vehicle- and estrogen-treated monkeys. Together, these results demonstrate that ovarian hormone status can broadly influence normal cognitive aging in monkeys, affecting capacities mediated by multiple brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobe memory system. The animal model established here should enable progress toward defining the neurobiological mechanisms that mediate the beneficial effects of estrogen on age-related cognitive decline in primates.

Aging↗

PubMed1985

Comparison of verbal and nonverbal memory in elderly normal subjects and dementia patients.

A multimodal memory test was devised to investigate the differences between verbal and nonverbal memory in demented and normal older people (65 to 98 years of age). Recognition memory for faces, geometric designs, tactual fabrics, words, and sentences significantly differentiated between the two groups. Verbal memory was better than nonverbal memory in both groups. No differences in subtest profiles were found between groups. Findings suggest that the verbal-nonverbal dimension is of importance to rehabilitation programs. The relatively slow deterioration of verbal memory with age leads to the suggestion that verbal memory might be capitalized on for the creation of compensatory mechanisms. The similarity in subtest profiles is in agreement with the accelerated aging hypothesis of dementia.

Adult↗

PubMed1976

Structural units and the redintegrative power of picture fragments.

We suppose that line drawings are perceived and represented in memory as a hierarchy of related parts and subparts, as dictated by Gestalt laws like common direction and spatial proximity. Therefore, a figure fragment comprising a natural part of an orginally studied pattern should serve as a strong retrieval cue for redintegrating memory for the pattern, whereas an equally large fragment suggesting either no units of misleading units should lead to poorer recall. This was confirmed in an experiment in which subjects studied 33 nonsense line drawings; recall of each was tested with good, mediocre, or bad (misleading) fragments of the original patterns. Good cues had about five time more redintegrative power than bad cues. A second experiment testing multiple-choice recognition memory showed that subjects confused an originally studied pattern about four times as often with a structurally similar distractor as with a structurally dissimilar distractor (which had an equal-sized change). Thus, memory cuing by fragments and memory confusions with slightly altered distractors indicate the significant constitutents of a figure.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

How do we know that we know? The accessibility model of the feeling of knowing.

Even when Ss fail to recall a solicited target, they can provide feeling-of-knowing (FOK) judgments about its availability in memory. Most previous studies addressed the question of FOK accuracy, only a few examined how FOK itself is determined, and none asked how the processes assumed to underlie FOK also account for its accuracy. The present work examined all 3 questions within a unified model, with the aim of demystifying the FOK phenomenon. The model postulates that the computation of FOK is parasitic on the processes involved in attempting to retrieve the target, relying on the accessibility of pertinent information. It specifies the links between memory strength, accessibility of correct and incorrect information about the target, FOK judgments, and recognition memory. Evidence from 3 experiments is presented. The results challenge the view that FOK is based on a direct, privileged access to an internal monitor.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The sea horse comes of age: theoretical comment on Rehbein, Killiany, and Mahut (2005) and Killiany, Rehbein, and Mahut (2005).

Impairments in various aspects of learning and memory have been ascribed to the effects of damage to the hippocampal formation in adult nonhuman primates. Whether these effects reflect disturbance of a unitary process or multiple processes within the hippocampus and whether other systems may participate in these functions is unclear. After making hippocampal ablations in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), L. Rehbein, R. Killiany, and H. Mahut (2005) and R. Killiany, L. Rehbein, and H. Mahut (2005) reported a dissociation of effect between tasks of recognition memory and contextual retrieval (impaired) and associative learning (spared). The findings point to an ontogenetic dissociation of function within the hippocampal formation and, at the same time, support the view of the coexistence of at least two neural systems that underlie memory and learning.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Effects of preinterview suggestion on counselor memory, clinical impression, and confidence in judgments.

This study examined the effects of schematic preinterview suggestion on counselors' (a) recognition memory of the information presented by the client; (b) clinical impression rating of the client; and (c) confidence in rating clinical impression. Fifty-two Master's-level counselor-trainees were assigned randomly to two conditions of preinterview suggestion about the status of the client (i.e., depression and no depression). After subjects had received appropriate preinterview information (i.e., depression or no-depression content) and had viewed a videotaped counseling interview, information was gathered from them. The results indicated that the preinterview suggestion (a) did not affect counselor-trainees' clinical impression rating of the client; (b) did not affect confidence of rating; and (c) yielded a weak, but significant, confirmatory memory. Implications for the interview setting are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Neural cell adhesion molecules, CaM kinase II and long-term memory in the chick.

The intermediate and medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) of the chick brain is a site of recognition memory for filial imprinting. Previous results have demonstrated learning-related changes in the amounts of the three major isoforms of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in the left IMHV. The increases were present 24 h after training. The present study enquired whether the increases persisted and were present 48 h after training. The brain regions analysed were the left and right IMHV and the left and right hyperstriatum accessorium (HA), a visual projection area. The alpha-subunit of calcium/calmodulin protein kinase II (CaMKIIalpha) was also assayed. There were significant correlations between a measure of the strength of learning and the amount of NCAM 180 in the right IMHV (r = +0.65; p = 0.012) but not in the left, and in the left HA (r = -0.61; p = 0.02), but not in the right. There were no learning-related changes for CaMKIIalpha. We conclude that in IMHV the effects of imprinting on NCAM 180 are expressed mainly in the left IMHV 24 h after training, but 48 h after training are expressed mainly in the right IMHV.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1981

The enhancement of memory in the first year.

Eleven infants were seen longitudinally at one month intervals from six through 11 months of age and administered tasks of recognition memory. The results revealed that the ability to retrieve a memory of an initially unfamiliar event that occurred more than five seconds earlier may be fragile until the child is about 10 months of age.

Discrimination Learning↗

PubMed2006

The contribution of familiarity to associative memory in amnesia.

In Experiment 1, using the remember/know paradigm with control participants, we compared the contribution of recollection and familiarity to associative recognition for compound stimuli and for unrelated word pairs. It was demonstrated that familiarity makes a greater contribution to associative recognition of compound stimuli than to associative recognition of unrelated word pairs. In Experiment 2, we examined associative recognition memory in medial temporal lobe amnesics, diencephalic amnesics, and control participants for the stimuli employed in Experiment 1. Whereas associative recognition for compounds and unrelated words was nearly identical in control participants, associative recognition was higher for compounds than for unrelated word pairs in amnesic patients. This pattern was observed in the medial temporal amnesic group as well as in the diencephalic amnesic group. These results suggest that associative recognition in amnesia is enhanced to the extent that performance can be supported by study-induced familiarity for the studied pair.

Aged↗

PubMed1989

Relational and absolute stimulus learning by monkeys in a memory task.

Three experiments showed stimulus control by either the absolute properties of probe stimuli, relational properties of the probe-list relationship, or both in a serial probe recognition memory task in which a four-item memory list was followed by a single probe (test) item. In Experiment 1, 3 rhesus monkeys received 39 to 75 repetitions of the same 24-trial stimulus sequence. Special tests showed stimulus control by the absolute properties of the probe stimuli. Retention of previous relational control was demonstrated by the good transfer (83%) to novel list and probe stimuli at the beginning of Experiment 2. During Experiment 2, control by absolute properties of the probe stimuli gradually reoccurred. Only a small measure of control by list stimuli could be detected or promoted. In Experiment 3, 4 monkeys were shown to have largely lost their ability to perform on the basis of the list-probe relationship, and were performing primarily on the basis of the absolute properties of the probe stimuli. Over the next 15 weeks, these monkeys were transferred to new stimuli at the beginning of each week. Control by the relational aspects of the task gradually returned. As transfer performance increased, control by the absolute properties of the probe stimuli was eliminated. The results are discussed in terms of stimulus control and performance strategies used by the monkeys.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Recognizing unfamiliar faces: the effects of distinctiveness and view.

Three experiments are reported in which the effects of viewpoint on the recognition of distinctive and typical faces were explored. Specifically, we investigated whether generalization across views would be better for distinctive faces than for typical faces. In Experiment 1 the time to match different views of the same typical faces and the same distinctive faces was dependent on the difference between the views shown. In contrast, the accuracy and latency of correct responses on trials in which two different faces were presented were independent of viewpoint if the faces were distinctive but were view-dependent if the faces were typical. In Experiment 2 we tested participants' recognition memory for unfamiliar faces that had been studied at a single three-quarter view. Participants were presented with all face views during test. Finally, in Experiment 3, participants' were tested on their recognition of unfamiliar faces that had been studied at all views. In both Experiments 2 and 3 we found an effect of distinctiveness and viewpoint but no interaction between these factors. The results are discussed in terms of a model of face representation based on an inter-item similarity in which the representations are view specific.

Adult↗