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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

Reconstructive memory related to adolescent-parent conflict interactions: the influence of attachment-related representations on immediate perceptions and changes in perceptions over time.

This investigation examined the hypothesis that individuals change, over time, their perceptions of interactions with attachment figures in ways that are consistent with their attachment-related representations of those individuals. In an original and a replication study, adolescents participated in laboratory conflict discussions with each of their parents. Adolescents rated their perceptions of the interactions immediately after the conflict discussions, then again 6 weeks later. Results indicated that (a) adolescents' immediate perceptions of the interactions were influenced by their attachment-related representations of their parents, and (b) adolescents' perceptions, over a period of 6 weeks, shifted such that their later perceptions were more congruent with their attachment-related representations than were their immediate perceptions. Implications for the continuity of relational models and relationship patterns are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

A contrarian view of the five-factor approach to personality description.

The 5-factor approach (FFA) to personality description has been represented as a comprehensive and compelling rubric for assessment. In this article, various misgivings about the FFA are delineated. The algorithmic method of factor analysis may not provide dimensions that are incisive. The "discovery" of the five factors may be influenced by unrecognized constraints on the variable sets analyzed. Lexical analyses are based on questionable conceptual and methodological assumptions, and have achieved uncertain results. The questionnaire version of the FFA has not demonstrated the special merits and sufficiencies of the five factors settled upon. Serious uncertainties have arisen in regard to the claimed 5-factor structure and the substantive meanings of the factors. Some implications of these problems are drawn.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed1995

Solid ground in the wetlands of personality: a reply to Block.

The five-factor model (FFM) of personality offers a structural organization of personality traits in terms of 5 broad factors. J. Block's (1995) critique of the FFM failed to recognize the utility of a trait taxonomy and the intent of research designed to test the 5-factor hypothesis. In a number of instances he omitted reference to empirical evidence that addresses concerns he raised; this evidence shows strong support for the FFM beyond the lexical and questionnaire traditions he reviews. Many of his suggestions for improving the quality of personality research are valuable, but are likely to be more fruitful when used in conjunction with established knowledge about the structure of personality traits: the FFM.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed1995

So what do you propose we use instead? A reply to Block.

Unfortunately, Block's brilliant critique is terribly biased, much like a legal brief that presents only one side of the issues at suit. It does not distinguish between the Big Five model of phenotypic personality attributes from alternative models of the causal underpinnings of personality differences. Ironically, it attempts to explain away the extensive evidence for the Big Five model as largely the result of data prestructuring, with no acknowledgement of the unique contribution of the lexical approach to minimizing such problems. Even more seriously, it omits a good deal of crucial evidence favorable to the Big Five model, including studies of Block's own Q-set and independent investigations of personality-related terms in other languages. Sadly, Block's closing suggestions provide little in the way of specific proposals for alternatives that he would have us use instead.

Factor Analysis, Statistical↗
PubMed1999

Gender differences in self-esteem: a meta-analysis.

Two analyses were conducted to examine gender differences in global self-esteem. In analysis I, a computerized literature search yielded 216 effect sizes, representing the testing of 97,121 respondents. The overall effect size was 0.21, a small difference favoring males. A significant quadratic effect of age indicated that the largest effect emerged in late adolescence (d = 0.33). In Analysis II, gender differences were examined using 3 large, nationally representative data sets from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). All of the NCES effect sizes, which collectively summarize the responses of approximately 48,000 young Americans, indicated higher male self-esteem (ds ranged from 0.04 to 0.24). Taken together, the 2 analyses provide evidence that males score higher on standard measures of global self-esteem than females, but the difference is small. Potential reasons for the small yet consistent effect size are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The rank-order consistency of personality traits from childhood to old age: a quantitative review of longitudinal studies.

The present study used meta-analytic techniques to test whether trait consistency maximizes and stabilizes at a specific period in the life course. From 152 longitudinal studies, 3,217 test-retest correlation coefficients were compiled. Meta-analytic estimates of mean population test-retest correlation coefficients showed that trait consistency increased from .31 in childhood to .54 during the college years, to .64 at age 30, and then reached a plateau around .74 between ages 50 and 70 when time interval was held constant at 6.7 years. Analysis of moderators of consistency showed that the longitudinal time interval had a negative relation to trait consistency and that temperament dimensions were less consistent than adult personality traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Hierarchical linear modeling analyses of the NEO-PI-R scales in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.

The authors examined age trends in the 5 factors and 30 facets assessed by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory in Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging data (N=1,944; 5,027 assessments) collected between 1989 and 2004. Consistent with cross-sectional results, hierarchical linear modeling analyses showed gradual personality changes in adulthood: a decline in Neuroticism up to age 80, stability and then decline in Extraversion, decline in Openness, increase in Agreeableness, and increase in Conscientiousness up to age 70. Some facets showed different curves from the factor they define. Birth cohort effects were modest, and there were no consistent Gender x Age interactions. Significant nonnormative changes were found for all 5 factors; they were not explained by attrition but might be due to genetic factors, disease, or life experience.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

On the usefulness of measures of normal personality for clinical assessment: evidence of the incremental validity of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory.

As a means of examining the incremental validity of a normal personality measure in the prediction of selected Axis I and II diagnoses, 1,342 inpatient substance abusers completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--2 (MMPI-2) and were assessed with structured clinical interviews to determine diagnostic status. Results demonstrated that scores from the NEO-PI-R (a) were substantially related to the majority of diagnoses, accounting for between 8% and 26% of the variance in the diagnostic criteria; (b) explained an additional 3% to 8% of the variability beyond 28 selected MMPI-2 scale scores; (c) increased diagnostic classification an additional 7% to 23% beyond MMPI-2 scale scores; and (d) were significantly more useful when examined at the facet trait level than at the domain trait level. Implications for incorporating measures of normal personality into clinical assessment batteries are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Physical attractiveness, social relations, and personality style.

The relationship between physical attractiveness, social contact with members of the same and opposite sex, and personality factors was determined. Sixty male and 60 female university freshmen who were rejected, accepted, or unknown to their same-sex peers served as subjects. A reliable rating of physical attractiveness by independent judges showed that rejected subjects were most attractive, accepted subjects were next most attractive and unknown subjects were least attractive. There was a positive relationship between physical attractiveness and dating for females, but not for males. A factor analysis of subjects' personality inventory scores and subsequent analyses of variance of personality factors by sociometric groups showed that rejected subjects of both sexes were independent, achieving, and ambitious; accepted subjects were affiliative and affectionate; and isolated subjects were emotionally constricted, defensive, and withdrawn.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

The effects of marital disruption on adolescents: time as a dynamic.

As part of an ongoing ten-year longitudinal research project, 382 15-year-olds from a white, working-class community were studied. Findings indicate that those who experienced parental separation more recently were most likely to be adversely affected, and that girls from recently disrupted families were more likely than boys to experience problems in emotional and behavioral functioning and were likely to express dissatisfaction with available levels of social support.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1990

A comparison of stepfamilies with and without child-focused problems.

Stepfamilies in therapy for a child-focused problem were compared to those without such a problem and not in therapy. Differences were found in reciprocity within the stepparent-stepchild relationship, satisfaction with the stepparent's role, level of stepfamily conflict, and degree of stepfamily expressiveness. Results are discussed in terms of current research and clinical implications.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Social reasons for skin tone preferences of black school-age children.

Black skin tone preferences were explored among 98 black school-age children. Findings suggest a preference for honey brown rather than lighter or darker skin tones. Concept analysis generated six categories of reasons for the choice, identifying differences related to age and gender.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1991

Maltreated children's self-concept: effects of a comprehensive treatment program.

Perceived competence and social acceptance scores of 17 maltreated children enrolled in therapeutic day treatment were compared to those of 17 maltreated children who had not received the program services. Multivariate and follow-up univariate analyses indicated developmental gains and enhancement of self-concept among the treatment group when compared to controls and to their own pretreatment levels.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed1991

Emotional availability in mother-child interactions: a reconceptualization for research.

The literature on an earlier view of emotional availability as a maternal construct and on the related concepts of psychological unavailability, depression, sensitivity, and control is reviewed. A reconceptualization of emotional availability as a relational construct, incorporating maternal sensitivity and nonintrusiveness and child responsiveness and involvement of the mother, is presented. Several research issues are proposed for further exploration.

Affect↗