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PubMed2003

[Development and evaluation of the use of an interactive CD-ROM for students at risk of disease related to occupational hazards: the case of asthma].

Within the framework of an informational programme on the risks of asthma associated with certain occupations (hairdresser, carpenter or baker), an interactive CD-ROM was developed for senior students of these professions. Among the schools who benefited from this information, the programme chose three to evaluate. A total of 113 students between the ages of 17 and 20 filled out a questionnaire and participated in a group discussion after the session. All of the students were able even though only 48% regularly use a computer. More than 95% of the participants were satisfied with the content, the academic approach proposed and the interactive support, which is flexible and contains a self-test. The students found the CD-ROM to be a more efficient means of retaining information than classic lectures. As for the evaluation of the knowledge acquired on asthma and the workplace, half of the students said they had considerably increased their knowledge on the illness, while 47% only saw a minor increase. This statement was confirmed through the correlation of scores obtained in the pre- and post-programme exams, whose results show a statistically significant increase in knowledge. Despite the academic value the students gave to this type of learning, the advantage of this kind of pedagogical tool are also to be considered given that is easy for teachers to learn how to use the technology and teach it. Nowadays it is so simple to produce multimedia support for computers, that this method can be easily developed for a target audience and at low cost.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Occupational "cramps" of the upper limb.

Problems involving the coordination of movements of the hand analogous to the "writers cramp" have been seen in musicians and other professions. They occur in individuals with muscular imbalance, who assume abnormal body postures affecting not only the involved limb but also the spine and pelvis. These patients also often have a particular psychological make up. Treatment is based on the re-training of their muscular actions and on teaching the patients to avoid assuming abnormal stances or postures.

Arm↗
PubMed1983

A historical perspective on professional values.

This article demonstrates the use of historical research to improve present allied health practice. The relationship between social values and the emergence of occupational therapy during the progressive era (1890-1920) is explored. This energetic period of history provided an opportunity for physicians to assume social, moral, and scientific leadership in a society that longed for expert solutions to complex social problems. At the turn of the century, occupational therapy, physical therapy, medical social work, and speech therapy all expanded the influence of the physician's expertise. Occupational therapy was originally developed to care for chronically impaired individuals. The relationship established between the physician and the therapist over 75 years ago still influences the status of both professions today.

Art Therapy↗
PubMed1995

Trends and patterns in suicide in England and Wales.

BACKGROUND: Suicides among young men have been rising since the early 1970s while at the same time the rates for women of all ages and for men over age 44 been falling. Byu 1992 the highest risk group was men aged 25-44. In all age groups female rates have declined relative to those for men. METHODS: A case-control analysis was undertaken comparing suicide death with deaths from natural causes fo the years 1990-1992, based on data collected on the death certificate, and 1991 census data relating to the ward of residence of the person who died. Data for men and women aged 16-64 were analysed separately, with allowance for the fact that the effects of the factors analysed could be different above and 45. RESULTS: For men, different models were necessary for the two age groups, but or women a single model sufficed. For men and women occupations with access to effective methods of suicide, such as veterinarians, medical practitioners, nurses and pharmacists had much higher risks than other professions. Being widowed/divorced or marital status not stated was also an important risk factor, as was being single for men aged 45 and over and women of all ages. Country of birth was also significantly related to suicide risk. For older men, living in a ward with unemployment rates below 5% was a risk factor, as was living in a ward with high own occupancy rates. Younger men living in wards with owner occupancy rates below 55% were at reduced risk. For women owner occupancy and unemployment rates had little association with suicide rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Sex, gender and women's occupational health: the importance of considering mechanism.

A number of researchers have pointed out that less is known about occupational determinants of health in women than in men. The authors examine inventories of ongoing Canadian research and of recent scientific publications in order to identify trends in the approaches used to study women's occupational health (WOH). We also consider conceptual issues in the treatment of the sex and gender of subjects. We observe that women have been the subject of relatively few investigations of occupational health in the natural or biomedical sciences and that studies of WOH have concentrated on the health care professions and on psychosocial stressors, with a deficit in toxicological and physiological studies. We use recent studies of mercury exposure in chloralkali process plants and of musculoskeletal disorders among office workers to provide specific examples of problems in conceptualizing WOH. We propose that WOH be studied more often, especially by researchers in the natural and biomedical sciences, and that such studies include both women and men, where possible, and consider the complex relationships of gender and sex to the pathways involved. More interdisciplinary research would facilitate this process, since social researchers have tended to focus more on gender/sex issues. Our findings demonstrate that it is necessary to explore the implications of using sex routinely as an explanatory variable in occupational health research and to increase emphasis on the mechanisms involved in any sex or gender differences sought or found. From an equity perspective, it is also important to situate biological sex differences so as to prevent them from being used erroneously to justify job segregation or inequitable health promotion measures.

Canada↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Occupational stress as one of the concerns of present-day public health services].

INTRODUCTION: Occupational health is aimed at promoting and maintaining the highest degree of physical, mental and social welfare of workers in all professions. METHOD: It is known that psychological conflicts and the individual s inability to adapt to work are capable of generating negative moods, emotional upsets and other maladies that affect not only mental health but also the neurovegetative functioning of the organism. It is for this reason that one of the problems related to the health disease binomial that has attracted most attention among researchers over the last 20 years has been the issue of occupational stress. Work constitutes one of the most valuable sources of psychological and social welfare for human beings and provides adults with the greater part of their meaning and structure, as stated by a number of authors. The review of the literature reveals new criteria about the psychosocial factors that play a part in the occupational area and its repercussions on the health of the worker. Diagnostic tools for future work are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Stress, health, performance in the workplace, the family and the social network all go to make up an integrated whole and this represents one of the main concerns present day public health services are faced with.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Challenge of culture, conscience, and contract to general practitioners' care of their own health: qualitative study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore general practitioners' perceptions of the effects of their profession and training on their attitudes to illness in themselves and colleagues. DESIGN: Qualitative study using focus groups and in depth interviews. SETTING: Primary care in Northern Ireland. PARTICIPANTS: 27 general practitioners, including six recently appointed principals and six who also practised occupational medicine part time. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Participants' views about their own and colleagues' health. RESULTS: Participants were concerned about the current level of illness within the profession. They described their need to portray a healthy image to both patients and colleagues. This hindered acknowledgement of personal illness and engaging in health screening. Embarrassment in adopting the role of a patient and concerns about confidentiality also influenced their reactions to personal illness. Doctors' attitudes can impede their access to appropriate health care for themselves, their families, and their colleagues. A sense of conscience towards patients and colleagues and the working arrangements of the practice were cited as reasons for working through illness and expecting colleagues to do likewise. CONCLUSIONS: General practitioners perceive that their professional position and training adversely influence their attitudes to illness in themselves and their colleagues. Organisational changes within general practice, including revalidation, must take account of barriers experienced by general practitioners in accessing health care. Medical education and culture should strive to promote appropriate self care among doctors.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1987

Concept of the person: introduction to the health professionals' curriculum.

This paper deals with the concept of the person and its necessity in health care and health curricula. Specifically it looks at aspects of both the biological and social sciences. Further, there is some suggestion that for caring professionals in particular the concept of the person requires more analysis than purely a 'common sense' everyday meaning and use, and that there is some requirement for sorting out and understanding the difference and the interconnections of the two terms 'human' and 'person'. This first proposal will be followed by a further paper that discusses in more detail the distinction between the two terms and the moral issues that derive from the centrality of use of the concept of the person by the health professions.

Biology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of current and future information technologies on the health care workforce.

Information technologies have the potential to affect the types and distribution of jobs in the health care workforce. Against a background of an explosively growing body of knowledge in the health sciences, current models of clinical decision making by autonomous practitioners, relying upon their memory and personal experience, will be inadequate for effective twenty-first-century health care delivery. The growth of consumerism and the proliferation of Internet-accessible sources of health-related information will modify the traditional roles of provider and patient and will provide opportunities for new kinds of employment in health-related professions.

Computer Literacy↗
PubMed1998

[Pharmacists in code of public health].

Codification is a major issue. As a new Code of Public Health is under way, pharmacists have to decide whether they will join with the other health professions or prefer to stand a part.

France↗
PubMed2001

Programs of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to develop minority medical careers.

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) is the nation's largest philanthropy devoted to health. The foundation long has been concerned about increasing diversity in the health professions. Between 1972 and 1981, grants totaling nearly $6.7 million were made to medical, medical/dental schools, or other educational organizations to support minority students. Funds enabled students who were interested in applying to medical or dental school to enroll in special preparatory courses. Most students were African American. One program, however, targeted US Puerto Rican students and other Hispanic students. Nearly 2500 students enrolled in these preapplication enrichment programs. Data reported to the foundation on medical or dental school acceptance for 1959 of these students indicated that 57% of students were successful. An additional $10.5 million in grants were awarded during this period: $2.5 million to provide scholarships for minority group medical students, $580,000 to support preceptorships with minority physicians/mentors, and $7.5 million to strengthen Meharry Medical College's Comprehensive Primary Care Health Science Program. In the early 1980s, the RWJF Board of Trustees considered a series of staff analyses, which resulted in additional direct support to historically black medical schools, including Meharry and those at Drew University and Morehouse College. These analyses also set the stage for two RWJF programs, the Minority Medical Faculty Development Program and the Minority Medical Education Program, which exist today. This article describes these programs, along with the more recent Health Professions Partners Initiative, and offers reflection and analysis about their impact on diversity in the medical profession.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed2001

Programs of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to develop minority medical careers.

The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) is the nation's largest philanthropy devoted to health. The foundation long has been concerned about increasing diversity in the health professions. Between 1972 and 1981, grants totaling nearly $6.7 million were made to medical, medical/dental schools, or other educational organizations to support minority students. Funds enabled students who were interested in applying to medical or dental school to enroll in special preparatory courses. Most students were African American. One program, however, targeted US Puerto Rican students and other Hispanic students. Nearly 2500 students enrolled in these preapplication enrichment programs. Data reported to the foundation on medical or dental school acceptance for 1959 of these students indicated that 57% of students were successful. An additional $10.5 million in grants were awarded during this period: $2.5 million to provide scholarships for minority group medical students, $580,000 to support preceptorships with minority physicians/mentors, and $7.5 million to strengthen Meharry Medical College's Comprehensive Primary Care Health Science Program. In the early 1980s, the RWJF Board of Trustees considered a series of staff analyses, which resulted in additional direct support to historically black medical schools, including Meharry and those at Drew University and Morehouse College. These analyses also set the stage for two RWJF programs, the Minority Medical Faculty Development Program and the Minority Medical Education Program, which exist today. This article describes these programs, along with the more recent Health Professions Partners Initiative, and offers reflection and analysis about their impact on diversity in the medical profession.

Education, Medical↗
PubMed1976

Barbers' interdigital hair sinus.

A dog groomer developed extensive interdigital sinus formation. Results of examination of 11 other dog groomers suggest that the disease is uncommon in this profession.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The role of personal and social resources in preventing adverse health outcomes in employees of uniformed professions.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to investigate the impact of experienced job stress and personal and social resources (e.g., sense of coherence, self-esteem, self-efficacy, dispositional optimism and social support) on health outcomes in employees of uniformed professions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A sample of 330 men representing uniformed professions (70 policemen, 70 firefighters, 60 prison officers, 70 security guards and 60 city guards) participated in the study. The mean age was 33.99 (SD = 6.44). The Perceived Job Stress Questionnaire, the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (SOC-29), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, the Life Orientation Test, the Social Support Scale, and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used in the study. RESULTS: The results of the study confirmed a significant role of personal and social resources and perceived social support in particular in reducing job stress and preventing negative health outcomes in the study group of workers of uniformed professions. CONCLUSION: Enhancing personal and social resources should be considered in preventive programs aimed at reducing stress in the workplace and protecting health of workers of uniformed professions.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Challenges of including dietitians, nurses, occupational therapists, and pharmacists in the Federal Credentialing Program.

Credentialing and recredentialing of federal health care providers involves hundreds of hours of labor and associated costs. This article presents the history of credentialing and efforts to expand the Federal Credentialing Program to include dietitians, nurses, occupational therapists, and pharmacists and discusses barriers to this possible expansion. Representatives from federal and civilian health care service delivery agencies and credentialing and licensure bodies will gather to establish common credentialing information for these professions. Discussing barriers to these efforts will help to ensure success. In addition, a more efficient and streamlined system could easily be adopted by the civilian sector for these professions.

Credentialing↗
PubMed1998

Corruption in law enforcement: a paradigm of occupational stress and deviancy.

In the closed society of a law enforcement agency, factors such as the conspiracy of silence, authoritarian supervision, and police discretion contribute to corruption. This article describes various types of corrupt behavior by police officers, reports the incidence of corruption in law enforcement agencies, discusses psychiatric conditions that may arise from corruption and also contribute to further corruption, and reviews proposed remedies for corruption. It also suggests that an understanding of corruption in law enforcement might be helpful in understanding, correcting, and preventing corruption in other professions, including medicine.

Anomie↗
PubMed1977

Legal issues facing dietetic practice.

Malpractice is today's sword of Damocles threatening not only physicians but the entire health care community. For dietitians--clinical and administrative alike--there are a number of areas which could be sources of litigation involving negligence or lack of competency. Is the right therapeutic diet served to the right patient at the right time? A word to the wise would be: Always have records to substantiate professional judgments and actions, even though this means increased paper work. Another potential pitfall--which could result in revocation of licensure or accreditation--involves the standards of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH). Is scrupulous attention being paid to the JCAH's principles and four standards for dietetic practice? Violation of, for instance, Standard II relating to sanitation practices could bring about sanctions by the local or state health agency. Labor laws, too, have implications for dietitians. The recent change in the Taft-Hartley law brings hospitals under the jurisdiction of the National Labor Relations Board. Care must be taken not to violate its regulations. The federal Occupational Safety and Health Act is also concerned with sanitary and working conditions of employees. In contrast to such restrictive legislation, however, is the Health Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1976 which opens up new educational opportunities from which dietitians could benefit.

Accreditation↗
PubMed1988

Occupational biohazards: a review.

There are at least 193 important biological agents that show infectious, allergenic, toxic, or carcinogenic activities in the working population. These agents are viruses, bacteria, fungi, plant substances, invertebrate animals (mostly arthropods), and substances derived from vertebrate animals. At least 20 large occupational groups are exposed to these biohazards. The risk is greatest among health care and laboratory workers who are threatened by human pathogens and among agricultural workers who are at risk from dust-borne biological allergens and toxins and by parasitic worms in warm climates. There is growing evidence that biohazards are also important risk factors for many other professions, including woodworkers, workers of textile plants, sewage and compost workers, miners and renovators. Some suggestions for research and prevention for reducing the occupational risks from biohazards are discussed.

Allergens↗