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PubMed2002

Efficiency of breakfast consumption patterns of ninth graders: nutrient-to-cost comparisons.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficiency of breakfast consumption patterns in terms of nutrient-to-cost comparisons. DESIGN: Twenty-four-hour dietary recalls were collected and food items named were priced (prices from local grocery stores and restaurants were averaged). Three breakfast consumption groups were identified: restaurant foods (fast foods), ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal, and other foods. SUBJECTS: Subjects consisted of 567 ninth-grade students (57% female, 86% white, mean age 14.8 years) in New Orleans, La. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Analysis of variance techniques were used to test statistical significance for total nutrient intake levels, intake levels of nutrients per 1,000 kcal, and nutrient intake levels per dollar spent. Groupings were determined using the Duncan test or pairwise comparisons. RESULTS: Five percent of students ate a fast-food breakfast, 30% ate RTE cereal, and 65% ate other breakfasts. The mean cost of the breakfast meals was significantly (P<.0001) higher for the fast-food breakfast than for the RTE cereal breakfast and the other breakfast (fast>other=RTE). For every dollar spent, the RTE cereal and other breakfasts provided significantly more energy, carbohydrate, fiber, sugar, and protein than the fast-food breakfast. The other breakfast provided significantly (P<.001) more total and saturated fat per dollar than the fast-food or RTE cereal breakfasts. The RTE cereal breakfast provided significantly (P<.001) more, per dollar spent, of folic acid, iron, niacin, vitamins A and D, and zinc than the other 2 breakfast meals. APPLICATIONS: The importance consumers place on taste, cost, and convenience continues to influence types of foods consumed. Yet, their food choices may not be as efficient in terms of the nutrients obtained per dollar spent. With the increasing demands being placed on families and the decreasing amount of time being spent on food preparation, nutrition education programs should continue to promote a higher level of efficient food choices.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Recommendations for the prevention of chronic disease: the application for breast disease.

Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggest that a diet with dietary fat as low as 20% of kcal may be necessary to reduce the risk of breast cancer. Two groups of women, postmenopausal women treated for breast cancer and premenopausal women with cystic breast disease accompanied by cyclical mastaligia, participated in an intervention program to determine the feasibility of such a low-fat diet. After 3 mo of intervention both groups were consuming a low-fat diet; in the premenopausal groups serum estrogen levels decreased in response to the fat reduction. Other nutrition-education programs in research institutions, restaurants, and schools are attempting to influence the public's knowledge and behavior regarding the importance of dietary fat reduction.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

A multinutrient-fortified beverage enhances the nutritional status of children in Botswana.

Due to their widespread acceptability, multinutrient-fortified foods and beverages may be useful in reducing micronutrient deficiencies, especially in developing countries. We studied the efficacy of a new fortified beverage in improving the nutritional status of children in Botswana. We screened 311 lower income urban school children, ages 6-11 y, in two primary schools near Gaborone. Children were given seven 240-mL servings weekly of either an experimental beverage (EXP) fortified with 12 micronutrients or an isoenergetic placebo drink (CON) for 8 wk. Weight, mid-upper arm circumference, hemoglobin, retinol, ferritin, vitamin B-12, folate and riboflavin status were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. Plasma zinc and serum transferrin receptors also were measured at study end. A total of 145 children in the EXP group and 118 in the CON group completed the trial. Using multivariate analysis, the changes in mid-upper arm circumference, weight for age and total weight were significantly better in the EXP group than in the CON group (P < 0.01). Ferritin, riboflavin and folate status were significantly better in the EXP group than in the CON group at study end (P < 0.01), but serum vitamin B-12 was not. Zinc was significantly higher and transferrin receptors were significantly lower at the conclusion of the study in the EXP group than in the CON group (P < 0.001). Mean plasma retinol concentrations, which were low (<0.7 micro mol/L) in both groups, did not change. We conclude that a micronutrient-fortified beverage may be beneficial as part of a comprehensive nutritional supplementation program in populations at risk for micronutrient deficiencies.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1992

Sources of fiber and fat in diets of US women aged 19 to 50: implications for nutrition education and policy.

INTRODUCTION: Many women are not meeting dietary recommendations for fiber and fat intakes. Health educators need to know which foods are major sources of these nutrients. METHODS: This study analyzed the contributions of 27 food groups to fiber, fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intakes of 2134 women aged 19 to 50 years in USDA's Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, the 1985 and 1986 surveys (CSFII 85-86). RESULTS: Major determinants of fiber intake include frequency of use of certain food groups (vegetables, including potatoes, bread, fruit, soups, ready-to-eat cereal) and choice of particular foods within the larger food groups (e.g., whole grain bread, high fiber cereal). Major determinants of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intakes included frequency of use of certain foods (sweet grains, beef, eggs, cheeses/cream, whole milks) and additions to foods (regular salad dressing and butter/margarine). Demographic characteristics were related to various food group consumption parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Information about the relationships between food group and nutrient intake and the effects of household income, race/ethnicity, and region of residence on food group intake indicate opportunities to refine nutritional education programs.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

On safe motherhood.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Family Planning Services↗
PubMed1981

Child poverty in South America: reflections on its magnitude, and the basic-need developmental approach. A retrospect on the International Year of the Child.

Extreme economic poverty in children with its adverse consequences on their mental and physical growth is becoming an increasing concern of governments in South America. There is now a search for effective intervention strategies to alleviate these problems as they are also a bottleneck for national development. Some of these programs are likely to be defined as fitting within the general theoretical framework of the basic-need approach to development. This paper postulates that intervention programs (e.g., nutrition, health and education) directed to economically deprived children will not be successful and are not representative of the basic-needs approach unless they also attend to the broader economic and social needs of families and communities. Although child-directed programs have proven to be moderately successful they do not eliminate the mental and physical growth differences between children determined by economic inequality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The developmental origins of adult disease (Barker) hypothesis.

Many studies have provided evidence for the hypothesis that size at birth is related to the risk of developing disease in later life. In particular, links are well established between reduced birthweight and increased risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and stroke in adulthood. These relationships are modified by patterns of postnatal growth. The most widely accepted mechanisms thought to underlie these relationships are those of fetal programming by nutritional stimuli or excess fetal glucocorticoid exposure. It is suggested that the fetus makes physiological adaptations in response to changes in its environment to prepare itself for postnatal life. These changes may include epigenetic modification of gene expression. Less clear at this time are the relevance of fetal programming phenomena to twins and preterm babies, and whether any of these effects can be reversed after birth. Much current active research in this field will be of direct relevance to future obstetric practice.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Multidisciplinary treatment of obesity with a protein-sparing modified fast: results in 668 outpatients.

Six hundred sixty-eight obese outpatients, 71 per cent (+/- 34) in excess of ideal weight, were enrolled in a multidisciplinary weight control program. The major components of the program included nutrition, education, behavior modification, and exercise. Rapid weight loss was accomplished using a very low calorie (less than 800 kcal) ketogenic diet. Patients adhered to the protein sparing modified fast (PSMF) for 17 +/- 12 weeks and averaged 9 +/- 17 weeks in a refeeding/maintenance program. Mean weight loss was 47 +/- 29 lb (21 +/- 13 kg) at the point of minimum weight and 41 +/- 29 lb (19 +/- 13 kg) at the end of the maintenance period. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and serum triglycerides fell significantly in men and women. Success in weight loss was greatest in the heaviest patients, those who adhered the longest to the PSMF, and those who stayed the longest in the maintenance program.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Nutrition of Chukotka Native children.

We estimated nutrient and food intakes of adolescents aged 14 to 17 who inhabit the coastal and tundra zones of the Chukotka Autonomous Region, Russia, and developed approaches to improving their diet. We reassessed the dietary intakes of Native (n = 162) and non-Native (n = 155) adolescents of both sexes. We found that mean energy and nutrient intakes (protein, fat, carbohydrates) among schoolchildren were similar in different ethnic and sex groups. The diet of the subjects studied is high in sugar (18-19% of energy) and has an unfavorable fat composition, with saturated fatty acids (SFAs) contributing 14-15% of energy, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) contributing 5-6% of energy. Our results demonstrate that the children's diet approaches that of "Western society" to a greater extent than that of adults. A program on nutrition based on the national government project "Children of the North" has been developed at the Institute of Internal Medicine in collaboration with the Chukotka Sanitary and Epidemiology Supervision Services. This program includes the list of food products recommended for children. Some ecological factors and ethnic idiosyncrasies are considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Nutritional status of adult Santal men in Keonjhar District, Orissa, India.

BACKGROUND: Although tribal people constitute a sizable proportion of India's population, there is little information on their anthropometric and nutrition status. OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to study the anthropometric characteristics of adult Santal males. It also attempted to evaluate their nutritional status based on body-mass index (BMI) and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of adult (aged > 18 years) male Santals, a tribal population of Keonjhar District, Orissa, India. A total of 332 Santals from five villages (Gourshinga, Kashibera, Kumunia, Majhisahi, and Sonatangri) in the Anandapur Region of Keonjhar District were included in the study. These villages are located approximately 150 km from Bhubaneswar, the provincial capital of Orissa. Anthropometric measurements, including height, weight, and MUAC, were performed according to a standard protocol. Nutritional status was evaluated on the basis of internationally accepted cutoff points of BMI and MUAC. RESULTS: The mean height, weight, MUAC, and BMI of the men were 162.5 cm, 51.7 kg, 23.7 cm, and 19.6 kg/m2, respectively. The prevalence of undernutrition (chronic energy deficiency [CED]) based on BMI was 26.2%; 3.3%, 3.9%, and 19.0% had grades III, II, and I CED, respectively. According to MUAC cutoff points, the prevalence of undernutrition was 33.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The level of undernutrition among adult Santal males was high. Appropriate nutritional intervention programs should be implemented immediately.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Most commonly consumed foods and food perceptions in Native American women.

OBJECTIVE: To identify commonly consumed foods and the relationship of health perception on food intakes. METHODS: One hundred seventy-five Native American women completed a 1-d or 4-d food records. Perceptions of health value were obtained by the food sort method. Frequency analyses identified commonly consumed foods. Relations between intakes and perception of health value were evaluated by Spearman's correlations. RESULTS: Coffee and tea, soda (diet and regular), white bread, and table fats were the most commonly consumed foods in both samples. Health value had little impact on consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the foods consumption and the role of perception on intakes allows for targeted nutrition education programming.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Children's food patterns--a review: II. Family and group behavior.

Several themes have been presented in this review of research on children's food habits. Even though each of these themes helps advance the study of children's food behavior, how are the findings related and how does the nutritionist apply the findings in education programs? A theoretical model is needed that can be used with families anywhere in the world--those that have problems feeding children, as well as those that do not. The model should also provide solutions for many problems of food behavior and help nutritionists decide on alternatives for nutrition education programs. Such a model would adapt the themes presented in this article into conceptual abstractions with cross-cultural utility in explaining how food habits change. For example, many of the themes in this article could represent family solidarity (e.g., cooperation, communication, cohesiveness, and organization) (32, 70, 77, 126). Familiarity, adult and peer models, positive reinforcement, discipline, parent-child stimulation, family organization, and parental relationships suggest different ways to measure the family situation. In other words, each of these themes illustrates ways to develop cultural specific measure of one concept--family solidarity (32). In the information-processing model, family solidarity is considered the influencing variable to explain food habits (32). By this model, just presenting information does not guarantee its use. Rather, the use of nutrition information depends on the family situation. If family members share information and decide to use it, then food problems will be solved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Child Behavior Disorders↗
PubMed2005

[Feeding practices in infants: a 6-month prospective cohort study].

UNLABELLED: The aims of this work were to assess timing of complementary feeding in infants and to precise the underlying factors that may cause inappropriate complementary feeding. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cohort of 167 newborns, born in the same maternity ward during a 6 week-period, was prospectively analyzed. Only healthy neonates were included in the study. A phone questionnaire was filled at 4 and 6 months of age to evaluate modality of complementary feeding. Multivariate analysis (segmentation tree, analyse by multiple correspondence) was used to study factors associated with inappropriate diversification. RESULTS: Out of the 167 neonates included in the study, 132 mothers could be contacted at 4 months and 116 at 6 months of age. Sixty-seven per cent of mothers started breast feeding at birth. Among these, 33% still breastfed -at least partially- at 4 months and 17% at 6 months. Fifty-two percent of mothers started complementary feeding before 4 months, and 24% of infants received gluten at 4 months of age. Multi-gravida mothers, mothers aged more than 35 years old and mothers who gave infant or follow-up formulae before 4 months, started complementary feeding significantly earlier (P<0.05). Infants who were formula fed received more frequently complementary feeding before the age of 4 months than breast fed infants (57% vs 33%, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study showed that half of infants were introduced solid food too early and allowed to identify a population at risk that could benefit from nutritional intervention programs.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Treatment of protein-energy malnutrition in chronic nonmalignant disorders.

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is common in connection with chronic disease and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Because the risk of PEM is related to the degree of illness, the causal connections between malnutrition and a poorer prognosis are complex. It cannot automatically be inferred that nutritional support will improve the clinical course of patients with wasting disorders. We reviewed studies of the treatment of PEM in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, stroke, dementia, rehabilitation after hip fracture, chronic renal failure, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple disorders in the elderly. Several methodologic problems are associated with nutrition treatment studies in chronically ill patients. These problems include no generally accepted definition of PEM, uncertain patient compliance with supplementation, and a wide range of outcome variables. Avail-able treatment studies indicate that dietary supplements, either alone or in combination with hormonal treatment, may have positive effects when given to patients with manifest PEM or to patients at risk of developing PEM. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, nutritional treatment may improve respiratory function. Nutritional therapy of elderly women after hip fractures may speed up the rehabilitation process. When administered to elderly patients with multiple disorders, diet therapy may improve functional capacity. The data regarding nutritional treatment of the conditions mentioned above is still inconclusive. There is still a great need for randomized controlled long-term studies of the effects of defined nutritional intervention programs in chronically ill and frail elderly with a focus on determining clinically relevant outcomes.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Children's nutritional judgments: relation to eating attitudes and body image.

To determine if middle school students use simplified cognitive heuristics with regard to nutritional judgments, a sample of 136 sixth and seventh grade students responded to a series of questions about nutrition, eating attitudes, and body image. Evidence for simplified strategies was obtained. Approximately 50% of the students showed dose insensitivity (i.e., something harmful in large amounts should be avoided in small amounts) and categorical thinking (i.e., foods are either good or bad). Further, 16% of participants selected a fat-free diet as the healthiest. Higher scores on the measure of disordered eating attitudes (Maloney, McGuire, & Daniels, 1988) were associated with stronger endorsement of dose insensitivity and low- or fat-free diets. No relation between body image dissatisfaction and nutritional judgments was found. Educators continue to need to better understand what leads individuals to adopt the cognitive heuristics of dose insensitivity and categorical thinking that can lead to inaccurate nutritional judgments and to address these mistakes in nutritional information programs. Researchers also need to determine if these judgments are reflected in actual dietary behaviors.

Adolescent↗