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PubMed1988

The secret of good 'löyly'.

The nature of good "löyly" (sauna vapor/sauna heat) is hard to describe. Essentially, it is determined by the purity, temperature, moisture content of the air contained inside the sauna: as well as its thermal radiation. A suitable temperature for sauna air ranges between 80 and 100 degrees C and the humidity from 40 to 60 g per kg of air. The bathers should be able to vary the humidity to their liking by casting water on the stones heated in or on the sauna oven. The inner surfaces of the oven and the sauna room should produce as even a field of thermal radiation concentrated on the bather's body as possible. The purity of the sauna air is above all a factor contributing to the enjoyment of the bathing experience. The sauna air must not contain any obnoxious extent gaseous impurities, particles, or micro-organisms. The purity of the sauna air is ensured primarily by effective ventilation. Particular attention should be paid to the arrangement of correct ventilation, for the internal size of modern saunas is steadily diminishing. The sensation of experiencing good "löyly" is also affected by the overall condition of the sauna. It should have an agreeable and relaxing effect on the bather.

Facility Design and Construction↗
PubMed1988

Human thermoregulation in sauna.

Finnish sauna is heated by the radiation energy of an electrical or wood burning stove resulting in high air temperature, 80-100 degrees C, and low air humidity levels, 50-60 g/kg of air. Sauna bathing is divided into several 5-20 min sessions and between the sessions several minutes are spent at normal room temperature. Finnish sauna presents a heat load of 300-600 W/m2 of skin surface area. This increases mean skin temperature to 40-41 degrees C, causes strong heat sensations and starts thermoregulatory mechanisms. Evaporative heat transfer by sweating is the only effective channel dissipating heat from the body in sauna. Sweating is usually 0.6-1 kg/h and represents a heat loss of about 200 W/m2. The body cannot compensate for the heat load of sauna and the temperature of viscera begins to increase. A 30-minute stay in a sauna with a temperature of 80 degrees C increases rectal temperature by about 0.9 degrees C in adults whereas in children less intensive sauna (10 min at 70 degrees C) increases rectal temperature by 1.5 degrees C. The subjective feelings after Finnish sauna are usually described in positive terms such as "calm" and "pleasant".

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Reactions of the human body to chemical substances in an enclosed environment].

The purpose of the study was to investigate adaptive responses of the human body to chemicals of anthropogenic origin in an enclosed environment. The object of the study was ammonia, a typical metabolite and a permanent contaminant of a enclosed atmosphere. The study consisted of a prolonged and continuous exposure to ammonia at a concentration of 2.0 +/- 0.1 mg/m3 and a 24-hour exposure to ammonia at a concentration of 9.8 +/- 0.1 mg/m3. The results showed that ammonia was neutralized in a stage-by-stage manner. At first the anthropotoxin was eliminated in exhaled air. As the exposure continued, additional mechanisms became involved, i.e. ammonia binding and renal excretion. Activation of ammonia detoxication occurred without noticeable involvement of the sympathoadrenal system.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1988

[Diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses in workers of the woodworking industry].

During preventive otorhinolaryngological examination of 262 workers from the plant for wood planes, subject to a combined effect of unfavourable microclimatic, dust, toxic (in particular formaldehyde) factors, are carried out profound studies of the nose and the cavities around the nose. More than 50% of the complains are of the nose-gullet which decrease with the increase of the length of service, while the objective changes in the mucous membrane of the nose raise high. In 70 (26.7%) of the workers are observed pathological changes, mainly of chronic hypertrophic rhinitis. Of special interest is the comparative high per cent of changed nasal architectonic (16.0%). In 43.5% of the cases with nasal diseases are established changes in the olfactory function (hyposmia I and II rate) of respiratory type. Deviation on behalf of the respiratory, motive and hemodynamic functions of the nose are observed.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1988

[Whole blood and plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation in power plant repairmen].

Forty-nine workers employed at power plants repairs underwent examinations and tests of: circulatory system, whole blood and plasma viscosity, red cell aggregation, concentration and electrophoretic picture of serum proteins, levels of glucose in blood and cholesterol and beta lipoproteins in serum. Ten per cent of the test workers exhibited slight deviations of the circulatory system. More pronounced changes, as compared to controls, were found in rheological factors: corrected blood and plasma viscosity and red cell aggregation were increased but hematocrit was decreased. Biochemical investigations showed a fall in serum total proteins and albumins and a rise in serum cholesterol and beta lipoproteins.

Adult↗