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PubMed1977

[Nerve-blocking properties of antibiotics].

Comparative data on the neuroblocking activity of antibiotics of various groups in acute experiments on albino mice and narcotized cats are presented. It was found that according to the impairments in the neuro-muscle conductivity the drugs were arranged in the following descending order: polymyxin B, neomycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, lincomycin and kanamycin. The streptomycin derivatives were approximately 2 times less toxic than streptomycin. The problems of the mode of action of the antibiotics on conductivity of excitation in the neuro-muscle synapses are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing for the newly identified AIDS-associated Mycoplasma. Mycoplasma fermentans (incognitus strain).

Mycoplasma fermentans (incognitus strain) has recently been recognized as a possible infectious pathogen in humans. This mycoplasma is associated with an acute fatal disease in previously healthy patients who do not have the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Many patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome suffer a systemic infection with this microbe. Quantitative assay of antimicrobial susceptibility for M fermentans (incognitus strain) in cultures to representative antibiotics has revealed that the microbe is not sensitive to erythromycin, the most commonly used antibiotic for human mycoplasma infections. The testing shows that M fermentans (incognitus strain) is sensitive in vitro to the antibiotics tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, lincomycin, and ciprofloxacin.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

[Elevation of the bacteriological content of milk of clinically unaffected lactating bitches of a canine research stock].

In the years 1987-1989 a bacteriological investigation of the milk was made in 44 clinically healthy postparturient bitches. In 30 animals bacteria most commonly isolated were staphylococci. 30.3% (40 samples) of the samples yielded pure cultures and 6.8% (9 samples) anacultures. Small numbers of bacteria were isolated in most of the samples; 67.4% showed moderate bacterial growth (less than or equal to 10(4)/ml sample). In vitro drug sensitivity tests revealed lincomycin, erythromycin and polymyxin B proved to be most efficient. Moreover neomycin, kanamycin and chloramphenicol showed low resistance rates while colistin sulfate and carbenicillin were less effective. A direct influence of lactiferous gland colonization with bacteria on mortality of puppies was not observed. With respect to clinical aspects, the application of antibiotics for sanitation of the lactiferous gland colonization with bacteria in clinically healthy bitches has to be considered carefully. However, for this the estimation of drug sensitivity tests is not satisfactory and should be completed by accurate bacteriological identification.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Diabetic ulcers--a clinical and bacteriological study.

One hundred consecutive patients with diabetic ulcers were studied in an 8-month-period. There were 58 females. The mean age was 59.9 years. Eighty three patients had non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 11.6 years. The mean duration of the ulcer was 8.5 months. Sixty nine of the ulcers were gangrenous. Over 50% of the ulcers involved the big toes. Neuropathic ulcers were found mainly in the sole of the feet. Roentgenograms showed evidence of osteomyelitis in 44 patients. There were 356 bacterial isolates (340 aerobes and 16 anaerobes) from the ulcers. There were 3.6 infecting organisms per ulcer in gangrenous ulcers, while in neuropathic ulcers, there were 3.4 infecting organisms per ulcer. In both types of ulcer Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the commonest infecting organisms each being isolated in 88 of the 100 ulcers studied. In repeat bacterial cultures at 4 weeks there were 116 bacterial isolates. Staphylococcus aureus persisted in 63 ulcers despite therapy, while Escherichia coli persisted in 35. There were no new organisms isolated at repeat cultures and no ulcer was completely sterile. The Staphylococcus aureus was 100% sensitive to Augmentin (Amoxicillin plus clavulinic acid), Clindamycin, Novobiocin, and Amikacin while the gram negative bacilli were sensitive to Cefotaxime, Piperacillin, Amikacin and augmentin, Clindamycin, Chloramphenicol and Lincomycin inhibited the growth of anaerobes to a varying degree.

Diabetic Neuropathies↗
PubMed1990

[In vitro antibiosensitivity of different strains of Mycoplasma capricolum].

The in vitro sensitivity of 20 wild strains of M. capricolum and that of the reference strain (California kid) against 14 antibiotics was investigated by means of a micromethod. The technique is based on the determination of the inhibitory minimum concentration (IMC) in a liquid medium as revealed by the inhibition of glucose metabolism. The following results were obtained: all strains were sensitive to five antibiotics (tylosin, oxytetracyclin, gentamycin, neomycin, nalidixic acid) with an IMC varying from 0.06 to 8 meq/ml. The variation in the IMC values from 8 to 32 meq/ml for spiramycin and erythromycin indicated that some of these strains were sensitive and other resistant to these two drugs. All strains were resistant to seven antibiotics (streptomycin, bacitracin, polymyxin, chloramphenicol, lincomycine, rifampicine and novobiocine), sometimes at a concentration exceeding 128 meg/ml.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

A new type of macrolide resistance in staphylococci from bovine subclinical mastitis.

Staphylococcal (nine Staphylococcus aureus and 14 coagulase negative) strains, isolated from subclinical bovine mastitis, showed three patterns of macrolide resistance: (i) macrolide-lincosamide constitutive resistance; (ii) macrolide generalised resistance; and (iii) lincosamide generalised resistance. The second pattern of resistance appeared to be a new resistance phenomenon. None of the strains showed dissociated or inducible resistance, neither was there any strain which could inactivate erythromycin, oleandomycin, lincomycin or clindamycin.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Occurrence of anaerobic bacteria in diseases of the dog and cat.

A survey for anaerobic bacteria was conducted in 314 clinical specimens from dogs and cats. A total of 187 anaerobic isolates in pure and mixed culture were isolated from 111 of the specimens that contained anaerobic bacteria. Common isolated included Actinomyces (9.1%), Clostridium perfringens (19.3%), other Clostridium spp (11.2%), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (7.5%), Bacteroides melaninogenicus (13.4%), other Bacteroides spp (17.6%), and Fusobacterium necrophorum (5.3%). Anaerobic bacteria were involved in serious lesions that often were life threatening to the animals. Antibiotic susceptibility data indicated that the lincomycin family, the penicillin family, chloramphenicol, and cephaloridine are preferred drugs for treatment of anaerobic infections. Data from the survey were used in formulation of a table to aid practitioners in clinical diagnosis of disease caused by anaerobes. Clostridium perfringens was isolated in large numbers from five of six dogs with a clinical diagnosis of canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis and from one cat with hemorrhagic diarrhea. Experimental infections were induced in rats, using caine feces as inoculum. Induced lesions contained aerobic and anaerobic bacteria similar to those bacteria isolated in the clinical survey, indicating that feces may serve as a major source of these bacteria in clinical infections of the dog.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Bacteria causing respiratory infections in children and their sensitivity to antibiotics.

The author lists the most frequent bacterial agents isolated from the nose and pharynx samples of children that visited the Child Health Centre from 1983 to 1986. The gram-positive bacteria found most often were: Staphylococcus aureus (44% in 1983, 40% in 1986). Streptococcus pneumoniae (6% in 1983, 12% in 1986), and Streptococcus haemolyticus of group "A" (14% in 1983, 19% in 1986). The isolated gram-negative bacteria were: E. coli (14%), Klebsiella enterobacter (8%), and Proteus species and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2 to 4% [4, 6, 7, 16]). According to the author's analyses Staphylococcus aureus is highly sensitive to cloxacilline (96%, no changes in the 4-year period), then to sulphametoxasol-trimetropin (95%), to lincomycine (85% no change), while to penicillin it is entirely resistant. Streptococcus pneumoniae proved sensitive to ampicillin, lincocine and erythromycin (96%), to cephalosporins (83%) and to sulphamides (85%). Streptococcus haemolyticus from group "A" reacted to penicillin excellently. The greatest sensitivity to gram-negative bacteria E. coli related to aminoglycosides (97%), sulphonamides (96%), chloramphenicol (91%), and to cephalosporines (90%, in 1986 only 60%). Klebsiella enterobacter reacted to aminoglycosides (97%), sulphonamides (92%) and chloramphenicol (83%) and Pseudomonas to aminoglycosides (95%), gentamycin (92%), while to cephalosporines and ampicillin preparations it proved totally resistant.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1990

[Antibacterial chemotherapy in anaerobic osteomyelitis caused by gunshot wounds].

Thirty three patients with a 7-year history of chronic gunshot osteomyelitis were examined. Non-sporogenic anaerobes were isolated from 28 patients. Gram-positive cocci and gram-negative rods predominated in the anaerobic microflora. Radical surgical interventions combined with adequate antibacterial chemotherapy yielded satisfactory results. The postoperative cavities were drained to provide aerobic conditions in all the parts. Antibacterial drugs and in particular dioxidine solutions and KF were used locally. When antibioticograms were available 7 to 10 days after, the antibiotics in combination with enzymes such as terrylitin and lidase were used with constant irrigation of wounds with furacillin or boric acid solutions. In the empirical therapy, the following scheme was most frequently used: 600 mg of lincomycin, thrice, intramuscularly; 80 mg of gentamicin, thrice, intramuscularly and as an obligatory agent 500 mg of trichopol, thrice, orally. After availability of the antibioticograms the use of the antibiotics was adjusted and continued up to 10 to 12 days. In severe cases 0.1% solution of dioxidine was used intravenously drop-wise in a dose of 300 mg 2 times a day as well as tiberal or clindamycin, intravenously, drop-wise. The antibacterial drugs were added to the drainage until the latter was removed. Relapses of the disease over 4 years were observed only in 3 out of 26 operated patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Selection of constitutive mutants of gram-positive cocci inducible resistant to macrolides, lincosamides and streptogramins (MLS): comparison of the selective effects of the MLS].

Mutation frequencies to constitutive resistance were determined for 7 strains inducible resistant to the MLS antibiotics (5 Staphylococcus aureus, 1 group G Streptococcus and 1 Streptococcus sanguis). In the 5 staphylococcal strains, mutants were generally selected at a frequency of 10(-9) to 10(-10) (ranging from 4.10(-8) to 9.10(-11) on plates containing 50 mg/l of the following non-inducer MLS: spiramycin, josamycin, midecamycin, miocamycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, and pristinamycin factor I (PI). No mutant was selected by 50 mg/l of pristinamycin factor II (PII) or by pristinamycin complex (P). Absence of selection of constitutive mutant by P was due to the low MICs of the antibiotic against the constitutively resistant strains and to the effect of PII: the emergence of the mutants constitutively resistant to PI was prevented by a 6-hour contact of the culture with PII (50 mg/l). MICs and MBCs of the pristinamycin against 9 constitutive mutants were respectively 2 to 4-fold and 2 to 8-fold greater than that against the wild-strains. In the streptococci, no constituvely resistant mutant was selected. Therefore, the risk of selection of resistant mutants by a non inducer MLS in the course of the treatment of infections due to inducible resistant staphylococcus appeared to be low, especially in the case of pristinamycin.

Aminoglycosides↗
PubMed1989

[Empirical antibiotic therapy of wounds complicated by anaerobic non-clostridial infection].

Antibacterial activity of 14 drugs against clinical strains of asporogenic anaerobes causing wound infections in the soft tissues i. e. Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus as well as anaerobic gram-positive++ cocci was assayed with the method of serial dilutions in agar. It was shown that among the investigated species B. fragilis had the most marked resistance since out of the 14 drugs only 8 were sufficiently active against it i.e. carbenicillin, levomycetin, lincomycin, dioxidine, metronidazole, thinidazole, nitrazole and erythromycin. The choice of drugs for treating infections caused by B. melaninogenicus and anaerobic grampositive cocci unlike those caused by B. fragilis offered no difficulty since practically++ all the investigated drugs were highly active against the causative agents. There was observed relationship between the frequency of asporogenic anaerobes and the wound genesis. The characteristic features of the species composition connected with localization of the suppurative foci were indicated. The detected specific antimicrobial profiles of the asporogenic anaerobes causing wound infections and the peculiarity of their participation in development of purulent infections of the soft tissues provided a differential approach to empirical antibacterial therapy prior to the pathogen bacteriological investigation and availability of the antibioticograms.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

[Production of toxic shock exotoxin by Staphylococcus aureus strains resistant and sensitive to antibiotics].

Three hundred and ninety two strains of S. aureus isolated from bacteria carriers and patients with staphylococcal infections in different regions of the Soviet Union were investigated. 55.9 per cent of the isolates were able to produce exotoxin of toxic shock. No regular relation between resistance to definite antibiotics (tetracycline, chloramphenicol, benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, lincomycin, erythromycin, oleandomycin, gentamicin and methicillin) and the polyresistance range on the one hand and the ability to produce toxic shock exotoxin on the other hand was revealed.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

[The incidence of Streptococcus pneumonia strains with resistance to penicillin].

In the submitted paper the authors give an account of the incidence of 10 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to penicillin and other antibacterial substances in children under one year. In the majority otitis media was involved (8 x), in one instance with septic manifestations and detection of pneumococci also from the haemoculture. From a total number of 580 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from the end of 1986 to the first half of 1988 the ratio of penicillin resistant strains was 1.72%. The values of penicillin resistance varied within the range of MIC from 1 mg/l to more than 16 mg/l. The strains were also resistant to ampicillin, oxacillin, cephalotine and tetracycline. One strain was moreover resistant also to erythromycin and lincomycin. There was also one strain resistant to cotrimoxazole with a MIC of 64 mg/ml.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy--examination findings, family histories and results of close examinations of a family in two autopsied cases].

A 55-year-old woman, who died immediately after getting an intramuscular injection of lincomycin for treatment of a cold, and a 14-year-old boy, who died suddenly while practicing soccer, were autopsied respectively and their disease was diagnosed as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by characteristic pathological findings. Each family history was investigated. Especially, the latter case showed clearly a family line of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. At the request of the family, his elder brother and mother were examined closely at the University Hospital. Their illness was diagnosed accurately as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from their findings of electrocardiograms, echocardiograms and endomyocardial biopsies. They are now taking medications and guidances of a doctor as to physical activity and way of life as outpatients at the University Hospital.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

[Antibiotic therapy of bacterial infections of the oral cavity].

More than 300 commencial bacterial species may be found in the oral cavity. Other microorganisms, such as mycoplasms, mycetes, protozoa and viruses are present as well. The virulency of the saprofites and additional contamination by outside microorganisms are factors determining the development of infectious process in the oral tissues. Moreover, streptococci and anaerobes are the most frequent aetiology agents. The antibiotic therapy should comply with the general treatment criteria, on the one hand, and should be specific for these microorganism, on the other. The penicillines (ampicillin, bacampicillin and especially amoxycillin) process pharmacokinetic properties which make them a favorable choice for treatment. These drugs are effective in case of streptococcal infections, with cariogenic processes involvement and dissemination (endocarditis, glomerulonephritis). Other, frequently used drugs are spiramycin, erythromycin, josamycin and myocamycin that are selectively taken up by the oral tissues and present in large quantities in the saliva. The macrolides have a large spectrum of action on microorganisms normally found in the oral cavity. Lincosamides (lincomycin and clindamycin) are active on anaerobes and are drugs of choice for treatment of staphylococcal osteomyelitis. Tetracycline therapy is restricted usually to parodontite cases caused by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Capnocytophaga. In conclusion, the choice of antibacterial therapy should be based on the bacterial aetiology, as well as on the intrinsic drug characteristics (pharmacokinetic, side effects, toxicity etc.).

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of the pooling culture method for the detection of Escherichia coli enterotoxins.

The efficiency of the pooling method for the detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains associated with children acute diarrhea, was evaluated. This study involved the analysis of 6989 E. coli strains corresponding to 1485 cases, coming from 7 hospitals at different geographic locations. Three to five strains from each case were inoculated in pool in Casamino-acids-yeast extract-salts medium plus lincomycin (30 micrograms/ml) and incubated at 37 degrees C during 18 hours with shaking. Polymyxin sulphate B (2200 U/ml) was added to the cultures, and incubation with shaking continued for additional 30 minutes. The culture was then centrifuged and the supernatant tested by a) the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) and b) the suckling mouse assay for the detection of heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). Strains from a pool were individually studied in all positive cases as shown by the pooling methodology. Also, in 1 out of every 15 negative cases by the pool method, their component strains were individually analyzed, to confirm that there were no false negatives. Fifty seven LT-ETEC, 61 ST-ETEC and 15 LT-ST cases were detected. From the 89 negatives selected by the pool method, 2 cases were positive when the component strains were individually tested (p1 = 2.25%, 95% confidence interval from 0.27 to 7.88%). In both cases one of the non ETEC strains inhibited the ETEC strain. In other 5 negative cases (p2 = 5.62%, 95% confidence interval from 1.85% to 12.63%), ETEC strains were detected when analyzed individually, and gave a positive result when the pooling method was repeated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1989

Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: a growing universal concern.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of bacterial pneumonia, otitis media, bacteremia, and meningitis in infants, children, and immunocompromised and splenectomized patients. After the introduction of penicillin in 1940, pneumococci were regarded as uniformly sensitive to minimal inhibitory concentrations (less than or equal to 0.05 microgram/mL). This idea persisted until 1967, when the first strain showing increased resistance to penicillin was isolated. Pneumococci with intermediate penicillin resistance recovered from different geographic areas have minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 microgram/mL. In 1977, however, resistant strains were isolated with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 2 to 10 micrograms/mL; subsequently, strains resistant to other antibiotics including tetracycline, sulfonamides, erythromycin, lincomycin, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, streptomycin, and rifampin have also been reported. The authors emphasize the need for continued surveillance of pneumococcal isolates and recommend sensitivity testing of all isolates to penicillin.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1989

[Antibiotic susceptibility of group A beta hemolytic Streptococcus].

In this study, we researched the susceptibility of group A Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus to antibiotics which are isolated from 218 Aydinlikevler primary blind boarding school students aged between 7-16 and a group of patient's throat and nose culture with acute and chronic upper respiratory tract infection. The susceptibility to 9 antibiotics of (100) group A Beta hemolytic Streptococcus which were isolated 52 from throat, 48 from nasal discharge were examined by the method of disc diffusion test after determination of the colony, hemolysis and staining characteristics also the sensibility to optochine and bacitracin (0.04 U) discs colonies. The antibiotic resistance ratio are observed as 24%. For Penicillin-G, 59% for Ampicillin, 17% for Amoxicillin, 31% for Methicillin, 22% for Cephalexin, 33% for Carbenicillin, 77% for Lincomycin, 60% for Trimethoprim/Sulphamethoxazole, 26% for Chloramphenicol. This finding shows that group A Beta hemolytic Streptococcus are getting being resistant to this 9 antibiotics. Also this results indicate that the treatment after antibiotic susceptibility test of group A Beta hemolytic Streptococcus is more effective.

Adolescent↗