Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “LABOR”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Elective induction of labor in multiparous women. Does it increase the risk of cesarean section?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the medical initiation of labor places the multiparous woman at increased risk of cesarean section. STUDY DESIGN: This study was a retrospective, case-control assessment of the risk of cesarean section in multiparas with no medical or obstetric complications and vertex presentations whose induction of labor at term was judged to be elective by chart analysis. Case women were matched for age, parity, gestational age and staff obstetrician with controls in spontaneous labor, and the rates of cesarean delivery were compared. RESULTS: Three hundred four case-control pairs were studied. No significant difference was observed in the rate of cesarean delivery between the two groups. The rate of cesarean section in the electively induced group was 3.6% versus 4.3% in the control group (P = .6670). Neither cervical state nor use of cervical ripening agents significantly affected the rate of cesarean delivery. CONCLUSION: As compared with spontaneous labor, the elective induction of labor in multiparous women without complications does not predispose to cesarean delivery.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Uterine rupture with the use of PGE2 vaginal inserts for labor induction in women with previous cesarean sections.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the rate of uterine rupture in women with previous cesarean sections undergoing a trial of labor in which a prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) vaginal insert was used. STUDY DESIGN: The study was based on a computerized search and review of pharmacy records, medical records and the pertinent literature. Pharmacy records were correlated with the medical records of all women undergoing a trial of labor after cesarean section over a 33-month period. RESULTS: Between January 1998 and September 2000, 13,544 patients delivered. Of these cases, 790 were vaginal trials of labor after previous cesarean section. A PGE2 vaginal insert was used in 58 of the patients. A total of 6 of these 58 patients (10.3%) experienced uterine rupture. This compares to a rupture rate of 1.1% (8/732) in deliveries not using PGE2 vaginal inserts. CONCLUSION: The risk of uterine rupture was significantly increased in patients undergoing a trial of labor after previous cesarean section when a PGE2 vaginal insert was used. Physicians need to be aware that using a PGE2 vaginal inserts for cervical ripening and/or induction of labor in women with a previous cesarean section might increase the risk of uterine rupture above the standard risk for vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) candidates. We recommend that all VBAC patients using a PGE2 vaginal insert be closely monitored for evidence of uterine rupture.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1992

[[Changes in the labor force in Taiwan: 1979-1990]].

"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of age composition on labor force participation rate as well as the change in age-specific labor force participation rate for both males and females in Taiwan.... Data [are] obtained from the Taiwan Manpower Utilization Survey from 1979 to 1990. Results from the standardization analyses indicated that the age composition change from 1979 to 1990 has a leveling effect on the labor force participation rate (LFPR) for both males and females. During the period of time, rate of male labor force participation has...decreased while female labor force participation rate has...increased and then [leveled] off." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Age Distribution↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The labor force and urbanization in the Middle East: analysis and policy.

"The purpose of this paper is to describe and comment on the labor force movements in the Middle East with particular reference to the implications of these flows for the process of urbanization in the region. [The author deals] with both international transfers of labor and internal movements of labor to urban communities." The international flow of labor in the Middle East in general is first examined, and a classification scheme is outlined to identify the major differences that exist within the region. Internal labor force migration is then analyzed using data for Libya. The final sections of the paper deal with data collection and policy issues.

Africa↗
PubMed1983

Potential labor force supply and replacement in Mexico and the states of the Mexican Cession and Texas: 1980-2000.

"The purpose of this article is to carry forward the examination of potential labor force supply and replacement of men in Mexico into the 1980-1990 and 1990-2000 decades so that the possible future course of international migration between that country and the United States may be better anticipated. In addition, to provide a degree of developmental perspective, trends in potential labor force supply and replacement in Mexico since 1930-40 are presented." As a contrast, "ratios of potential labor force supply and replacement in the southwestern United States--the states of the Mexican Cession and Texas, which were formerly part of Mexico--also are shown for the 1980-1990 and 1990-2000 intervals." The results suggest that "in Mexico, the projected number of males entering the labor force ages will be about 48 percent larger in the 1980s than in the 1970s.... Fertility declined significantly in Mexico in the 1970s, and therefore the number of new entrants to the labor force ages in the 1990s will decline...." The implications for international migration between Mexico and the United States are considered.

Americas↗
PubMed1994

Labor force dynamics of older men.

"This paper describes and analyzes movements of older men among labor force states [in the United States] using quarterly observations derived from the Retirement History Survey (RHS)." The results indicate "substantial undercounts in the biannual data, indicating that the prevalence of labor force movements at older ages has been underestimated previously.... The results show that labor force dynamics at older ages are important, including duration and spell occurrence dependence, and work experience effects. These effects are robust to nonparametric controls for unobserved heterogeneity. The estimates indicate that social security benefits have strong effects on the timing of labor force transitions at older ages, but that changes in social security benefit levels over time have not contributed much to the trend toward earlier labor force exit."

Americas↗
PubMed1991

Labor migration in Asia.

"A recent conference sponsored by the United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD) in Nagoya, Japan examined the growing importance of labor migration for four major Asian labor importers (Japan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore) and five major labor exporters (Bangladesh, Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand).... The conference concluded that international labor migration would increase within Asia because the tight labor markets and rising wages which have stimulated Japanese investment in other Asian nations, for example, have not been sufficient to eliminate migration push and pull forces...."

Asia↗
PubMed2002

Expectant management versus labor induction for suspected fetal macrosomia: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically review and summarize the medical literature regarding the effects of expectant management and labor induction on mode of delivery and perinatal outcomes in patients with suspected fetal macrosomia. DATA SOURCES: We supplemented a search of entries in electronic databases with references cited in original studies and review articles to identify studies assessing management of patients with suspected fetal macrosomia. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: We evaluated, abstracted data, and performed quantitative analyses in studies assessing the outcome of patients with suspected fetal macrosomia. Observational studies and randomized trials were included in this systematic review. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Twenty-nine studies were identified, 11 of which met our criteria for systematic review and meta-analysis. These 11 studies included 3751 subjects. Of these, 2700 were managed expectantly, and 1051 underwent labor induction. We calculated an estimate of the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for dichotomous outcomes, using random- and fixed-effects models for outcomes. Summary statistics for the nine observational studies showed that, compared with those whose labor was induced, women who experienced spontaneous onset of labor had a lower incidence of cesarean delivery (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.30, 0.50) and higher rates of spontaneous vaginal delivery (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.34, 3,19); however, significant differences in these outcomes were not noted when the two randomized trials were assessed. No differences were noted in rates of operative vaginal deliveries, incidence of shoulder dystocia, or abnormal Apgar scores in the analyses of the observational or randomized studies. CONCLUSION: Based on data from observational studies, labor induction for suspected fetal macrosomia results in an increased cesarean delivery rate without improving perinatal outcomes. Although their statistical power is limited, randomized clinical trials have not confirmed these findings.

Cesarean Section↗
PubMed2002

[Home care for preterm labor].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the different modalities of home care management for women hospitalized for preterm labor. METHODS: We reviewed all reports in French and English on Medline using the following key-words: home uterine activity monitoring, home care management, midwives follow-up. Reports were categorized by level of proof (LP 1 to 5). For each study, method, results and authors'conclusions were recorded. We gave our comments for each report. RESULTS: We could not find any report concerning indications of leaving hospital after treatment for preterm labor. We only could find expert recommendations. Concerning home uterine activity monitoring, the results demonstrated that there were no arguments to recommend this method for early detection of preterm labor or to avoid preterm delivery. Most of these studies had weak power and multiple methodological biases. Very few studies reported about home care midwives follow-up. Some rare randomized studies demonstrated the non efficient effect of this management on the reduction of prematurity rates. The rates of hospitalization did not decrease. Conversely, patients satisfaction was increased. CONCLUSION: Home uterine activity monitoring seems to be unnecessary, having no incidence on early diagnosis of preterm labor or rates of prematurity (LP2 or 3). Home care follow-up by midwives for patients treated for preterm labor did not reduce rates of prematurity (LP1). It slightly increased the women's satisfaction.

Female↗
PubMed2000

[Relationship between the alteration of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 in cervical mucus of patients with threatened preterm labor and the efficacy of magnesium sulfate treatment].

This study was conducted to observe the relationship between the alteration of 6-keto-PGF 1 alpha and TXB2 in cervical mucus of patients with threatened preterm labor and the efficacy of magnesium sulfate treatment, and to examine whether they could act as markers of efficacy and prognosis in treatment of preterm labor. Cervical mucus was collected from 28 patients with threatened preterm labor before and after magnesium sulfate treatment, the levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results showed that the levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 decreased in patients successfully treated with magnesium sulfate (P < 0.01), and the ratio of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha to TXB2 increased significantly (P < 0.001). The levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 increased in patients with failed magnesium sulfate treatment (P < 0.01), and the relevant ratio decreased significantly (P < 0.001). The results indicate that the levels of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and TXB2 in the cervical mucus of patients with threatened preterm labor may change significantly before and after magnesium sulfate treatment and they could be used as markers of efficacy and prognosis in treatment of preterm labor.

6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha↗
PubMed2003

Premature labor and birth: influence of rank and perception of fatigue in active duty military women.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether stress, sleep disturbance, or fatigue at 22 to 26 weeks of gestation is related to the incidence of preterm labor and birth in military women. Data were collected prospectively by questionnaires measuring factors contributing to preterm labor and birth. Hours worked per week were ascertained by telephone until the participants delivered. Postpartum medical records were reviewed for pregnancy outcomes. There was a trend for preterm labor to be associated with lower perceived fatigue severity, low sleep disturbance, and more negative life events. Officer rank was related to both preterm labor and delivery. Findings indicate that the perception of fatigue may be protective against preterm birth and that military officer rank is a risk factor for preterm labor and birth.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Methods for cervical ripening and induction of labor.

Induction of labor is common in obstetric practice. According to the most current studies, the rate varies from 9.5 to 33.7 percent of all pregnancies annually. In the absence of a ripe or favorable cervix, a successful vaginal birth is less likely. Therefore, cervical ripening or preparedness for induction should be assessed before a regimen is selected. Assessment is accomplished by calculating a Bishop score. When the Bishop score is less than 6, it is recommended that a cervical ripening agent be used before labor induction. Nonpharmacologic approaches to cervical ripening and labor induction have included herbal compounds, castor oil, hot baths, enemas, sexual intercourse, breast stimulation, acupuncture, acupressure, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, and mechanical and surgical modalities. Of these nonpharmacologic methods, only the mechanical and surgical methods have proven efficacy for cervical ripening or induction of labor. Pharmacologic agents available for cervical ripening and labor induction include prostaglandins, misoprostol, mifepristone, and relaxin. When the Bishop score is favorable, the preferred pharmacologic agent is oxytocin.

Cervical Ripening↗
PubMed2003

Managing perinatal outcomes: the clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of pharmacologic treatment of recurrent preterm labor.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of utilizing continuous subcutaneous terbutaline versus oral tocolytics following recurrent preterm labor. DESIGN: Retrospective, 1:1 matched cohort. METHODOLOGY: From prospectively collected data in a nationwide, perinatal database of women receiving outpatient services, we identified singleton gestations having recurrent preterm labor, stabilized during hospitalization, and subsequently treated with oral tocolytics (PO group) or continuous subcutaneous terbutaline infusion (SQ group). Those without medically indicated delivery were eligible for inclusion. Each woman in the PO group was matched 1:1 by gestational age at recurrent preterm labor to a woman in the SQ group. A standardized cost model was applied to compare total antepartum hospital, nursery, and outpatient charges. Wilcoxon Signed Rank, paired t, and McNemar's C2 test statistics were used for comparisons. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: 558 women were studied (279 per group). The PO group had less gestational gain following recurrent preterm labor than the SQ group (28.4 +/- 19.8 days vs. 33.9 +/- 19.0 days, respectively, P < .001). The SQ group had less per patient charges ($) for antepartum hospitalization (3,986 +/- 6,895 vs. 5,495 +/- 7,131, P = .009), and nursery (7,143 +/- 20,048 vs. 15,050 +/- 32,648, P < .001). Outpatient charges were less for the PO group (1,390 +/- 1,152 vs. 5,520 +/- 3,292, P < .001). Overall costs for those in the SQ group were $5,286 less per pregnancy compared to the PO group. CONCLUSION: In this population, continuous subcutaneous terbutaline infusion was both a clinically beneficial and cost-effective treatment following recurrent preterm labor.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pregnancy and labor associated with encephalopathy in neonates during the early neonatal period].

Pregnancy complications, drugs and surgical interventions during pregnancy, fetal growth, medications and interventions during labor, labor complications as well as fetal heart activity during labor in a group of 114 term infants without malformations, but with signs of central nervous system (CNS) damage throughout early neonatal period are compared with paired group of term healthy infants born in the same presentation and mode of delivery. Among prelabor factors only maternal hypertension (found in 16.7% of encephalopathy children versus 0.8% in a control group) was significantly correlated with CNS damage. Fetal growth retardation and long term ritodrine administration were found more frequent in encephalopathy than in healthy group of infants, although statistical significance between the groups could not be demonstrated. A prolonged second stage of labor, high oxytocin dosage, too frequent uterine contractions and vacuum extractions were found significantly correlated with neonatal encephalopathy. CTG pattern during labor was normal in only 28.9% of children, with encepalopathy prepathologic in 46.4% and pathologic in 24.7%. The respective percentages for healthy newborns were: 82.5%, 16.25% and 1.2%. All differences between the groups were statistically significant. Mean duration of prepathologic CTG score in the group of infants with encephalopathy (78.8 minutes) as well as of pathologic score (51.7 minutes) was significantly longer than in healthy infants (23.7 minutes prepathologic and 7 minutes pathologic).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Brain Diseases↗
PubMed1992

Approximate entropy, a statistic of regularity, applied to fetal heart rate data before and during labor.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether approximate entropy (ApEn), a new statistic of regularity, when applied to fetal heart rate (FHR) data antepartum or in labor, would offer an advantage over standard statistics of variation in predicting outcome. METHODS: A large data base of antepartum FHR records collected in clinical practice over 10 years was available. Two data sets in labor were stored on disk in small computers interfaced to fetal monitors on-line. Outcomes were assessed using blood gas values on delivery and Apgar scores. RESULTS: Antepartum, when the most favorable form of ApEn was used on 769 good-quality FHR records, the correlation with measurement of short-term variation was high. This was especially true when the fetal pulse interval variation fell below the normal range (less than 6 milliseconds short-term; r = 0.93) and in 20 other records with sinusoidal variation (r = 0.96). Approximate entropy varied with fetal sleep cycles and took longer to calculate than FHR variation. During the last hour of labor, in 319 records, there was no significant correlation between umbilical artery base deficit values on delivery and ApEn measurement. In 871 additional good-quality records of fetuses with normal outcome, the mean (+/- standard error [SE]) ApEn (0.95 +/- 0.005) was significantly greater than in 22 records (0.88 +/- 0.028) from fetuses with abnormal outcome (umbilical artery base deficit more than 12 mmol/L and Apgar score of 3 or less at 1 minute). However, consideration of the frequency distributions of these measurements showed that ApEn did not discriminate between normal and abnormal outcomes. The SD of fetal pulse intervals rose in labor whereas ApEn values fell, confirming that this new statistic of regularity differs from standard statistics of variation. CONCLUSION: Approximate entropy offered no advantage over measurement of short-term FHR variation antepartum, and neither measurement predicted outcome in labor.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

High- versus low-dose oxytocin for labor stimulation.

The number of cesarean births for dystocia has increased dramatically in the United States. Central to the management of dystocia is correction of ineffective labor by oxytocin administration, and contemporary obstetric practice is to stimulate labor with a low-dose oxytocin regimen. We prospectively compared a low-dose oxytocin regimen (1-mU/minute dosage increments) with a high-dose regimen (6-mU/minute dosage increments) in 2788 consecutive singleton cephalic pregnancies. The low-dose regimen was used first for 5 months in 1251 pregnancies, and the high-dose regimen in 1537 pregnancies during the subsequent 5 months. Indications for oxytocin stimulation were divided into augmentation (N = 1676) and induction (N = 1112). Labor stimulation was more than 3 hours shorter (P less than .0001) with the high-dose oxytocin regimen and associated with a reduction in neonatal sepsis (0.2 versus 1.3%; P less than .01). Uterine hyperstimulation was more common (55 versus 42%; P less than .0001) with the high-dose regimen, but no adverse fetal effects were observed. High-dose augmentation resulted in significantly fewer forceps deliveries (12 versus 16%; P = .03) and fewer cesareans for dystocia (9 versus 12%; P = .04). Similarly, failed induction was less frequent with high-dose compared with low-dose oxytocin (14 versus 19%; P = .05). Although the high-dose induction regimen was associated with a significantly increased cesarean incidence for fetal distress (6 versus 3%; P = .05), the incidence of umbilical artery cord blood acidemia was not increased in this subset. Induction of labor with high-dose oxytocin is problematic because of risk-benefit considerations. Although induction failed less frequently with the high-dose regimen, cesarean for fetal distress was performed more frequently. In contrast, high-dose oxytocin to augment ineffective spontaneous labor minimized the number of cesareans done for dystocia.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Total and ionized magnesium concentration in the blood plasma and erythrocytic magnesium concentration of women in the third trimester of pregnancy with imminent preterm labor].

OBJECTIVES: There are some data concerning magnesium concentration influence on the risk of preterm labor. The estimation of magnesium concentration changes may be useful in prevention of preterm labor. DESIGN: Therefore the aim of our study was to find out the correlation between magnesium concentration and the risk of preterm labor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total magnesium concentration and ionized magnesium concentration in blood plasma and erythrocytic magnesium concentration ware examined in the three groups of: 23 women in the third trimester of pregnancy with imminent preterm labor under tocolytic therapy; 20 women in the third trimester of physiologic pregnancy and 19 non-pregnant healthy women in the reproductive age. RESULTS: We discovered statistically confirmed differences (p < 0,05 ) in ionized magnesium concentration as well between the group of women in physiologic pregnancy and non-pregnant women and between the group of pregnant women with imminent preterm labor and non-pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were no statistically confirmed differences in total magnesium concentration and erythrocytic magnesium concentration between the three groups of examined women, there were statistically confirmed differences in ionized magnesium concentration between the pregnant and non-pregnant women. Our results suggest that ionized magnesium concentration is better indicator of magnesium balance in human's body than total magnesium concentration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Ritodrine in oral maintenance of tocolysis after active preterm labor: randomized controlled trial.

AIM: To assess the efficacy of oral ritodrine in the form of sustained-release capsules for maintenance of uterine quiescence after successful treatment of threatened preterm labor. METHODS: We randomized 120 women with singleton pregnancy who were successfully treated for threatened preterm labor before 34 completed weeks to receive either maintenance tocolysis with two 40 mg ritodrine sustained release capsules three times a day (study group, n=62) or no treatment (control group, n=58) for three days. The primary outcome measure was the recurrent episode of threatened preterm labor within 72 hours, which was defined as regular palpable uterine contractions and change in cervical effacement or cervical dilatation on clinical examination. Secondary outcome measures included the incidence of preterm birth, neonatal adverse outcomes, and maternal side effects. RESULTS: There was no difference in the frequency of recurrent episodes of threatened preterm labor requiring another course of intravenous treatment between the study (8/62) and control (6/58) group of women (P=0.879). No differences were found between the study and control groups in any of the predefined secondary outcome measures, ie, delivery before 37 weeks (13/62 vs 7/58, respectively; P=0.288), delivery before 34 weeks (3/62 vs 1/58, respectively; P=0.682) and birth weight (3037-/+573 g vs 3223-/+423 g, respectively, P=0.862). There were more reported maternal side effects in the study group than in control group (47/62 vs 23/58, respectively; P(<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Additional maintenance ritodrine therapy was unnecessary in women with singleton pregnancy who had an episode of threatened preterm labor successfully treated with intravenous tocolytic therapy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00290173.

Administration, Oral↗