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The scientific strategy of molecular gastronomy includes modelling 'culinary definitions' and experimental explorations of 'culinary precisions'. A formalism that describes complex dispersed systems leads to a physical classification of classical sauces, as well as to the invention of an infinite number of new dishes.
This paper follows recent science studies in theorizing information technologies as socio-material configurations, aligned into more and less durable forms. The study of how new technologies emerge shifts, on this view, from a focus on invention to an interest in ongoing practices of assembly, demonstration, and performance. This view is developed in relation to the case of the 'prototype', an exploratory technology designed to effect alignment between the multiple interests and working practices of technology research and development, and sites of technologies-in-use. In so far as it is successful, the prototype works as an exemplary artefact that is at once intelligibly familiar to the actors involved, and recognizably new.
Health care technology, those objects and techniques used in health care practice, is so important and customary today, it is difficult to realize that not too long ago physicians had few beneficial devices, drugs, or procedures to offer patients. It was only in the nineteenth century that advances in diagnosis, marked by the invention of the stethoscope, and in therapy, denoted by the introduction of ether anesthesia, inaugurated the era of modern medicine. Over the century and a half that followed, we developed an extra-ordinary armory of diagnostic and therapeutic tools, which have significantly improved life expectancy and raised the quality of life for countless persons all over the world. These advances also have created ethical, economic, organizational, and political problems concerning their appropriate use and distribution.
The hypotheses of this study of sex differences on a measure of self-esteem are as follows: 1) the scales good, nice, generous, pleasant, dependable, honest, and active will group together to form the outer esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 2) the scales strong, leader, powerful, confident, curious, inventive, sharp, and active will group together to form the inner esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 3) males will score significantly higher than females on the inner esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 4) females will score significantly higher than males on the outer esteem dimension of the semantic differential; 5) there will be a significnat difference between the scoring patterns of males and females on the two dimensions of the semantic differential after controlling for the effects of race and social desirability. The sample of 442 sixth through eighth grade students consisted of two subsamples made heterogeneous on race, geographic location, and type of school. The Frnks-Marolla Self-Esteem Semantic Differential and the Lunneborg and Lunneborg Child's Social Desirability Scale were administered. The findings support each of the hypotheses and indicate that there is a significant difference between the sexes on the Franks-Marolla Semantic Differential Measure of Self-Esteem. It is concluded that additional research in self-esteem might specify the meaning of sex differences in esteem by measuring esteem relative to an individual's structural social positions rather than measuring esteem in the general and environmentally nonspecific contexts as advocated by some.
The creation of words through the novel combination of English morphemes (e.g., "map ball" to refer to a globe) was studied in 40 preschool children, 40 grade school children, and 40 adults. These lexical innovations were collected while subjects named pictured objects, and were evaluated in terms of incidence, communicative effectiveness, novelty, semantic accuracy, and certain linguistic characteristics. Preschool children's innovations were as communicatively effective as those of grade school children and adults and contained the highest proportion of innovations with redundant elements. Grade school children produced the highest proportion with semantic inaccuracies. This suggests that preschoolers invent words from a limited set of highly familiar terms, whereas grade schoolers rely more on partially known terms. In addition, the children's innovations differed significantly from those previously collected from aphasic adults. This demonstrates that aphasia does not cause a regression to an early level of linguistic sophistication.
We studied the verbal pretend play of 5- and 6-year-old boys and girls to delineate age and sex differences during the later preoperational period. Sixteen children with average language ability were paired by age and sex and were videotaped for three 15-min intervals. Verbal interactions were transcribed, and the pretend play was classified as object fantasy, imaginative action plans/themes, or fantasy roles. Language used for pretend play increased in proportion to all utterances with age. Older children referred to more invented objects than younger ones but primarily in the service of realistic action formats. Girls' conversations were scored as having significantly more verbal pretending than boys' and a higher proportion of it referred to play roles. There were both age and sex differences in the types of themes, toys used, and roles enacted, including more sex-typed behavior in older children. The continued increase in the proportion of pretend play to all verbal interaction with age and the characteristics of play behavior is consistent with developmental theory.
The present study investigated intergroup bias in achievement attributions in a sample of 62 German and 55 Turkish pupils (aged 15 years) in the Federal Republic of Germany. The design was 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 (Ethnic Group x Outgroup Prejudice x Outcome x Stimulus) with repeated measures on the last two factors. Subjects attributed examination performance to ability, effort, luck, and task difficulty. Intergroup bias was limited to German pupils, who attributed failure of an ingroup member or self more to bad luck than they did that of an outgroup member. Turkish pupils acted more in terms of self than ingroup, attributing the success of another Turkish child more to good luck than they did that of self or an outgroup member. They also failed to distinguish clearly between success and failure in their task attributions. Results are discussed in terms of the inventive nature of explanations for ability-linked performance and the motivational consequences of causal attributions.
New innovations in the diagnostic laboratory achieve their full potential when they can be automated. Increasingly molecular biology (DNA) techniques are being utilised in traditional pathology disciplines, as well as the more recent ones of cytogenetics and molecular genetics. Molecular biology was first exploited for diagnostic purposes when Southern blotting became established. However the time-consuming nature of the methodology, as well as the skills required, made it difficult for Southern blotting to be used routinely in the service laboratory. Subsequently the invention of PCR facilitated the approach to DNA diagnostics. Today PCR in commercial or home-made kits is used for a range of procedures. The steps required to amplify DNA with PCR can also be fully automated. However the analysis of PCR products, which frequently requires slab gel electrophoresis and toxic chemicals or radioisotopes for visualisation, remains difficult to automate. An alternative way for analysing PCR products is now available through capillary electrophoresis. With this technique, automation can be extended to sample loading, electrophoresis and data analysis. The use of toxic chemicals or radioisotopes can be avoided.
The couple with a sex dysfunction is at an impasse. The natural process of sexual self-regulation is interrupted by the self. Growth requires experimenting with new solutions for unsolved problems. The gestalt experiment is a major modality of treatment applicable to sex therapy. To experiment is to invent and discover solutions and to find and make meanings. In posing an experiment, the therapist attempts to create a safe emergency in which risk and support are balanced, permitting the person to stay with the mounting excitement and coming solution. An atmosphere of playfulness and creativity invites experimentation. Thorough familiarity with modes and methods of experimenting permits the therapist's creativity to emerge. Applications of sexual metaphors and sex dysfunction as a nightmare are presented which use methods drawn from gestalt dream work. The use of gestalt experiments are illustrated in a client-therapist dialogue.
Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a worldwide problem. The historical background dates back to William Smelley's in the seventeenth century in his famous treaty of the theory and practice of midwifery in 1752. Changes in clinical factors and surgical expertise compel the modern day midwife and obstetrician to be vigilant in identifying risk factors and apply appropriate solution early. The recent confidential enquiry into maternal death (why mothers die (2000-2002)) identifies areas of substandard care. The rising caesarean section rate adds to the rising incidence of PPH. The reduction in junior doctor's hours may limit the pool of experienced obstetric surgeons available to manage severe PPH competently. There can be major complications following radical surgery for PPH. These include loss of fertility, other morbidity and even maternal death. The invention of the B-Lynch surgical technique for the conservative management of PPH was first performed and reported by a consultant obstetrician and gynaecological surgeon in Milton Keynes NHS Trust publishing the first series of cases in BJOG 1997. This has made a significant impact on the conservative surgical management of massive PPH. There are now over 1300 successful applications of this technique worldwide (CB-Lynch personal communication). Other similar or modified techniques such as Cho's Square Suture and Haymen's modification of the B-Lynch Suture Technique have been introduced adding to more available methods of conservative surgery. The current list of publications of successful application of the B-Lynch compression technique is encouraging and more outcome data can be reported by a letter or e-mail to enquiries@cblynch.com. Obstetricians and midwives both in developed and underdeveloped countries should seek training and attend fire drills in PPH control to avoid maternal morbidity and death. There should be special concentration on effective conservative surgery such as uterine compression techniques to avoid major morbidity and loss of fertility.
The purpose of this study is to describe the features and benefits of Oh's Retractor. Oh's Retractor is a new, easily adjustable instrument for anterior cervical approach procedures. It delivers improved stability, precision, and ease-of-use compared with currently available instruments. The major contribution of this invention is its radically new design which allows the surgeon to logically adjust the instrument step-by-step as needed during the procedure. The instrument provides both a wide range of maneuverability and fine-tuned precision. Existing retractors may present cumbersome and precarious conditions due primarily to difficulty in stabilizing the instrument for the operative field. In contrast, Oh's Retractor can be easily stabilized. This paper illustrates how Oh's Retractor optimizes surgical performance and saves time by providing the benefits of greater stability, precision, and ease of use.
This study examined ten children with specific language impairment (SLI), 16 normally developing children, and ten adults for the production of novel root compounds. The participants were asked to invent names for pictures of 24 pairs of contrasting, novel objects. For half of the pictures, the context supported a grammatical novel root compound, 16 contexts supported only an ungrammatical compound, and eight contexts supported a marginally grammatical compound. All participants used novel root compounds in grammatical contexts and relatively few compounds in ungrammatical contexts. The children with SLI used the information presented in the experimental probes less frequently than the normal controls. In addition, the children with SLI made more word-order errors in their production of novel compounds. However, they were as likely as their normal counterparts to resist the use of regular plural markers within compounds. The results of this study support a difficulty associated with processing linguistic information on the part of the children with SLI.
Three experiments tested whether the scalar property of timing could occur when humans timed short durations under conditions in which it was unlikely that they developed reference memories of temporal "standards". Experiment 1 used an episodic version of a temporal generalization task where judgements were made of the potential equality of two durations presented on each trial. Unknown to the subject, one of these was always 200, 400, 600, or 800 ms, and the other was of variable duration. Temporal generalization gradients showed the scalar property of superimposition at standard values greater than 200 ms. Experiment 2 used a variant of the "roving bisection" method invented by Rodriguez-Girones and Kacelnik (1998) modified so that the scalar property of timing could be observed empirically. Data from bisection with short/long standard pairs of 100/400, 200/800, and 300/1,200 ms showed nearly perfect scalar-type superimposition. Experiment 3 again used episodic temporal generalization, but durations were never repeated and came from three distinct time ranges. Superimposition was found across these ranges except for the shortest visual stimuli timed. The data suggested that scalar timing could occur in humans in conditions where the formation of reference memories of temporal standards was highly improbable.
The development of particle accelerators is traced from the simple but ingenious table-top devices conceived during the late 1920s to the present day's large, complex machines which extend over tens of kilometers. The emphasis is on Rolf Wideröe and his seminal contributions to the field. Not only did Wideröe construct the first accelerator which accelerated charged particles to an energy higher than the maximum voltage difference is the accelerator proper, he also invented particle colliders, today's work horse in experimental particle physics.
A contouring device for measuring the face (Cobb, 1972) was adopted and developed to make it suitable for use with children. Modifications were made to overcome incomplete facial coverage and lack of common head orientation by incorporating a method of optical head positioning which had been invented during the assessment of a stereophotogrammetric technique (Ainsworth and Joseph 1976). The precise alignment of a series of exposures with a common datum enables a set of contour maps to be processed by computer to produce three-dimensional measurements and sections of the complete face.
Chemical and biochemical studies on three types of cyclic phosphoryl compounds are discussed in connection with the development of insecticides. They are five-membered cyclic phosphoramidates (I), six-membered cyclic phosphates (II) and bridged bicyclic phosphates (III). Development of I has started from the finding of L-leucine as a neuroactive substance in silkworm blood, followed by its combination with chemically active five-membered cyclic phosphates. Studies on the metabolism of neurotoxic tri-o-tolyl phosphate caused the invention of the insecticide salithion in the series of II. Salithion was chemically converted into its thiolo isomers, which is a convenient phosphorylating agent useful to synthesize biologically interesting phosphate esters. III does not inhibit acetylcholin-esterase but acts as an anti-GABA agent.
In an ever more deadly and uncertain world, rhetoric honoring the deceased is still examined as though that was its primary, if not only, function. Some critics of eulogia also identify the consolation of survivors but rarely define it precisely or analyze its rhetorical execution. This article introduces a framework for the critical analysis and production of eulogia that draws from comforting mechanisms recognized in the interpersonal communication, social psychology, and grief therapy literatures. Self-disclosure, problem-focused coping, positive reappraisal, and the affirmation and continuation of relationships with the deceased are shown to inform criticism of five contemporary eulogies. Challenges inherent in the invention and appreciation of eulogy rhetoric are thus illuminated and addressed.
Brock Haussamen argues inventively that there are features of language that are the source of our belief in an afterlife, that something deep about language prevents us from talking about the dead as if they are really dead. He speaks of "language as forcing." In this response to Haussamen's article, the author attempts to show that Haussamen's arguments and examples are not strong enough to make his point. The major suggestion is that there is more to the "deep structure" of language than Haussamen has assumed. Once this is realized, it is easier to see that it is we who choose to speak of the dead as we do. It is we who choose to believe in an afterlife. Language does no forcing.