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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Writing disorders and their relationship to reading-writing methods: a longitudinal study.

This study was designed to investigate some writing disorders shown by children who have been taught by different methods of reading and writing. Methods differ in that some emphasize the processes of decoding bottom-up (e.g., syllabic and phonic method) while others stress top-down processes, that is, they put greater emphasis on meaning (e.g., global-natural method). A longitudinal study using a sample of 260 school children was performed. The children were of both sexes from public and private schools and from different socioeconomic backgrounds. It was found that the pupils who learn by a global-natural method make errors that relate more to reproductive aspects of information. In contrast, the pupils who learned by the phonic and syllabic methods made more errors of meaning.

Child↗
PubMed1989

Word processing: its impact on children's writing.

This paper describes the effects of using a word processor on the creative writing of a small group of children with learning disabilities. Each week the children wrote one word-processed and one handwritten story. The effects of using a word processor seemed to be influenced by the particular problems the children were experiencing with written work. For the children with severe spelling problems, using a word processor seemed to result in fewer spelling errors, while for the children who were still predominantly concerned with the mechanics of the writing task, using a word processor seemed to result in longer stories.

Child↗
PubMed1997

Dysgraphia and terminal delirium.

Delirium is a frequently encountered clinical condition in palliative medicine, but it is often unrecognized and misdiagnosed. The cardinal sign of delirium is that of impaired consciousness. Writing skills are reported to be a delicate indicator of consciousness impairment, and a too infrequently utilized clinical sign of delirium. Ten delirious hospice patients completed the Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test which showed that writing was the most impaired of the language dysfunctions assessed. The simple clinical task of a request to write 'name and address' revealed overt dysgraphic errors among delirious patients. This examination is clinically acceptable to hospice practice and may be an adequate and accurate bedside test of delirium.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Effect of ethanol on psychomotor performance and on risk taking behaviour.

Ethanol may increase the willingness to take risks, but this issue remains controversial. We used a risk-taking paradigm in which volunteers answered a series of general knowledge questions with numerical answers and were asked to judge the length of a line that would just fit into a given gap. A maximum score was given for an exactly correct answer. For answers that were less than the correct value, the score was reduced gradually to zero, while answers even slightly over the correct value were penalized considerably. Total points were rewarded by cash payments, so volunteers were taking real risks when making their responses. Performance was assessed in a two-period, double-blind crossover study, comparing ethanol (0.7 g/kg) with placebo in 20 female volunteers aged 19-20 years. Tests were carried out before and at 45 min after dosing. Mean (SD) ethanol blood alcohol concentrations were 65 (10.5) mg/100 ml. Ethanol impaired the skill/ability measure of the length estimation test (SD of difference between length of line and gap), which increased from 5.9 to 6.6 (p < 0.05), indicating a reduced accuracy of estimation. The risk measures in both tasks were not significantly affected. The skill/ability measure in the general knowledge task was not significantly affected. Other performance tests showed that ethanol produced the expected impairment of both speed and accuracy. These results suggest that risk-taking is not increased by ethanol at doses approaching the UK legal limit for driving.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Selective effects of clonidine and temazepam on attention and memory.

The present study compared the effects of clonidine and temazepam on performance on a range of tasks aiming to assess the role of central noradrenergic mechanisms in cognitive function. Fifteen healthy volunteers (seven male, eight female), aged 18-25 years, took part in a five-period crossover study in which they received placebo, temazepam (15 and 30 mg) and clonidine (150 and 300 microg) by mouth in counterbalanced order in sessions at least 4 days apart. A test battery was administered before treatment and at 45, 90 and 135 min after the dose. Performance on most tests was significantly impaired in a dose-related fashion, and subjective sedation was recorded for both drugs. The greatest impairments with clonidine were on attention in the presence of distractors. Clonidine did not affect the formation of new long-term memories, in contrast to temazepam, but did impair measures of working memory. Subjective effects, especially feelings of drunkenness and abnormality, were particularly marked with clonidine. These results support the suggestion that central noradrenergic function may be involved in preventing distraction, but do not confirm other reports suggesting that some aspects of performance are improved with clonidine.

Adolescent↗