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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Electromyographic investigation of muscle stretching techniques.

Myotatic reflexes can be enhanced following brief static contractions. Since static contractions are often used as precursors to muscle stretch, rationale underlying these techniques were questioned and re-examined through electromyography (EMG). Twenty-one female gymnasts performed three methods to produce hamstring stretch: static (S), contract-relax (CR), and contract-relax with agonist (hip flexors) contraction (CRAC). Hip joint angles and intra-individual electromyograms were statistically compared across stretch conditions. In 12 subjects, the CRAC method elicited significantly greater hamstring EMG activity (P < 0.05) than the other techniques. A higher level of muscle activation was associated with the S method in only one subject. No significant differences in EMG activity across stretch conditions were found in eight subjects suggesting that the relative effectiveness of the stretch techniques varied across individuals. Involuntary paroxysmal tremor activity was occasionally visible in EMG records of most subjects at the low levels of muscle activation. While apparently contributing to increased muscle stiffness, the CRAC technique produced the largest gains in hip flextion. Rank orderings of minimum pain and maximum perceived stretch effectiveness were significantly related with one another, and with decreasing EMG activity, but not with range of motion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Lesions of the growth plate caused by sports stress].

Besides the positive physiological, psychological and social aspects, sports activities in adolescents bear the risk of injuries and overuse of the locomotor system. Previous examinations have shown that increased stress to the growth plates by sports activities, in relation to the intensity of strain during growth spurts, can influence normal growth. In female gymnasts, hormonal changes can decrease the growth speed and long-term growth. On the other hand, during more intensive phases of growth the column cartilage of the growth plate is the weakest part of the locomotor system because of the influence of somatotropin and low levels of testosterone. This can cause subchondral stress fractures in the growing cartilage that later on, if missed or not sufficiently treated, can cause osteochondrosis dissecans. The apophysis of tendons of big muscle groups can show loosening of the apophysis caused by increased muscle strength and acute or chronic microtrauma. Male adolescents show an incidence of lesions in the relation of 9:1 to female adolescents. The therapy for apophyseal lesions is generally nonoperative. Due to the persistent growth possibility, pseudotumors can occur, which can cause problems in differential diagnosis among skeletal tumors. Too high pressure, pushing and tearing forces can influence growth. Later examinations of previous high-level sportsmen and patients with coxarthrosis with and without a sports history show that blockage of the rotation of the foot during growth, for example caused by soccer shoes, can cause high pushing forces on the femoral epiphysis, which can lead to epiphyseolysis cap. fem. lenta and thereby to pre-arthritic deformities. This is overcorrection of the "physiological" epiphyseolysis, described by Morscher. Knowledge of the reduced strength of the growth plate indicates better adaptation of training and supervision of the adolescent high-level sportsman. A regular check-up of the growing athlete and a reduction in sports intensity during the growth spurts, prohibition of negative training parts and sometimes even prohibition of sports at all, if there is a lesion of the growth plate or hormonal disorders, are sometimes necessary to minimize late defects. In addition to this, a reduction of strain in some sports and, for example, prohibition of rotation-blocking soccer shoes in the adolescent soccer player is necessary.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

Upper extremity injuries in young athletes.

With the knowledge base of normal anatomy, development, biomechanics, and differential diagnosis, the sports medicine professional can treat injured young athletes with greater efficiency. In addition, microtraumatic injuries may be prevented by emphasizing safe parameters of participation, proper throwing techniques, and careful monitoring of the amount of practice time and intensity. Gymnasts using apparatus should always have spotters. The height of towers and basket tosses by cheerleaders should be limited by age and ability. Proper pitching techniques, not the fastest pitch or youngest curve, should be taught to baseball players. "Play it safe" should be the rule. Finally, by establishing an early and precise diagnosis, potential complications from injuries can be lessened.

Arm Injuries↗
PubMed1994

[The author's principles for treating small angle scoliosis in view of current concepts about scoliosis etiology and pathogenesis].

Hypothetical assumption, based on phylogenetic, anatomical and epidemiological studies as well as on clinical findings led the author to the conclusion, that regardless of an etiologic factor and the duration of its action the chief determinant for preserving the curve is the contracture of the short muscles and ligaments of the spine backed by scoliosis action of the long spinal muscles. Taking this into consideration the author has developed a method for small angle scolioses treatment by means of gravitational counteraction and removal of mainly ligamentous contracture of the spine. That can be accomplished by flexion-rotation exercises supplemented by "segmental gymnastics". The principles are validated by 30 years of clinical experience and advantageous results.

Braces↗
PubMed1995

[Progressive fragmentation of a bipartite patella: apropos of a case].

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: Progressive dissolution of the supero-lateral fragment of a bipartite patella is reported. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The patient, a 44 year old professor of gymnastics, was examined for long standing anterior knee pain. For many years, his daily activities included forceful knee flexion exercises. Serial radiographs, between 1986 and 1990, revealed a progressive fragmentation of the accessory ossification center and accompanying calcific deposits in the lateral patellar retinaculum. RESULTS: Surgical excision of the calcific mass and accessory ossification center relieved the painful symptomatology completely, allowing the patient full normal function at one year's follow-up. DISCUSSION: The pathological findings were compatible with a dystrophic calcinosis associated with detritic synovitis. A pathogenic mechanism is hypothesized for this unusual and progressive course of a common condition: Repetitive trauma, in this case forceful knee flexion exercises, shear microscopic bony fragments of the poorly vascularized accessory ossification center. These microscopic fragments act as deposits of an apatite crystal which go on to induce the secondary soft tissue calcifications seen in our patient.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

A review of eating disorders in adolescents.

Many review articles address the diverse and rapidly developing field of eating disorders, but there are far fewer articles addressing the specific population of adolescents. The social contributors (desire for thinness amplified by the media) to these illnesses are considerable and affect all adolescent and latency-age girls to some degree. Understanding the full range of behavior and those at high risk to develop pathology is important. Developing prevention programs that target adolescent girls and their families, schools, and the relevant media is also important. Prevention has been a much-neglected area within the field of eating disorders. The chronic nature of eating disorders characterized by remission and relapse bears further study. Attention to the factors that provoke a symptomatic period is crucial. Along with relapse and remission are shifts between diagnostic categories within the field of eating disorders and comorbid illnesses. A better understanding of the factors that cause these shifts to occur would be quite valuable. Outcome and prospective studies would provide valuable information about the course of the illnesses and further identify the individuals at high risk. Certain groups are known to be at high risk, such as girls involved in specific athletics (e.g., gymnastics) or career activities, but recent investigations have indicated that girls involved in what was previously believed to be a low risk activity, such as swimming, may also be at risk (Benson et al., 1990). Further investigation of these factors is crucial. Cultural factors play a role in these illnesses, and cross-cultural studies provide crucial information. We must also continue to explore the biological and psychological correlates of these illnesses and further define the complex and heterogeneous etiology of these illnesses. Their study still promises to yield exciting challenges. Increased public awareness regarding the need for treatment of these illnesses is a high priority. If untreated, chronicity appears inevitable. Examination and study of the most cost effective methods of treatment are very important.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Sports and adolescence: the effect of competitive athletics on menstrual function].

A group of 381 girls, 12 up to 19-years-old, engaging in competitive sports (athletics, basketball, dancing, gymnastics, swimming, ski-ing, tennis, volley-ball) was examined. Age at menarche and menstrual characteristics were correlated with the body weight, the competitive practice start age, the kind of the sport and the amount of training hours/week. Collected data were compared with the ones from a pool of 387 girls of equivalent mean age, not playing any sport. Delay of menarche and larger frequency of menstrual disorders, found among athletes, turned out to be directly proportional to the amount of time devoted to training and to the kind of performed sports. Irregular cycles are more frequent in athletes having a normal or lower body weight and do not normalise proceeding in sporting activities.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Rehabilitation of patients after reconstructive surgery of lower limb arteries in the environment of a health resort hospital].

The study comprises results concerning 89 patients (77 men and 12 women) who, after reconstructive operations on lower limb arteries (bypass, profundoplasty) because of atherosclerotic ischaemia, were treated in a sanatorium. The average period after operation was 39 weeks. When both lower limbs had been operated on, the limb considered by the patient as the weaker one was assessed. 26 limb (29.2%) showed pulse in the feet, 14 limbs (15.7%) showed pulse in the popliteal and femoral artery, while 49 limbs (55%) showed pulse in the groin only. The rehabilitation cycle lasted 24 days and comprised gymnastics (exercises in movement) and physiotherapy. The blood flow was assessed by such objective measurement methods as march test on moving track and the ABI measurement, also through the subjective assessment by the patient. The data underwent statistical processing. The limping distance on the moving track was prolonged in 73 patients (82%), the ABI increased in 67 patients (67.4%), while 72 patients assessed their blood flow as improved (80.8%).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Relationship of regional body composition to bone mineral density in college females.

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between regional body composition and bone mineral density (BMD) in college females. Subjects were 12 nonathletic females (< 3 h.wk-1 of exercise) and 46 female varsity athletes: basketball (N = 14), volleyball (N = 13), gymnastics (N = 13), and tennis (N = 6). Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to determine BMD and body composition. The mean (+/- SD) age, height, weight, and menarche for the subjects were 19.9 +/- 2.1 yr, 167.9 +/- 9.4 cm, 62.1 +/- 9.0 kg, and 13.6 +/- 1.7 yr, respectively. Mean lumbar (1.327 g.cm-2), femoral neck (1.172 g.cm-2), and total body (1.200 g.cm-2) BMD of the athletes were significantly greater than nonathletes (P < 0.05) but did not differ among the teams. Significant correlations were found between regional leg BMD and leg lean tissue mass (LTM) (r = 0.59, P < 0.001) and between arm LTM and arm and lumbar BMD (r = 0.47 and 0.56, respectively). Significant correlations were also found between leg fat mass and leg BMD (r = 0.40). However, only regional LTM was a significant predictor of BMD using stepwise multiple regression. In summary, regional LTM appears to be a better predictor of BMD than regional fat mass.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The efficacy of restoring the professional health of flight personnel in a combat unit].

It is shown in the paper that sanitary and rehabilitative measures (graded physical exercise, saunas, manual massage with the elements of biodynamic correction of the spinal column, relaxation exercises in the framework of remedial gymnastics, electrotranquilization of the central nervous system, psychosomatic self-regulation, functional music, video programmes, self-massage of biologically active points, specific diet) taken under conditions of drill by command of the flying personnel, tend to lead to lowering of the general morbidity rate (by a factor of 1.7), work losses (by a factor of 1.8), probability of occurring of iatrogenic diseases (by a factor of 1.6), thereby promoting rise in the level of functional efficiency of the pilot and safety of flights.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of etimizol on the glycosaminoglycan level in patients with osteoarthrosis deformans].

Aetymizolum was studied for its efficacy in the treatment of patients with osteoarthrosis. The results obtained suggest that aethymizolum is capable of correcting the levels of glycosaminoglucans in the patients' blood serum. With the content of the latter being dependent upon the degree of the articular cartilage destruction in osteoarthrosis deformans, it is suggested that aethymizolum while being endowed with reparative and membrane stabilizing properties may at the same time influence the articular cartilage metabolism and decrease the intensity of the destruction of the later. Effect of aethymizolum is more pronounced in mono-oligoarthrosis and polyosteoarthrosis as well as in stages II and III of the disease course. Conventional therapies (indomethacin, humisolum, Fibs, physiotherapeutic procedures, remedial gymnastics, massage) have no effect on these parameters.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Post-traumatic knee joint arthroscopy in children and adolescents].

In a retrospective study we analyzed the arthroscopic findings of 166 knee-arthroscopies performed in children and young people up to the age of 16 years. A sports related trauma was present in 54%, a traffic injury in 15% and in 11% an other casualty. In 4% the precise injury was not sure and 16% did not refer any injury. Among the sports injuries (n = 90) ski injuries were the most frequent with 30% of all, followed by gymnastic injuries in 28%, soccer in 25% and other indoor sport injuries in 12%. 57% of all arthroscopies presented a hemarthrosis. The main finding of all arthroscopies was an cartilage lesion. The anterior cruciate ligament was torn in 30% and a dislocated patella was established in 22% of the arthroscopy while a meniscus injury was found in 17%. The injury of the collateral ligaments or of the retinaculum was found in 22%. In all cases of hemarthrosis origin of bleeding was found and only in 6% (n = 10) of all arthroscopy no pathological finding was established.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[A study on the effect of Dan Jeon breathing method to reduce blood pressure of the client with essential hypertension].

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the Dan Jeon Breathing method and to suggest that the method is an effective nursing intervention to reduce the blood pressure. The Dan Jeon breathing method is composed of thirty-minute program including Dan Jeon Breathing, a kind of abdominal-deep breathing, free gymnastics, mental concentration, physical strength exercise, and suggestion. The Quasi-experimental design was used in this study. In order to evaluate the devised the Dan Jeon breathing method, the non-synchronized research method with non-equivalent control group was employed. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; 1. The blood pressure of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group was reduced as time goes by. When the training was finished, the systolic blood pressure was lower than the baseline blood pressure by 15.80 mmHg (Y = -1.11X + 147.78, P = .0001, R2 = 0.89), and the diastolic blood pressure was lower than the baseline blood pressure by 10.91 mmHg (Y = -0.85X + 98.9, P = .0001, R2 = 0.96). 2. The score of perceived stress of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group after training was lower than that of other groups (F = 2.51, P = .09). 3. The serum cortisol level of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group was reduced as compared with that of there groups (F = 3.21, P = .05). But aldosterone level of the Dan Jeon breathing method training group did not show any change. The result proved that the Dan Jeon breathing method was an effective behavioral therapy to reduce blood pressure of the client with the essential hypertension from this study. The Dan Jeon breathing method might be an effective nursing intervention device to protect the ego structure of the clients, to promote their well-being and to reconstruct them by setting mind and body at ease. The Dan Jeon breathing method can be used in clinic as well as in community as an independent nursing intervention. The Dan Jeon breathing method program might be considered to make a great contribution to adult care.

Blood Pressure↗
PubMed1994

[The effectiveness of standardized exercise training in intermittent claudication].

In stage II peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) physical training is generally the therapy of choice if no reopening procedures are indicated. The aim of this pilot study was to ascertain the increase in claudication distance due to the exclusive implementation of an intensive exercise programme under standardized conditions, for a planned double blind placebo controlled study regarding the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in addition to physical training. 23 in-patients (median age 62 years) with an absolute claudication distance on treadmill of between 50 m and 200 m (12% inclination, 3 km/h walking speed) participated 5 days a week in the following intensive standardized physical training programme: in the morning and afternoon supervised gymnastics for about 30 minutes, followed by 2 cycles of treadmill exercise each amounting to 66% of the absolute claudication distance. After a training programme of 4 weeks the mean initial claudication distance rose significantly from 83 m to 134 m (61%), as did the mean absolute claudication distance from 127 m to 222 m (75%). If an increase in claudication distance of at least 60% is taken as criterion of efficacy, 48% of the patients can be defined as responders. After completion of personal inquiries 62% of the patients were willing to participate in a similar training programme again.

Exercise Test↗
PubMed1994

Patterns of injuries in athletes evaluated in an interdisciplinary clinic.

The pattern of sports injuries appears to be population-specific. The purpose of the present study is to describe 1750 injuries evaluated between April 1988 and April 1994 in our Olympic Training Center Interdisciplinary Sports Injury Clinic. Our patient population included elite and recreational athletes of both sexes between the ages of 7 and 71 years. Males comprised 73% of the patient population and approximately 80% of the injuries corresponded to the 10 to 29 age range. The most frequent sports in males were baseball (21.9%) and basketball (15.9%) and in females were track and field (17.1%) and gymnastics (15.1%). Most injuries (52%) were traumatic in nature, chronic (71.6%), and occurred during training sessions (57.4%). The most commonly affected anatomical areas were the knee (31.2%) and shoulder (15.5%). The most common diagnoses were tendinitis (25.4%), and first degree strains (11.8%) and sprains (9.3%). Finally, treatment strategies included medications (61.0%), physical therapy (48.9%), relative rest (35.7%), and home exercise programs (35.2%). The variety of musculoskeletal disorders seen in combination with the frequent use of conservative treatment confirms the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to sports injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Urinary incontinence in elite nulliparous athletes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of the symptom of urinary incontinence during athletic endeavors among a group of nulliparous, elite college varsity female athletes. METHODS: All women currently participating in varsity athletics at a large state university were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the occurrence of urinary incontinence while participating in their sport and during activities of daily life. One hundred forty-four of 156 eligible women (92%) responded. RESULTS: The mean age was 19.9 years, and all women were nulliparous. Overall, 40 athletes (28%) reported urine loss while participating in their sport. The proportions in different sports were: gymnastics 67%, basketball 66%, tennis 50%, field hockey 42%, track 29%, swimming 10%, volleyball 9%, softball 6%, and golf 0%. Two-thirds of the women who noted urine loss during athletics were incontinent more often than rarely. There were no statistically significant relations between incontinence and amenorrhea, weight, hormonal therapy, or duration of athletic activity. Activities most likely to provoke incontinence included jumping, high-impact landings, and running. Forty percent and 17% of the women first noted incontinence during their sport while in high school and junior high school, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Incontinence during physical stresses is common in young, highly fit, nulliparous women. This suggests that there is a continence threshold which, when exceeded, can result in urine loss, even in the absence of known risk factors for incontinence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Microsurgical scapula transplants for reconstruction of the facial skull--experiences with 44 patients].

Great versatility gives composed scapular flaps a particular significance for the reconstruction of defects in face and skull: According to individual requirements one up to five separate elements may be transferred with one vascular pedicle. Anatomical studies of 120 scapulas measured a mean length of 13.4 cm and a mean diameter of 1.2 cm of the lateral margin offering sufficient bone for most indications in the visceral skull. Up to three cutaneous flaps may cover nearly every defect in the head. 44 patients were treated in the years 1989 to 1993 using scapular flaps, most of them combinations consisting of bone and skin elements. In two patients a so called 4-in-1-flap was transferred including the latissimus-dorsi-flap. All donor sites could be closed primarily. Venous thrombosis caused one loss of a flap. Infections healed without sequelae. Medical gymnastics brought full rehabilitation of the donor site within 6 months.

Bone Transplantation↗
PubMed1994

[Evaluation of physical activity in obese individuals].

BACKGROUND: Dynamic exercise is the optimal form of spending leisure time and forms the contents of the majority of children's games. It is a risk to restrict (or enforce) physical activity in particular on young children. This pertains also to obese children where the regulation of the ratio energy input: energy output is one of the therapeutic components. METHODS AND RESULTS: The authors investigated physical activity during spontaneous activity in a group of 36 obese subjects, 20 non-obese controls and 41 comparable subjects aged 8-16 years (with the exception of a group of 13-14-years-olds the obese children were taller than the control group). Assessment by concealed camera. Children had a varied selection of gymnastic apparatuses and other activities. Concurrently the heart rate was recorded (by a Sport-Tester Pollar, evaluated by Sony equipment). Everything was rated as active movement with the exception of the standing, sitting or recumbent position. The examiners did not interfere with the physical activity. The assembled values confirm the basic need of activity in relation to age and the important role of elevated body weight. The latter was the reason why, while less time was spent for exercise (chronometer), the heart rate of obese subjects did not differ significantly from that of the control group during spontaneous physical activity and during a 3-minute run. CONCLUSIONS: Controlled physical activity must always respect the total burdening with excessive body weight as well as the physical action of overweight. Physical activity of young subjects with a higher body weight is in relation to needs of exercise of the given age group and to their total body weight.

Adolescent↗