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PubMed1999

The effect of physical activity and fitness on specific antibody production in college students.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of moderate physical activity/fitness on the immune response to a defined antigen, in particular, the hemagglutinin-inhibition response to the H1 (A/Texas/36/91) and H3 (A/Johannesburg/33/94) components of the 1995-96 Influenza virus vaccine. METHODS: Sixty-seven volunteers 18-30 years of age (mean 21.1 + 2.3) participated in the study. Physical activity was assessed using the Stanford 7-Day Recall Questionnaire, physical fitness (VO2max) was predicted based on graded submaximal cycle ergometry. Participants were divided into six groups (lower-active/fit, moderate active/fit, and higher active/fit), based on their scores on the 7-Day Recall Questionnaire or predicted VO2max, respectively. Plasma samples were collected prior to, one, two, four, and six weeks post vaccination. A total of four separate repeated measures ANOVA were utilized to evaluate the effect of physical fitness and physical activity on the immune response to the H1 and H3 components of the vaccine. RESULTS: As expected, for both antigens, titers significantly increased after vaccination, with the highest titers found on week four (H1) and week six (H3), respectively. However, for both antigens, there was no difference between groups and no significant interaction. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed no significant effect of physical fitness or physical activity on the production of specific antibody in the range of physical fitness and physical activity found within this group of college students.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Variables affecting the use of prescriptive formulae to fit modern nonlinear hearing aids.

It is routine for audiologists to fit nonlinear hearing aids by using one of several current prescriptive formulae. While such an approach might result in acceptable fittings for single-channel analog compression hearing aids, its direct application to fitting current multichannel compression hearing aids may result in less than an optimal fit. In this paper, the effects of filter bandwidth, number of channels, detector type, compression threshold, attack and release times, and distortion on the final output of a nonlinear compression hearing aid are discussed. The subjective results of such effects and its implications on our clinical practice will be explored as well.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2000

P300, N400, aerobic fitness, and maximal aerobic exercise.

Electrophysiological effects of aerobic fitness and maximal aerobic exercise were investigated by comparing P300 and N400 before and after a maximal cycling test. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained from 20 students divided into two matched groups defined by their aerobic fitness level (cyclists vs. sedentary subjects). The session of postexercise ERPs was performed immediately after body temperature and heart rate returned to preexercise values. At rest, no significant differences were observed in ERP parameters between cyclists and sedentary subjects. This finding argued against the hypothesis that ERP modifications may be directly assumed by aerobic fitness level. The postexercise session of ERPs showed a significant P300 amplitude increase and a significant P300 latency decrease in all subjects. Similarly, N400 effect increased significantly after the maximal exercise in all subjects. ERP changes were of the same magnitude in the two groups. The present study argues for a general arousing effect of maximal aerobic exercise, independently of the aerobic fitness level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Correlates of physical fitness improvement among a Navy remedial exercise sample.

This study investigated influences on physical fitness improvement among Navy remedial exercise program participants. Subjects were 27 Navy personnel who had failed to pass the body composition, aerobic fitness, or curl-up portion of the semiannual physical readiness test. The remedial exercise program consisted of three 1-hour exercise sessions per week for 16 weeks, with primary emphasis on running and walking. To determine influences on physical fitness improvement, physical readiness test and self-report survey data were collected and analyzed through bivariate Pearson correlation. No correlations were found between any of the study variables and weight change. Initial body fat was positively correlated (r = 0.470, p < 0.05), whereas initial body weight (r = -0.490, p < 0.05) and perceptions of exercise leadership (r = -0.690, p < 0.05) were negatively correlated with reductions in body fat. Positive correlates of improvements in 1.5-mile run time were initial run failure (r = 0.637, p < 0.01), perceived exercise benefits (r = 0.574, p < 0.01), and perceptions of social support (r = 0.543, p < 0.05). Exercise mode (walking group) was negatively correlated (r = -0.445, p < 0.05) with improvements in run time. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that various personal, program, and environmental factors influence improvements in physical fitness status.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Anthropometric indices and physical fitness in university undergraduates with different physical activity.

Physical activity and fitness have important health promoting effects with respect to arterosclerosis and coronary heart disease in particular. An intervention study of physical status and physical activity in university undergraduates (University of Tartu) has been carried out. The physically inactive (Group I) consisted of 310 undergraduates (235 females and 75 males) of the Faculty of Medicine. The physically active (Group II) was recruited from among undergraduates (22 females and 23 males) of the Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, who participated in training sessions regularly, 3 to 5 times per week. Anthropometric body measurements, arm force, vital capacity and exercise test on the bicycle ergometer (PWC170) were performed. There were no statistically significant differences between the mean values of anthropometric indices in case of physically inactive and physically active female subjects. In the group of physically active male undergraduates, weight and shoulder width were larger than in students with physically sedentary life style (p < 0.05). Most of the female and male students had normal BMI. There were statistically significant differences in the mean values of vital capacity, arm force and aerobic working capacity between the study groups, while physically active students had higher physical capacity (p < 0.001). Mean anthropometric indices demonstrated a statistically significant increase in both female and male university undergraduates after the interval of 30 years. Normal BMI and anthropometric indices do not serve a as guarantee of physical fitness for university undergraduates who are involved in sedentary life style. Regular physical activity has a strong positive impact on physical fitness, particularly on aerobic capacity which is the most important health promoting component of physical fitness with respect to coronary heart disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Importance of health science education for personal fitness trainers.

Using a questionnaire developed for the current study, the Fitness Instructors Knowledge Assessment (FIKA(Copyright )), we examined relations between commonly used indicators of knowledge (training and experience) and actual knowledge in the five areas of (a) nutrition, (b) health screening, (c) testing protocols, (d) exercise prescription, and (e) general training knowledge regarding special populations. FIKA provided reliable measures of knowledge in these areas, which are of critical importance in developing an optimal fitness program for the client and for avoiding unnecessary injuries. A survey of 115 health fitness professionals revealed that a bachelor's degree in the field of exercise science and possession of American College of Sports Medicine or the National Strength and Conditioning Association certifications as opposed to other certifications were strong predictors of a personal trainer's knowledge, whereas years of experience was not related to knowledge. These findings suggest that personal fitness trainers should have licensing requirements, such as a bachelor's degree in exercise science and certification by an organization whose criteria are extensive and widely accepted, before being allowed to practice their craft.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A practical approach to and long-term results of fitting silicone contact lenses in aphakic children after congenital cataract.

PURPOSE: This prospective study investigated characteristics of fit and performance of silicone contact lenses under conditions of permanent wear in cases of aphakia after congenital cataract. METHODS: Seventeen aphakic children (8 eyes unilateral, 18 eyes bilateral) were fitted with silicone contact lenses on an empirical basis without the use of keratometry. The lenses were worn on a permanent basis, with a routine replacement every 3 months. The follow up was 6 years, with evaluation lens parameters, fitting characteristics, lens condition, replacement rate, wearing time, complications, and visual acuity. RESULTS: The back optical zone radius (BOZR) remained stable at 7.50 mm, up to the age of 1.5 years old. At the age of 4 years, almost all eyes needed a BOZR of 7.90 mm. Mean +/- SD contact lens power was +25.47 diopter (D) +/- 4.0 (range +32.00 D - +20.00 D) at 3 months of age, and +17.94 D +/- 3.8 (range +29.00 D - +15.00 D) at 3 years of age. This represents an average decrease of 0.23 D per month. The power decrease in unilateral cases was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than in bilateral aphakia. Snellen visual acuity at 4 years of age was 0.1 to 0.3 (20/200-20/60) in 15 eyes, 0.3 to 0.5 (20/60-20/40) in 10 eyes and greater than 0.5 (>20/40) in 1 eye. Lens usage over a total period of 90 wearing years was 5.6 lenses/eye/year, including the regular exchange every 3 months. No serious complications occurred. A positive correlation (r = 0.89) was found between age and deposit buildup. With the need for permanent wear reduced, therefore, 73% of the eyes were refitted with high-water content soft lenses or high gas-permeable (HGP) lenses, when the patients ranged in age from 4 to 6 years old. CONCLUSIONS: The procedure for fitting silicone lenses in aphakic children is feasible in an easy and logical way without keratometry. Permanent wear with a low complication rate is possible up to the age of 3. with a lens usage (including a 3-month regular exchange) of 5.6 lenses/eye/year. From the age of 3, deposit formation is the determining factor for refitting with high-water content soft or HGP lenses.

Aphakia, Postcataract↗
PubMed2000

[Effects of 6-degree head-down bed rest on physical fitness].

We investigated changes in enduring physical fitness during a ground-based weightlessness simulation of 6-degree head-down bed rest (HDBR). Ten healthy volunteers participated in the 6 days of HDBR. In each, their physique, muscular strength, physical fitness, cardiovascular function, and hematocrit were measured before and after HDBR. The results are as follows: (1) Thigh extensor power: the cross-sectional areas of the thigh and leg muscles were significantly decreased after HDBR, but recovered immediately afterwards. (2) Hand grip power and instantaneous power: the body response time showed no significant change before and after HDBR. (3) High physical capacity was correlated with a greater decrease in physical capacity after HDBR. (4) Remarkable functional depression appeared in the cardiovascular system compared with the gas exchange system as measured by the enduring physical fitness test. (5) The functional depression in the cardiovascular system lasted for more than 3 days after HDBR. (6) Six days of HDBR had little influence on physical fitness attributable to the inactivity and seemed to effectively simulate weightlessness for the cardiovascular system.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

The correlation between aerobic fitness and motion sickness susceptibility.

Susceptibility to motion sickness has been linked to aerobic fitness in several studies, however, these studies have not elucidated the underlying physiological mechanism by which increased aerobic fitness is related to a decreased ability to tolerate motion sickness stimuli. This pilot study provides further evidence of a relationship between aerobic fitness and motion sickness susceptibility. It also suggests that aerobic capacity is more specifically linked to signs and symptoms of vasomotor origin including stomach discomfort, nausea and/or vomiting, headache, and diaphoresis. By independently correlating vasomotor susceptibility and neurogenic susceptibility to maximum oxygen uptake, we find that vasomotor symptoms in particular are significantly increased in aerobically fit individuals. Larger studies should be conducted to confirm this relationship.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Fitness levels of firefighter recruits before and after a supervised exercise training program.

Federal law prohibits pre-employment physical examination of firefighter recruits, but these workers must perform intense exercise in arduous environments. Components of physical fitness of rookie firefighters (n = 115; 104 men, mean +/- SD: age = 28.3 +/- 4.3 years; height = 1.76 +/- 0.07 m; weight = 83.2 +/- 13.9 kg; percent body fat = 17 +/- 8%) were measured upon being hired and following a 16-week exercise training program (1 h.d(-1), 3 d.wk(-1)) designed to improve physical fitness. Maximum aerobic capacity (VO2max) was estimated from submaximal cycle ergometry, body composition from skinfold tests, flexibility from a sit and reach test, strength by hand grip dynamometry, and muscle endurance by a push-up test. The results are as follows (*, p <or= 0.007 vs. pretraining): VO2max increased by 28% (35 +/- 7 to 45 +/- 6* ml.kg(-1).min(-1), 88 +/- 20 to 113 +/- 17%* of predicted increase); muscle endurance increased (41 +/- 13 to 51 +/- 14* push-ups); flexibility increased (0.34 +/- 0.07 to 0.35 +/- 0.07* m); muscle strength tended to increase (102.9 +/- 18.7 to 105.4 +/- 18.7 kg, p = 0.06); body weight tended to decrease (83.2 +/- 13.9 to 82.7 +/- 13.2 kg, p = 0.06); lean tissue weight increased (68.8 +/- 9.9 to 69.9 +/- 9.5* kg); and fat weight decreased (14.6 +/- 8.0 to 13.0 +/- 7.1* kg). We concluded that aerobic capacity was 20% lower before training than that deemed sufficient for safe performance of fire suppression duties; that training improved aerobic capacity by 28%, decreased fat and increased lean tissue weight, and increased/tended to increase other components of physical fitness. Prior to initiation of this training program, aerobic capacity of these firefighters was below that deemed appropriate for performing fire suppression duties. Training resulted in a large increase in aerobic capacity, so that the trainees ended the program with an aerobic capacity considered appropriate for fighting fires. It is hoped that the results of this study will encourage those who oversee workers who are responsible for the public's safety to mandate assessment of physical fitness of new hires, with mandatory participation in exercise training for those new hires who are found to possess less than appropriate aerobic capacity.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and blood pressure in school children.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this comparative and correlational cross-sectional study was to describe the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness, blood pressure and body composition in Portuguese school children. METHODS: The sample comprised 529 children (246 males and 283 females) aged 8-15 years-old. Body height and body mass were determined by standard anthropometric METHODS: Blood pressures were measured with children sitting after at least 5 min rest. The maximal multistage 20 m shuttle run test was carried-out to predict maximal aerobic power. RESULTS: The present study shows that boys were more fit (p= or <0.05) and less fat than girls (p= or <0.05). Multiple regression analysis reveals that weight and age explained significantly (p= or <0.01) the amounts of systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In girls, percentage of fat (%F) showed an influence on the variance in SBP (4.9%, p= or <0.05). In addition, weight (14.5%) and age (9.8%) account significantly (p= or <0.01) for the amount of variance to DBP in males. For girls, age (11.4%) and BMI (2.4%) account significantly to the variance found in DBP. However, the independent variables, for both sexes, account less than 50% of the overall variance found in blood pressures values. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the present study shows that boys were more fit and had less fat than girls. The level of cardiorespiratory fitness does not seem to be an important correlate of blood pressure variation across age groups and gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Body fat standards and individual physical readiness in a randomized Army sample: screening weights, methods of fat assessment, and linkage to physical fitness.

Body fat standards have been used by the military services since the early 1980s to prevent obesity and motivate good fitness habits. The Army Weight Control Program has continued to undergo evaluation and incorporate improvements based on emerging scientific findings. Recently drafted revisions of Department of Defense-wide procedures address issues of consistency and validity raised by external oversight groups. This study evaluated the impact of three proposed refinements of the Army Weight Control Program. Anthropometric measurements and fitness test performance were obtained in a randomized sample of 1,038 male and 347 nonpregnant female soldiers at three Army posts. Of this sample, 11% of men and 17% of women were overweight and overfat; 6.3 and 9.8%, respectively, were currently on the Army Weight Control Program. Screening weight tables that ensure women are not inappropriately striving to meet weights more stringent than "healthy" weight (i.e., body mass index < 25 kg/m2) still correctly identified all women for evaluation for the age-specific body fat standards. Body fat estimation using more valid DoD body fat equations that include an abdominal circumference for women reduced the number of female soldiers currently classified as exceeding fat standards, coincidentally resulting in a comparable prevalence of male and female soldiers over the fat standards (12%). A body fat allowance for young soldiers who scored very well on the physical fitness test could have benefited one-fourth of the soldiers exceeding fat standards and acknowledges biological variability in body fat thresholds. Whereas this linkage may motivate fitness habits, it complicates enforcement of reasonably achievable body fat standards. The proposed changes in fat screening and measurement methods are appropriate, but the impact to health and physical readiness of the Force cannot be accurately predicted or measured because of the absence of comprehensive baseline data and tracking mechanisms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Standards on medical fitness examinations for Navy divers.

The German Navy employs approximately 480 divers in their primary and secondary role. Before entering diving training, every diver has to pass an intensive physical examination programme at the German Naval Medical Institute (NMI) in Kiel-Kronshagen. Annual follow-ups ensure the currency of the medical findings. Criteria of medical fitness for diving reflect industrial medical standards for hyperbaric workers as well as the general medical guidelines for NATO divers. A diving examination consists of the individual medical history, a physical examination including the neurological status and the assessment of the cardiovascular fitness by ECG and bicycle ergometry. The respiratory system is screened by regular chest x-rays and spirometry or body plethysmography. Blood and urine samples are taken to look for abnormal haematological and metabolic conditions as well as disorders of the genito-urinary system. In order to determine visual fitness, diver's visual acuity, colour vision and stereopsis as well as eye fundi are examined by an eye specialist. Also the ENT examination involves a speciality consultant and consists of audiometry, inspection of the external ear and tympanic membrane and functional tests. To ensure a high standard of dental fitness, screening by a dental officer is part of the annual check-up. Every routine diving medical examination at the NMI includes a pressure test in the hyperbaric chamber. Divers who use nitrox or oxygen-rebreather devices have to pass successfully an oxygen tolerance test under hyperbaric conditions. The annual routine diving medical examination contributes to minimize the risk of accidents in military diving operations.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Effect of body composition on physical fitness and functional capacity in obese women].

BACKGROUND: Both the high body fatness and low aerobic fitness have been shown to be risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. It is still unclear, whether these factors are related to each other or if they are independent risk factors. The objective of this study was to assess the influence of body composition on aspects of aerobic fitness in obese women. METHODS AND RESULTS: Relative body fat was measured in a group of 31 obese women differing in age (25-54 years) by dual energy X-ray absorbtiometry (DEXA), in range of 40,8-58,8% of the body fat. Intracellular and extracellular fractions of the fat free mass were assessed by bioimpedance analysis. Maximal power output and maximal oxygen consumption were measured by stepwise load test on bicycle ergometer. Mean values of absolute and relative VO2max expressed per kg body mass and per kg fat-free mass were 2,09+/-0,38 l x min(-1), 22,82+/-3,79 ml x min(-1) kg(-1), and 44,05+/-7,03 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1), respectively. Absolute VO2max was positively related to body weight (R=0,4758; P<0,01), BMI (R=0,5004; P<0,01), fat-free mass (R=0,5138; P<0,01) and body cell mass (R=0,4983; P<0,01). No significant dependence of relative VO2max per kg body mass on the body fat was identified. CONCLUSIONS: Aerobic fitness, expressed by relative maximal oxygen consumption per kg of body weight, is not influenced by the percent of body fat in obese women. Body cell mass is markedly related to aerobic fitness, expressed by absolute maximal oxygen consumption in obese women.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Leisure-time physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and work ability: a study in randomly selected residents of Lódź.

OBJECTIVES: Low physical activity is a serious health problem in developed and developing countries. Much attention is also given to the role of physical activity in the modification of work ability in adults. The aim of this studywas to assess leisure-time physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and their influence on the subjective work ability in a randomly selected group of professionally active residents of Lódź. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed in the randomly selected group of professionally active persons (n = 198). Physical activity was determined by means of the Seven Day Physical Activity Recall (SDPAR). To determine cardiorespiratory fitness in the examined persons, the submaximal treadmill test was performed. Subjective work ability was evaluated using the work ability index (WAI). RESULTS: Correlation coefficient for the WAI and leisure-time physical activity was high r = 0.3, p < 0.0001. Moreover, WAI, its compounds and cardiorespiratory fitness were highly correlated r = 0.4, p < 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis of leisure-time physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and WAI emphasizes a great, potential feasibility of improving the WAI and its components, e.g., through the development, promotion, and broad use of training schedules.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Marginal fit of titanium metal-ceramic crowns.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to compare the marginal fit of 2 kinds of metal-ceramic crowns-crowns cast from commercially pure titanium and Procera titanium crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten copings of each type were prepared, veneered with low-fusing porcelain, and bonded with glass-ionomer cement. Marginal fit was assessed before and after cementation, and the data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: There were significant differences among mean values of marginal fit between the groups. Cementation increases discrepancies in both groups. CONCLUSION: Casting titanium has resulted in the highest discrepancies in marginal fit of both groups.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2005

Quantification of relationship between health status and physical fitness in middle-aged and elderly males and females.

AIM: The purpose of this study was to quantify the degree of the relationship between health status and physical fitness level in middle-aged and elderly people using multiple discriminant analysis. METHODS: The participants were 3114 males and females aged 30 to 69 years. Ten physical fitness tests and medical checkups were performed. The participants were divided into 2 groups according to health status; the healthy group and the unhealthy group. Multiple discriminant analysis was applied to the multivariate data. RESULTS: Correct discriminant probabilities of multiple discriminant functions to discriminate the healthy group and unhealthy group were 72.3% for males and 71.7% for females. For all age groups, a gender difference was not found (P>0.05). For aging, as a result of the test of proportion, it was found that the correct discriminant probabilities decreased with age for both genders (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there is a relatively strong relationship between health status and the level of physical fitness in both males and females. These findings support daily physical activities and exercise to maintain or improve physical fitness could be useful for the health status of middle-aged and elderly people. From the result that the correct discriminant probability decreased with age, the changes in probability for males and females were calculated and described with correct discriminant probabilities by moving averages with 5 point smoothing.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Anthropometrical data and physical fitness of Lithuanian soldiers according to the sociodemographic characteristics.

The aim of this study was to assess the anthropometrical data and physical fitness of soldiers according to the sociodemographic characteristics during one-year compulsory military service. The height and weight of 197 soldiers were measured at the beginning and at the end of their service, and body mass index was calculated. The physical fitness was evaluated using index of ability on the basis of 2 km walking test. Conscripts from cities were taller than conscripts from rural areas. At the beginning of the service every fifth was overweight (25< or = body mass index <30 kg/m2) or obese (body mass index > or =30 kg/m2): 17.9% of conscripts from rural areas as well as 17.6% from urban were overweight and 1.9% from rural as well as 1.1% from urban areas were obese. A tendency that the weight of conscripts gradually increased with the level of education was observed. There were no significant differences in index of ability according to the level of soldiers' education as well as place of residence. During one-year service the height of soldiers did not change, however, their weight increased in average by 5.5+/-4.5 kg (p<0.01). The part of overweight persons at the end of the service increased 2.3-fold. Physical fitness of soldiers after one-year service significantly decreased compared with the beginning of the service. In order to decrease the rate of overweight soldiers and to increase their physical fitness the health promotion programs in Lithuanian Army are needed.

Adult↗