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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Acute and chronic stress in duodenal ulcer disease.

Acute and chronic life event stressors were objectively assessed in a sample of duodenal ulcer patients and community controls. Stress was assessed on two dimensions, "personal threat" and "goal frustration." Chronic stressors (those of 6 months' duration or more) involving high goal frustration were significantly and independently associated with the onset and relapse of duodenal ulcers, as were acute events of high immediate but transient personal threat.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1987

The effects of emotional arousal and increased speaking rate on children's newly learned (r) productions.

Generalization of newly learned phones into spontaneous speech remains a serious problem for many children with articulation disorders. It has been suggested that generalization may be governed, at least in part, by the stability of the new phone. Various clinicians have argued that response stability, in turn, may be affected by emotion and speaking rate. The present study was designed to determine whether children's newly learned (r) phones would be adversely affected by unpleasant emotions and/or faster than normal speaking rates. Sixteen misarticulating children retold a story after frustration and no frustration procedures, in combination with slow and fast slide presentations. In contrast to previous clinical assumptions, no significant differences in subjects' (r) productions were found among the conditions. The research implications and limitations, and suggestions for future research, are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1989

Chronic stressors, tonic immobility and leucocytic responses in the domestic fowl.

Tonic immobility (TI) fear reactions and heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios were measured in individually caged Brown Leghorn pullets before and after their exposure to one of three procedures lasting approximately 72 hr. These were: ad lib feeding (controls), fasting (removal of food) or frustration of feeding (fasting plus denial of access to visible food). H/L ratios were elevated after fasting or frustration, illustrating the stressful nature of these procedures, but remained unaltered in the controls. Pretreatment TI responses were similar in all groups. Susceptibility and response duration were reduced upon retesting presumably through habituation, but this effect was relatively homogeneous across groups. Any direct effect of fasting/frustration upon fearfulness seemed unlikely because the mean TI responses of control and stressed birds were similar. However, whereas a rank order based on TI durations was repeatable upon retesting in the controls, it was destabilised in the stressed groups. Positive intraindividual correlations were found between pretreatment TI durations and subsequent H/L responses to fasting/frustration. This suggests that leucocytic responses to chronic stressors may be greater in fearful pullets than in less fearful birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Requests for medications during chemical dependency rehabilitation as a predictor of relapse.

This study tested an aspect of the low-frustration-tolerance hypothesis by investigating the relationship between nonprescription medication requests by chemical-dependency patients, while in treatment, and their relapse rate. Subjects were 200 adult, chemically dependent patients admitted to a 28-day inpatient treatment program. The number of requests for nonprescription medications for subjective and objective symptoms were recorded for all patients during the course of their treatment, and these patients were followed for 1 year after treatment to determine if they had remained abstinent. Results were consistent with the predictions of the low-frustration-tolerance hypothesis. Patients who requested more medications for subjective symptoms during treatment were less likely to remain abstinent for 1 year after treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Artificial time constraints on the Iowa Gambling Task: the effects on behavioural performance and subjective experience.

In the last decade, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has become a widely employed neuropsychological research instrument for the investigation of executive function. The task has been employed in a wide range of formats, from 'manual' procedures to more recently introduced computerised versions. Computer-based formats often require that responses on the task should be artificially delayed by a number of seconds between trials to collect skin-conductance data. Participants, however, may become frustrated when they want to select from a particular deck in the time-limited versions--so that an unintended emotional experience of frustration might well disrupt a task presumed to be reliant on emotion-based learning. We investigated the effect of the various types of Iowa Gambling Task format on performance, using three types of task: the classic manual administration, with no time limitations; a computerised administration with a 6-s enforced delay; and a control computerised version which had no time constraints. We also evaluated the subjective experience of participants on each task. There were no significant differences in performance, between formats, in behavioural terms. Subjective experience measures on the task also showed consistent effects across all three formats-with substantial, and rapidly developing, awareness of which decks were 'good' and 'bad.'

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

What is the function of nail biting: an analog assessment study.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the frequency of nail biting in 4 settings (interventions) designed to elicit the functions of nail biting and to compare the results with a self-report questionnaire about the functions of nail biting. DESIGN: Randomised allocation of participants to order of conditions. SETTING: University Psychology Department. SUBJECTS: Forty undergraduates who reported biting their nails. INTERVENTIONS: Left alone (boredom), solving maths problems (frustration), reprimanded for nail biting (contingent attention), continuous conversation (noncontingent attention). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of times the undergraduates bit their nails. RESULTS: Nail biting occurred most often in two conditions, boredom and frustration. CONCLUSION: Nail biting in young adults occurs as a result of boredom or working on difficult problems, which may reflect a particular emotional state. It occurs least often when people are engaged in social interaction or when they are reprimanded for the behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Learning partnership--the experience of peer tutoring among nursing students: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Peer tutoring involves students helping each other to learn. It places teaching and learning commitments and responsibilities on students. Considerable evidence supports the positive effects of peer tutoring, including cognitive gains, improved communication, self-confidence, and social support among students. Peer tutors are also said to better understand the learning problems of fellow peer learners than teachers do. OBJECTIVE: This study intended to facilitate the development of 'cooperative learning' among nursing students through a peer-tutoring scheme. STUDY METHOD: Undergraduate nursing students were invited to join a peer-tutoring scheme. Fourteen students studying year 3 were recruited to serve as peer tutors and 16 students from year 2 of the same program participated as tutees. Peer tutors attended a training workshop and received a guideline for peer-tutoring activities. They were to provide a total of '10 weekly tutoring sessions throughout the semester on a one-to-one basis for their tutees. Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted in the middle and at the end of the semester to evaluate the students' experiences in the tutoring process. RESULTS: Content analysis of the interview scripts identified that students had both positive and negative experiences from the peer tutoring, but that positive experiences predominated. Positive aspects included enhancement of learning skills/intellectual gains and personal growth. Negative experiences stemmed mainly from frustrations in dealing with mismatched learning styles between tutors and tutees, and the required time commitment. CONCLUSIONS: Both tutors and tutees benefited to some extent from this peer-tutoring process. Further studies in an education program for students in all years should be implemented to examine peer-tutoring effects. Implementation of peer tutoring should address the frustrations and difficulties encountered by the students to facilitate better outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Television violence and children's aggression: testing the priming, social script, and disinhibition predictions.

The effect of television violence on boys' aggression was investigated with consideration of teacher-rated characteristic aggressiveness, timing of frustration, and violence-related cues as moderators. Boys in Grades 2 and 3 (N = 396) watched violent or nonviolent TV in groups of 6, and half the groups were later exposed to a cue associated with the violent TV program. They were frustrated either before or after TV viewing. Aggression was measured by naturalistic observation during a game of floor hockey. Groups containing more characteristically high-aggressive boys showed higher aggression following violent TV plus the cue than following violent TV alone, which in turn produced more aggression than did the nonviolent TV condition. There was evidence that both the violent content and the cue may have suppressed aggression among groups composed primarily of boys low in characteristic aggressiveness. Results were interpreted in terms of current information-processing theories of media effects on aggression.

Aggression↗
PubMed1998

From lynching to gay bashing: the elusive connection between economic conditions and hate crime.

Trends in bigoted violence are often explained by reference to frustrations arising from macroeconomic downturns. Historical and recent time-series studies have turned up significant links between economic conditions and lynchings of Blacks in the pre-Depression South (e.g., Hepworth & West, 1988; Hovland & Sears, 1940). However, replicating the time-series analyses of lynching, extending them through the Great Depression, and applying similar techniques to contemporary data fail to provide robust evidence of a link between economic performance and intolerant behavior directed against minorities. The authors speculate that the predictive force of macroeconomic fluctuation is undermined by the rapid rate of decay in the frustration-bred aggressive impulse and the absence of prominent political actors affixing economic blame on target groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Alcohol and aggression: a meta-analysis on the moderating effects of inhibitory cues, triggering events, and self-focused attention.

The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 49 studies to investigate 2 explanations of how alcohol increases aggression by decreasing sensitivity to cues that inhibit it. Both the level of anxiety and inhibition conflict moderated the difference between the aggressive behavior of sober and intoxicated participants, but neither level adequately accounted for variation in effect sizes. Additional analyses of 3 social psychological moderating variables-provocation, frustration, and self-focused attention-showed that the aggressiveness of intoxicated participants relative to sober ones increased as a function of frustration but decreased as a function of provocation and self-focused attention. The authors also examined the moderating effects of dose.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

On inequity aversion in nonhuman primates.

P. G. Roma, A. Silberberg, A. M. Ruggiero, and S. J. Suomi (2006) noted that the results S. F. Brosnan and F. B. M. de Waal (2003) attributed to inequity aversion could also be explained as a frustration effect. Roma et al. redressed this confound by designing a procedure that could have supported either of these interpretations. Nevertheless, they found that only a frustration effect accounted for both their data and those of Brosnan and de Waal (2003). The criticisms Brosnan and de Waal (2006) offered of Roma et al. ignored the fact that Brosnan and de Waal's (2003) research design was not capable of offering an unequivocal demonstration of inequity aversion. This conclusion holds no matter what the claimed inadequacies of Roma et al.'s procedures might have been. Caution is urged in inferring the existence of inequity aversion in nonhuman primates.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Gender differences in the negative affective priming of aggressive behavior.

The negative affective priming of aggression was examined across different aversive contexts (general stress exposure and frustration) with a laboratory aggression paradigm that measured the intensity of shocks participants delivered to a putative employee. Participants' emotional responses were gauged via startle eyeblink reactions and self-report mood ratings. Aside from gender differences in overall aggression, men but not women exposed to general stress showed significant increases in aggression across blocks. However, frustration produced increases in aggression in both genders. Although both genders showed robust startle increases during stress, startle activation was related to increases in aggression in men and decreases in aggression in women. These findings suggest that general stress and experiences of negative emotion trigger physical aggressive responses more strongly in men than in women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developmental aspects of borderline personality disorder.

This study examined whether patients with borderline personality disorder and controls with other personality disorders remember their childhoods differently with respect to separation difficulties, evocative memory, temperamental factors such as frustration tolerance and mood reactivity, and onset of symptoms. Two hundred and ninety patients with borderline personality disorder and 72 with other personality disorders were assessed using an instrument to rate memories of separation difficulties, temperamental problems, and onset of symptoms before age 18. Patients with borderline personality disorder remembered more difficulties with separation between ages 6 and 17 years, more mood reactivity and poorer frustration tolerance between ages 6 and 17, and the onset of more symptoms (most prominently sadness, depression, anxiety, and suicidality) before age 18 than did patients with other personality disorders. The groups did not differ in reports of evocative memory before age 18. These results indicate that many of the features of adult patients with borderline personality disorder may initially appear during childhood and adolescence and that these features may be used to differentiate borderline from other personality disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

GPs' attitudes to minor ailments.

BACKGROUND: It is generally considered that a significant proportion of 'inappropriate' demand for GP services is generated by consultations for minor ailments. How GPs manage minor ailments is likely to affect how patients perceive and handle similar illnesses in the future. Whilst this potentially has significant implications for general practice workload, research investigating GP' attitudes towards minor ailments and their management is sparse. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to describe GP' experiences and perceptions of minor ailment consultations and their attitudes towards minor ailment management. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted in 1999, derived from a series of 20 qualitative interviews with practising GPs. The survey was sent to one GP randomly selected from each practice (n = 759) in eight English health authorities. Attitudinal statements were analysed using factor analysis. RESULTS: Four hundred and fourteen GPs (54.5%) completed and returned the questionnaire. Respondents were consulted regularly about minor illness or symptoms, with almost all (95.6%) having experienced a minor ailment consultation in the previous week. Factor analysis suggested four issues to be of importance in determining GP' attitudes to minor ailment management. These were attitudes towards pharmacists, attitudes towards patient empowerment, frustration with minor ailment consultations and attitudes towards caution/risk. CONCLUSION: Although GPs are clearly frustrated by the level of minor ailment consultations, this study suggests that there may be complex factors which influence their attitudes. For the optimal management of minor ailments, inter-professional relationships potentially are of great importance. With increasing patient demand, it is essential that finite health care resources are accessible, appropriate and used in an optimal way.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Return to work for a company president with traumatic brain injury.

Return to work remains a central issue for many traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. The present literature generally ignores the complex work issues involved for high-functioning individuals, in whose hands may lie the fate of many other workers. This case discusses return-to-work challenges facing a 64-year-old high-technology company founder and president. Following a bicycling accident, he sustained intracerebral hemorrhage with an initial Glasgow Coma Scale of score 12. Although postmorbidly he still maintained a relatively high level of cognitive functioning, his case highlights special challenges during workplace rehabilitation of patients with cognitively demanding jobs, including (a) a higher potential for patient frustration given the gap between function and job expectations and (b) confidentiality issues regarding business employees and competitors. Rehabilitation health care providers can benefit from lessons learned here, including tapping into these patients' strong motivation for return to work, accessing the likely higher remaining cognitive level, and drawing upon the likely strong social and professional networks available. Finally, the importance of the role of stress-management techniques in order to cope with high frustration levels is highlighted.

Administrative Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emotional antecedents of hot flashes during daily life.

OBJECTIVE: Hot flashes are among the most frequently reported menopausal symptoms. However, little is known about factors associated with their occurrence. Moreover, despite the wide use of self-report hot flash measures, little is known about their concordance with physiological flashes. This study evaluated emotional and behavioral antecedents of subjectively and objectively measured hot flashes during daily life. It also examined individual differences predicting concordance between objective and subjective hot flashes. METHODS: Forty-two perimenopausal or postmenopausal women (mean age = 50.5 +/- 4.8 years) reporting daily hot flashes completed 2 days of ambulatory sternal skin conductance monitoring, behavioral diaries 3 times an hour, and psychometric questionnaires. Hot flashes meeting objective physiological criteria and subjectively reported flashes not meeting physiological criteria were assessed. Likelihood of hot flashes following emotions and activities were examined in a case-crossover analysis. RESULTS: Relative to nonflash control times, objective hot flashes were more likely after increased happiness, relaxation, and feelings of control, and less likely after increased frustration, sadness, and stress. Conversely, subjective hot flashes not meeting physiological criteria were more likely after increased frustration and decreased feelings of control. Questionnaires revealed increased negative mood and negative attitudes were associated with fewer objective flashes and higher false-positive reporting rates. CONCLUSION: Increased positive and decreased negative emotions were associated with objective hot flashes, whereas increased negative and decreased positive emotions were associated with subjective flashes not meeting physiological criteria. The anecdotal association between negative emotions and hot flashes may be the result of self-reported flashes lacking physiological corroboration.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1983

The facial expression of anger in seven-month-old infants.

This study concerned whether anger can be observed reliably in facial expressions as early as 7 months of age in a sample of 30 infants. It also assessed the influence of several variables on anger responses: infant's familiarity with the frustrator (mother vs. stranger), repetition of trials, and sex of the child. Correlations were obtained between the expression of anger and cognitive developmental level, maternal perceptions of irascibility (temperament), time since eating or sleeping, and facial flushing. Dependent variables included facial expression components as well as ratings of facial flushing. We found that the capacity to express anger is well developed by 7 months of age: facial patterning was detected reliably in the absence of contextual information, and repeated frustrations increased the amount of anger shown. No significant relationships were found, however, between facial expression of anger and temperament, drive states, or cognitive developmental scores.

Anger↗
PubMed1971

Some endocrinological aspects of barbiturate dependence.

1. Hypophysectomized rats become dependent on barbitone and show the same withdrawal syndrome as intact animals.2. Barbitone dependent rats have larger thyroid and adrenal glands, a larger liver, smaller gonads and larger secondary sex organs than untreated animals. The levator ani muscle of the males is smaller.3. In contrast, dependent female hypophysectomized rats only showed a decreased gonad weight and increased liver weight.4. Histologically, the thyroid gland of dependent rats appears more active, but the concentration of iodine bound to plasma protein, basal metabolic rate and body temperature are similar in dependent and untreated animals.5. Resting plasma corticosterone concentration appears to be unchanged in barbitone dependent animals, but stress induced increases in the concentration of corticosterone in plasma are less in dependent animals.6. Immature barbitone dependent rats grow at a faster rate than untreated animals, but hypophysectomized rats of similar age receiving barbitone do not.7. The additional body weight gained by barbitone dependent animals is of normal body composition.8. Administration of growth hormone has an identical growth inducing effect in dependent hypophysectomized animals and in untreated hypophysectomized animals.9. Barbitone dependent rats do not exhibit the ;frustration effect' in a double runway. In barbitone dependent rats approach to a potentially ;frustrating' situation is slower than in untreated animals.

Adrenal Glands↗