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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Preformulation studies of atenolol in oral liquid dosage form. I. Effect of pH and temperature.

The stability of atenolol solutions was evaluated under accelerated isothermal degradation conditions at 90 degrees C. A specific and sensitive HPLC method was adopted to study the pH dependence of the stability. The maximum stability of atenolol was achieved at pH 4. The degradation of atenolol followed first-order kinetics at 90 degrees C, pH 4 with k value of 1.1.10(-3) hour-1.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

[Design and application of oral sustained-release anticancer drug--a new oral dosage form of cisplatin].

As compared to the conventional standard chemotherapy of solid cancer such as lung, biochemical modulation (BCM) therapy has been proven to have a good therapeutic efficiency. BCM therapy uses the low dose and low infusion rate of anti-cancer drug. To increase of the QOL of cancer patients, oral BCM therapy is needed. For this purpose, two kinds of new oral sustained-release cisplatin preparations were developed, micro-porous CDDP capsule made of ethylcellulose(EC) and CDDP-EC-stearic acid solid dispersion. After oral administrations of these preparations, serum CDDP levels were maintained over 0.2 microgram/ml for 24h. Experimental therapy using P815 tumor cells transplanted mice suggested the usefulness of CDDP solid dispersion preparation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pharmacokinetics of recombinant pro-urokinase ocular dosage form].

Thrombolytic enzymes are widely used in the treatment of vascular diseases of the eyes and of intraocular hemorrhages. We studied the pharmacokinetics of recombinant prourokinase (proRUK) in ocular structures after its intravitreal administration and subtenon's implantation of collagen infusion system (SICIS). Kinetic parameters of accumulation of labeled proRUK in ocular structures were obtained. After intravitreal administration, the proRUK half-life (T1/2) was 7.9 +/- 1.44 h, with proRUK losing none of its enzymatic activity while in the vitreous body. The maximum accumulation of proRUK in the vitreous administered by the SICIS is observed after 4-5 h and is 1.5-2.0% of the dose administered. In the sclera the maximum accumulation of proRUK is 10-15% (4-6 h after administration), in the vascular membrane 0.8% (4 h after administration). We believe that combination of intravitreal and SICIS-aided administration of proRUK to patients with extensive hemorrhages (subtotal and total hemopthalmia) will improve the efficacy of therapy.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Improved taste acceptability for an oral hyperalimentation dosage form.

Various flavoring agents were evaluated as to their ability to improve the taste acceptability of Vivovnex-HN, a potent oral hyperalimentation diet. Several imitation flavors were incorporated into the Vivonex-HN powder in different concentrations with and without an artificial sweetener. The mixtures were rated by a taste panel. Among the unsweetened flavors, spray-dried orange juice, Sealva imitation mint No.381 and cherry mint imitation appeared to be the most acceptable flavors. Among the individual flavors sweetened with 0.025% sodium saccharin, rum, strawberry and raspberry proved to be the most acceptable. Among all of the formulations studied, a combination of rum, strawberry and raspberry with 0.025% sodium saccharin was found to be optimal.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of processing technique of different dosage forms on dissolution rate of caffeine and salicylamide.

The dissolution rate of caffeine (Cf) and salicylamide (SA) from the mixtures of powders, granulate and tablets, obtained by the direct compression and wet granulation methods, has been investigated. The results presented in plots show, that the dissolution process of Cf and SA follows the first-order kinetics. The kinetic equations are used for the calculation of the dissolution rate contants (K) for the compounds of different solubility. Chromatography did not give an evidence for the formation of an adduct of Cf and SA in the granulate and tablets prepared by the wet granulation method.

Caffeine↗
PubMed1995

Numerical models for calculating the blood level of a drug with oral controlled release forms.

Controlled release dosage forms offer advantages over conventional dosage forms and a more constant and prolonged therapeutic effect. These new dosage forms are tested by using in-vitro tests or in-vivo tests; however, a great problem appears with the establishment of correlations between these tests. A new way of working is able to resolve the problem. It consists of coupling either experiments or models based on numerical analysis and computerization. In-vitro tests performed at various pH are used to determine the kinetics of release and the parameters characterizing diffusion or erosion. From the knowledge of the certain data (the gastrointestinal tract-time history, the kinetics of release of the drug out of the dosage form, the rate constants of absorption and elimination, and the plasmatic volume), it is possible to obtain, by calculation, the kinetics of the drug in the plasmatic volume, as well as other pieces of information. Not only is the model able to predict the pharmacokinetics of a drug from a controlled release dosage form, but it also optimizes the characteristics of the dosage form. The validity of the model is successfully tested by comparing the blood level of Theophylline, obtained either by in-vivo tests or calculation.

Absorption↗
PubMed2004

Standardized pill imprint codes: a pharma fantasy.

To safely use medications, professionals and consumers need usable and reliable methods to identify tablets patients are prescribed and taking. Currently, each manufacturer assigns its own identifying codes and symbols. Standardization of the system for identifying solid dosage forms is a goal that has been widely advocated, yet stubbornly resistant to progress. Physicians, pharmacists, and consumers attempting to identify pills must use various methods which have shortcomings in ease of use, availability, and accuracy. Arguments have been advanced, particularly by pharmaceutical manufacturers, that evidence of unworkability of the current system is not compelling, and costs of retooling current manufacturing processes could be prohibitive. These issues are currently being explored by a task force led by the U.S. Pharmacopeia Safe Medication Use, and Pharmaceutical Forms Dosage Expert Committees. This paper presents a fictitious case study of an elderly patient succumbing to digoxin overdose illustrating the dilemmas posed in the tablet-imprint debate.

Drug Labeling↗
PubMed1977

Fosfomycin in the treatment of bacterial infections: summary of clinical trials in Japan.

The Japan Research Committee of Fosfomycin was organized in the fall of 1972 to promote the basic and clinical studies on fosfomycin. First of all, a subcommittee of fosfomycin consisting of a limited number of members was organized to establish the methods of determination on its antibacterial activity and its concentration in the biological fluid, and the most applicable methods were devised. The clinical trials on its oral form in a small scale were commenced from spring in 1973, and then gradually expanded to almost all of Japan. The clinical trials on its parenteral intravenous form were also undertaken from the latter half of 1973. The basic and clinical results obtained from hospitals and institutes almost all over Japan, to which members of the above Committee belong, were presented by speakers under a hot discussion in two symposia which were held by the Japan Society of Chemotherapy; one on its oral form in June 1974, and another on its parenteral form in December 1974. I served as chairman in both of the symposia. The clinical results of fosfomycin in Japan which were mainly collected in both symposia are described below. Its antibacterial activity, and absorption and exretion will be presented elsewhere in this volume. Clinical results of its oral form: Dosage forms of fosfomycin-Ca salt, capsule and granules, were prepared for its clinical trials. It resulted effective in about 76% of 1,200 patients with infection due to gram-positive or gram-negative (Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, etc.) bacteria in several fields. As far as rates of efficacy were concerned, it was more effective in surgical, urological, ophthalmic and some other fields than in internal and pediatric ones. Fosfomycin was given in a dose of 2-3 g/day for adults or 100-130 mg/kg for infants and children in most cases. Furthermore, it can be favorably mentioned that fosfomycin was proved to be effective in salmonellosis and resistant shigellosis by a certain research group specialized in the therapy of infectious enteritis. Clinical results of its parenteral form: Sterlized bulk material of fosfomycin-Na salt was prepared in a vial for clinical use. Similarly as in the case of oral form, it was applied to about 500 patients with several infections. It resulted effective in about 68% of them. This percentage was not as high because of the higher frequency of application to severe patients or patients with underlying disease. Fosfomycin was intravenously administered by one shot or drip infusion in a dose of 2-4 g/day for adults, or 100-250 mg/kg for infants and children in most cases. Adverse reactions: In oral form, the incidence of adverse reactions was about 10% but most of them were slight gastrointestinal disorders. In an extremely small number of patients a rise of SGOT and/or SGPT was observed. In parenteral form, the incidence of adverse reactions was a little higher, being about 17% including a rise of SGOT and/or SGPT, vascular pain, nausea, and vomiting, etc...

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computer supported studies on design and evaluation of solid dispersions of carbamazepine.

The main advantages of solid dispersions (the drug could be maintained in a bioavailable form, dosage reduction and cleaner manufacturing conditions) provide scope for the continued interest in field. Additionally, their use in providing a sustained or controlled release of drugs has only been tentatively examined. In the present study, Carbamazepine has been used to develop a dosage form which will provide a booster amount followed by sustained release of the drug for effective control of epileptic seizures while keeping the serum level of the drug at minimum. Enteric polymers CAP and CAT have been used to retard the release till the formulation reaches the intestine. Either individually or combined fractions of the formulations may be used in the therapy of epilepsy.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1984

Prescribing trends in internal medicine.

A study was carried out to assess prescribing trends in outpatients of the Nehru Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, which is attached to the Postgraduate Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, which is attached to the Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh. Prescriptions for 50 patients were audited under heads of generic versus trade name prescribing, the dosage, dosage form, dosage interval and duration of treatment; the prescriptions by and large were model ones - certain lacunae are discussed.

Drug Prescriptions↗