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At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Female pelvic organ prolapse: a comparison of triphasic dynamic MR imaging and triphasic fluoroscopic cystocolpoproctography.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared dynamic MR imaging with fluoroscopic cystocolpoproctography for the detection and measurement of prolapse of pelvic organs. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ten patients underwent triphasic dynamic MR imaging and triphasic fluoroscopic cystocolpoproctography with identical amounts of contrast material to opacify the bladder, vagina, and rectum. The dynamic MR imaging procedure included cine-loop presentation. Each examination was analyzed to determine the presence and extent of prolapse of pelvic organs based on specific measurements. RESULTS: Both dynamic MR imaging and fluoroscopic cystocolpoproctography revealed 10 rectoceles (mean extents, 2.85 and 2.45 cm, respectively). Nine cystoceles were revealed by both dynamic MR imaging (mean extent, 4.05 cm) and fluoroscopy (mean extent, 4.55 cm). Seven enteroceles were revealed, one of which was initially not seen on dynamic MR imaging. Two sigmoidoceles were revealed, one of which was not seen on fluoroscopy. The mean extent of the enteroceles and sigmoidoceles on dynamic MR imaging was 3.50 cm, and the mean extent on fluoroscopy was 4.25 cm. Nine of the 10 patients were able to defecate in the supine position on the MR imaging table. Patients were divided equally in their preference for dynamic MR imaging or fluoroscopic cystocolpoproctography. CONCLUSION: Triphasic dynamic MR imaging and triphasic fluoroscopic cystocolpoproctograpy show similar detection rates for prolapse of pelvic organs. Although dynamic MR imaging underestimates the extent of cystoceles and enteroceles, it has the advantage of revealing all pelvic organs and the pelvic floor musculature in a multiplanar cine-loop presentation.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Anorectal function after low anterior resection.

Most patients with rectal carcinoma can now be treated with sphincter-sparing procedures. The quality of life after sphincter-sparing procedures is better than after abdominoperineal excision. However, morphology and physiology of the neorectum/sphincter complex are challenged and enthusians towards restorative surgery in rectal cancer was tempered by concerns over functional deficits: after low anterior resection a substantial portion of patients experience impaired anorectal function, in particular fecal leakage and urgency of defecation and report disturbed sexual function. The aim of our work was to investigate functional outcome and anorectal physiologic function as measured by manometry after the three most commonly used reconstructions of intestinal continuity: anterior rectal resection, low anterior rectal, and intersphincteric rectal resection.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Infaunal hydraulics generate porewater pressure signals.

Many activities by infauna, including burrowing and feeding, involve hydraulic mechanisms. We expected these activities to generate low-frequency pressure waves that would propagate through sediments and be detectable at some distance from the source. Pressure sensors in intertidal sediments recorded large-amplitude porewater pressure signals. Laboratory recordings of single individuals allowed us to identify characteristic signals of arenicolid and nereidid polychaetes and tellinid bivalves. In the bivalve Macoma nasuta, these high-amplitude signals were associated with burrowing, expulsion of pseudofeces, and siphon relocation. In the polychaetes Neanthes brandti and Abarenicola pacifica, the high-amplitude pressure signals were associated with burrowing, burrow construction, burrow ventilation, and defecation. These signals were detectable in the field at distances of at least 20 cm. Since the waveforms are species-specific as well as activity-specific, they may provide a mechanism for prey detection, for predator avoidance, for competitor detection, and perhaps even for mate detection.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Owner impressions of three premium diets fed to healthy adult dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine owner impressions of 3 premium canine diets when factors such as price and retail source were removed; to compare body condition scores (BCSs) assigned by owners versus a veterinarian; and to determine consistency of owner impressions of diets when owners were not informed that they were feeding the same diet during 2 consecutive periods. DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial. ANIMALS: 44 healthy adult dogs. PROCEDURE: During the initial 12 months of the study, dogs were each fed 3 premium diets for 4 months in random order. After feeding each diet for 1 and 4 months, owners completed questionnaires regarding palatability of the diet; the dog's attitude, energy level, fecal consistency, frequency of defecation, hair coat quality, and BCS; and whether they would feed the diet if available commercially. During the last 4 months of the study, owners fed the same diet they had been feeding during the previous 4 months. RESULTS: Scores for most variables did not differ among diets. However, mean BCS assigned by owners was significantly lower than mean BCS assigned by an investigator, with a moderate correlation between scores. When asked at the end of the third and fourth study periods whether they would consider feeding the diet long-term, 12 of the 44 (27%) owners gave inconsistent responses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicate that when unaware of retail price and source, owners have similar impressions of 3 premium diets fed to healthy adult dogs, suggesting that factors other than the diets themselves may affect owner impressions. Owners also underestimate their dog's BCS.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Effects of diet on clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of dietary modification on clinical signs of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) in dogs. DESIGN: Blinded randomized crossover study. ANIMALS: 21 dogs with EPI. PROCEDURE: Dogs were fed the diet they received at home for 2 weeks. Thereafter, they received 3 special diets (a high-fat diet, a high-fiber diet, and a highly digestible low-residue diet) for 3 weeks each. Owners scored dogs daily for the last 2 weeks of each 3-week period for severity of 6 clinical signs including appetite, defecation frequency, consistency of feces, borborygmus, flatulence, and coprophagia. An EPI index was calculated for each dog by adding the daily scores for each clinical sign. RESULTS: Significant differences in daily EPI indices among diets were observed in 20 dogs. The original diet appeared to be the most suitable in 8 dogs, whereas the high-fat diet was most suitable in 5 dogs, the high-fiber diet was most suitable in 4 dogs, and the low-residue diet was most suitable in 2 dogs. In 1 dog, the lowest EPI index score was the same during the original diet and the high-fat diet feeding periods. One dog did not complete the feeding period for the high-fiber diet. Differences in mean EPI indices among diets were not significant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that responses to different diets varied among individual dogs. Because responses to the feeding regimens were unpredictable, it is suggested that feeding regimens be individually formulated for dogs with EPI.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genetic linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci for behavioral and neuroendocrine stress response traits in pigs.

A QTL analysis of behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to a "novel environment" stress was conducted in a three-generation experimental cross between Meishan and Large White pig breeds. A total of 186 F2 males and 182 F2 females were studied for their behavioral and neuroendocrine reactivity to a novel environment test at 6 wk of age. Locomotion, vocalization, and defecation rate, as well as exploration time, were measured for 10 min. Blood samples were taken immediately before and after the test to measure plasma levels of ACTH, cortisol, and glucose. Animals were typed for a total of 137 markers covering the entire porcine genome. Analyses were performed using two interval mapping methods: a line-cross regression method, where founder lines were assumed to be fixed for different QTL alleles, and a half-/full-sib maximum likelihood method where allele substitution effects were estimated within each half-/full-sib family. Both methods revealed a highly significant gene effect for poststress cortisol level (P < 0.001) and a significant effect for basal cortisol level (P < 0.05) at the end of the q arm of chromosome 7, explaining, respectively, 20% and 7% of the phenotypic variance. Meishan alleles are associated with higher cortisol levels and are partially dominant (for poststress levels) over Large White alleles. Other significant gene effects on biological measures were detected on chromosomes 1 and 17 (ACTH response to stress), 3, 5, and 8 (glucose levels). The SSC 17 QTL explains 12% of the phenotypic variance of poststress ACTH levels, with a suggestive evidence of imprinting effects. Meishan alleles are associated with lower poststress ACTH levels. Gene effects of low amplitude only were found for behavioral reactivity traits. Considering the effects of stress neuroendocrine systems on energy fluxes and protein deposition, and the importance of stress reactivity for meat quality and animal welfare, these results open new perspectives for pig selection.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1998

Transsacral rectopexy for complete rectal prolapse.

A prospective study was carried out to analyze the clinical and functional results of transsacral rectopexy with a DEXON mesh in the elderly or poor risk patients with complete rectal prolapse. Six patients with complete rectal prolapse were operated from 1994 to 1996. All patients could be traced for examination with anorectal manometry and defecography. None of the patients had recurrence for the longest three years. In postoperative clinical symptoms, fecal incontinence score recovered from the preoperative mean score of 3.8 to the postoperative 1.2 and constipation was improved in 4 out of 5 cases (80.0%). Straining anorectal angle (S-ARA) by defecography improved from the preoperative value of 120.6 +/- 6.9 degrees to the postoperative value of 98.5 +/- 3.5 degrees (p < 0.05) and the perineal descent (PD) improved from the preoperative value of 16.2 +/- 2.5 cm to the postoperative value 8.1 +/- 1.3 cm (p < 0.05). Maximal resting pressure (MRP) increased from the preoperative value of 20.5 +/- 3.7 cmH2O to the postoperative value of 40.5 +/- 4.8 cmH2O (p < 0.05). Transsacral rectopexy with DEXON mesh for complete rectal prolapse is useful as this technique is simple to conduct, can be applied to the elderly or poor risk patients, replaces rectal prolapse, improves defecation troubles and recovers fecal incontinence.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Clinical and physiological aspects of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis.

Proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the surgical treatment of choice for severe chronic ulcerative colitis and familial polyposis coli because the entire colonic mucosa is removed while anal function can be preserved and the necessity for permanent ileostomy is eliminated. Long-term functional results are generally gratifying, as defecation frequency and degree of incontinence are acceptable in most patients. Pouchitis, however, a non-specific inflammation of the ileal reservoir, is a major long-term complication occurring in a considerable number of patients. The etiology of pouchitis is unknown. Since pouchitis occurs more frequently or even exclusively in ulcerative colitis patients it is assumed that pouchitis is a novel manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease. However, bacterial overgrowth in the ileal pouch may also play a pathogenetic role. Chronic inflammation and villous atrophy of varying severity is found in virtually all pouches. Acute inflammatory changes and ulceration are associated with pouchitis.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗
PubMed1990

Influence of peptides on anorectal function.

Immunohistochemical and immunochemical studies on biopsies from the human rectum and anal canal have shown several regulatory peptides present in the muscle layers and the mucosa, suggesting a regulatory action on defecation. This view has been supported by studies of anorectal function in man during administration of different peptides. The physiological implications of these observations remain obscure.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1985

Effect of early rearing experience on subsequent behavior and production of Holstein heifers.

Sixty-seven heifer calves were assigned at birth to one of four rearing treatments: groups of six, individual hutch, isolation, and isolation with handling (10 min daily interaction with calf feeder). Calves were on the same diet and except for group calves were in 1.2 X 2.4-m hutches. Group calves were in open shed housing with 3m2/calf. Calves were weaned at approximately 10 wk and then assimilated into regular herd routine. An open field test of 3 min for each calf was conducted on 3 consecutive days at weaning. Samples for blood plasma glucocorticoids were taken before and after open field testing. Forty-eight heifers milked twice daily completed 305-day lactations. There were no differences in weaning weight or average daily gain to weaning. Group calves urinated and defecated more during open field tests, but number of vocalizations was not different. There was a significant rise of glucocorticoids for all calves, but treatment effects were nil. Cows reared in isolation (treatments 3 and 4) produced significantly more milk (922 kg 3.5% fat-corrected milk), had a 1205 kg advantage in relative milk, but were not different from group or individually reared cows in relative milk fat. A hypothesis to explain these results is proposed.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Discrimination of people by dairy cows based on handling.

This study examined whether dairy cows could distinguish among people based on the treatment received, whether cows used color as a cue to make this discrimination, and whether cows generalized their discrimination to other locations. Twelve cows were each repeatedly treated in a special treatment stall by two people wearing red or yellow overalls. One person always treated the cows aversively, and the other always treated them gently. The distance between each person and each cow in the home stall and in the treatment stall was scored during tests. Before treatment, the distances that cows maintained from the two people were uncorrelated, and the distances that they maintained in the treatment stall were uncorrelated with those in the home stall. Before and after treatments, the cows stood further from the handlers in the treatment stall than in the home stall, regardless of color of the overalls. Defecation and urination were more frequent during aversive treatments. After treatment, the cows stood further from the aversive handler than from the gentle handler in both stalls, and distance from the aversive handler was positively correlated with distance from the gentle handler. The cows did not discriminate when the aversive and gentle handlers wore blue overalls (as worn by the usual barn handlers), when two unfamiliar people wore the same color overalls as the handlers, or when the cows were shown photographic slides of the two handlers. In conclusion, the cows learned to discriminate among the handlers, partially based on the color of the clothes worn. This discrimination was generalized to another location.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1998

Increased fecal frequency and gastrointestinal symptoms following ingestion of galacto-oligosaccharide-containing yogurt.

Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal frequency following ingestion of yogurt containing 15 g of galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) per d were observed in 12 healthy volunteers. The effect of GOS on intestinal microflora was also studied in six volunteers. Defecation frequency increased during the administration period, but gastrointestinal symptoms, especially flatulence, also increased. The level of fecal bifidobacteria did not increase by the yogurt intake, but a significant increase was observed in the fecal bacteria growing on MRS media. The results indicate that dietary GOS increase gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal frequency in normal adults and have an effect on intestinal microecosystem.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of xylooligosaccharide intake on severe constipation in pregnant women.

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are mainly composed of two or three xylose units with beta-1,4 linkages. They are obtained by hemicellulose hydrolysis, which is relatively abundant in the cell walls of grains. XOS increases the number of intestinal Bifidobacterium in humans, and maintains the fecal water content within the normal range. To examine the effect of XOS intake on severe constipation in pregnancy, which is predominant in the third trimester, thirty constipated pregnant women were treated with 4.2 g XOS daily for 4 wk. During the study, the clinical efficacy was assessed using a daily diary. The subjects indicated the number of stools and the clinical symptom scores. Twenty-nine subjects completed the study. The mean number of stools was 1.1 +/- 0.4 in the pre-treatment week, and increased in weeks 1-4 of XOS administration to 5.3 +/- 2.1, 5.9 +/- 2.5, 6.2 +/- 2.2 and 6.7 +/- 1.9, respectively. At the end of the study, 27 subjects could defecate spontaneously. The occurrence of very loose or very hard stools decreased and the stool consistency normalized. The stool color changed from dark to yellowish brown. No side effects were observed. XOS intake was highly effective for the reduction of severe constipation in pregnant women without adverse effects.

Constipation↗
PubMed2004

Ovarian hormone modulates 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptors mRNA expression in rat colon with restraint stress-induced bowel dysfunction.

AIM: To examine the effects of ovarian hormone on the expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptors (5-HT3R) in rat colon of restraint stress-induced bowel dysfunction. METHODS: Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups of 8 each: sham operation, ovariectomy (OVX) and ovariectomy with estrogen (E2) and progesterone (P) replacement therapy (OVX+E2+P). The rats were subjected to 1-h restraint stress 4 wk after operation. The changes of defecation were monitored by collection of fecal pellets. The gonadal steroids were measured in duplicate by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The expression of 5-HT3R mRNA in the colon was studied by RT-PCR. RESULTS: Compared with sham group and OVX+E2+P group, OVX group showed increase in fecal pellets and decrease in the time of vitreous pellets excretion (P<0.01). Serum levels of E2 and P were suppressed in OVX group and restored following treatment with ovarian steroids (P<0.01), and the levels of 5-HT3R mRNA in the colon of ovariectomized rats were significantly increased, the expression of 5-HT3R mRNA was significantly decreased in hormone replacement therapy group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Ovarian hormone plays a role in the regulation of 5-HT3R expressions in restraint stress-induced bowel dysfunction of rats. The interactions between ovarian steroids and gastrointestinal tract may have major pathophysiological implications in 5-HT-related disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

An extended assessment of bowel habits in a general population.

AIM: Bowel habits are difficult to study, and most data on defecatory behaviour in the general population have been obtained on the basis of recalled interview. The objective assessment of this physiological function and its pathological aspects continues to pose a difficult challenge. The aim of this prospective study was to objectively assess the bowel habits and related aspects in a large sample drawn from the general population. METHODS: Over a two-month period 488 subjects were prospectively recruited from the general population and asked to compile a daily diary on their bowel habits and associated signs and symptoms (the latter according to Rome II criteria). A total of 298 (61%) participants returned a correctly compiled record, so that data for more than 8 000 patient-days were available for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The average defecatory frequency was once per day (range of 0.25-3.25) and was similar between males and females. However, higher frequencies of straining at stool (P=0.001), a feeling of incomplete emptying and/or difficult evacuation (P=0.0001), and manual manoeuvres to facilitate defecation (P=0.046) were reported by females as compared to males. CONCLUSION: This study represents one of the first attempts to objectively and prospectively assess bowel habits in a sample of the general population over a relatively long period of time. The variables we analyzed are coherent with the criteria commonly used for the clinical assessment of functional constipation, and can provide a useful adjunct for a better evaluation of constipated patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

5. Constipation and toileting issues in children.

Constipation is common in children, with prevalences ranging from 0.3% up to 28%. In most children, constipation is functional (ie, without objective evidence of a pathological condition). Painful defecation has been proposed as the primary precipitant of functional faecal retention in early childhood. Faecal soiling is often secondary to constipation, and may occur during spontaneous relaxation of the sphincters precipitated by rectal distension. Management in general practice combines behavioural modification techniques with prolonged courses of laxatives. Treatment is usually successful, but may take up to 6-12 months. Significant numbers of children with initially good responses to therapy for constipation relapse in the long term. Long-term relapse is more frequent in children under 4 years at onset of symptoms and in whom there is a history of faecal soiling associated with constipation.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed1992

[Supralevator pelvic exenteration with simultaneous bowel and urinary reconstruction. Two case reports].

Two male patients underwent supralevator pelvic exenteration, preserving their normal voiding and evacuating function. Case 1 was a 19-year-old man with pineal region tumor, and a metastatic lesion in the bottom of the rectovesical pouch, possibly through the ventriculo-peritoneal shunt. Following supralevator pelvic exenteration, the construction of double pouches, a colonic J pouch and Mainz pouch to the urethra, were performed. Case 2 was a 39-year-old man with bulky retrovesical tumor. He underwent supralevator pelvic exenteration by sigmoid colo-proctostomy and U-pouch to the urethra. Both patients achieved continent except for urinary leakage at night and were able to defecate and urinate voluntarily. Urodynamic study revealed that the pressure in their urinary pouches was low.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and (R)-methanandamide on open-field behavior in rats.

This study compared the effects of (R)-methanandamide, an analog of the mammalian brain constituent anandamide, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the open-field behavior of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were individually housed with free access to food and water. Animals were treated with 0, 1, 3, and 5.6 mg/kg delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol given i.p. 30 min pre-session; and 0, 3, 10, and 18 mg/kg (R)-methanandamide, 15 min pre-session. The behavioral categories recorded were ambulation (the number of squares crossed), rearing (the number of times the rat stood erect on its hind-legs), latency (the time in seconds to leave the starting area, the circle in the center of the field), circling (the number of times the animal turned around its vertical axis, 0.5 point given for each 180 degrees turn), grooming (the number of cleaning bouts), urination and defecation (the number of urination spots and fecal boli deposited during the 5 min observation period). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol was more potent than (R)-methanandamide, but otherwise the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and (R)-methanandamide were similar, with one exception; whereas delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol produced dose-related increases in circling, (R)-methanandamide did not increase circling over the doses examined. The delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced increase in circling was blocked by the central cannabinoid receptor CB1 antagonist SR 141716. The differential effects with regard to circling may indicate that there are qualitative behavioral differences in the effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and (R)-methanandamide.

Analysis of Variance↗