Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Cryptococcus neoformans”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Regulation of melanin production by Cryptococcus neoformans.

Species of Filobasidiella, the agents of cryptococcosis, produced melanin-like pigments within 4 to 48 h with diphenol, aminophenol, and diaminobenzene compounds as substrates. The rate of phenyloxidase activity was found to be regulated by glucose and nitrogen catabolite repression. Increased glucose concentration reduced pigmentation of all serotypes of Filobasidiella, whereas repression by nitrogen sources varied with the strain. Glutamine repressed the phenyloxidases of all isolates except those of serotype B, and (NH4)2SO4 repressed the phenyloxidase of all isolates except that of serotype A. Tyrosine and glycine appeared to be near optimal for phenyloxidase activity but not necessarily for growth of all strain examined. Representatives of serotype C were unique in that their phenyloxidase system was adpative in contrast to the constitutive system found in the other serotypes. No single medium was found to support pigmentation of all strains of Cryptococcus neoformans within a 72-h incubation period; false-negative reactions can occur.

Catechol Oxidase↗
PubMed1996

Enhanced diallyl trisulfide has in vitro synergy with amphotericin B against Cryptococcus neoformans.

Although amphotericin B remains the drug of choice for systemic fungal infections, its use is limited by considerable side effects. In The Peoples' Republic of China, commercial Allium sativum derived compounds are widely used as an antifungal drug to treat systemic fungal infections. To evaluate the scientific merit of using A. sativum derived compounds as antifungal agents, we studied a Chinese commercial preparation, allitridium. This preparation contained mainly diallyl trisulfide as confirmed by high performance liquid chromatography. Allitridium, with and without amphotericin B, was tested to determine its efficacy in killing three isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the commercial preparation was 50 micrograms/ml and the minimum fungicidal concentration was 100 micrograms/ml against 1 x 10(5) organisms of C. neoformans. In addition, the commercial preparation was shown to be synergistic with amphotericin B in the in vitro killing of C. neoformans. This study demonstrates that diallyl trisulfide and other polysulfides possess potent in vitro fungicidal effects and their activity is synergistic with amphotericin B. These observations lend laboratory support for the treatment of cryptococcal infections with both amphotericin B and the Chinese commercial preparation.

Allyl Compounds↗
PubMed2000

Stimulation of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta, and RANTES by Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from persons with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection.

The beta-chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, MIP-1beta, and RANTES are critical for recruitment of inflammatory cells into infected tissue. Moreover, by binding to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coreceptor CCR5, release of these chemokines could influence the course of HIV infection. beta-chemokine gene expression and release was determined by ELISA and RNase protection assay, respectively, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-negative and -positive persons stimulated with Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, 2 fungi common in HIV-infected persons. Gene expression and/or release of all 3 chemokines was seen in response to both fungi although C. albicans was more potent than C. neoformans. Fungal stimulated chemokine production by HIV-positive PBMC was similar to that in HIV-negative PBMC, suggesting that the scant inflammatory response often seen in AIDS patients with cryptococcosis and candidiasis is not secondary to suboptimal beta-chemokine release.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1989

Cryptococcus neoformans in the seminal fluid of an AIDS patient. A contribution to the clinical course of cryptococcosis.

In a 33-year-old HIV-positive homosexual male suffering from unexplained headache, cryptococcosis was diagnosed in a progressive secondary stage. After treatment with the standard combination therapy of amphotericin B + flucytosine for 34 d, the patient was clinically symptom-free and discharged, upon his own request, from the hospital. He remained under ambulatory mycological control. After an interval of 65 d during which the urine had been free from Cryptococcus neoformans (Cr.n.), the fungus could not be isolated from urine but 3 X 10(5) CFUs/ml were found in the seminal fluid. Andrologically, teratospermia and hyposemia were present. There were no clinical signs in the genitourinary tract including the prostate. The significance of ecological niches for Cr.n. colonization of the genitourinary tract after antimycotic therapy is discussed. In such cases, in addition to cultural examination of urine for Cr.n. by the membrane filtration technique (MFT) and Staib agar, an additional cultural examination of seminal fluid is recommended. It is also proposed to pay more attention to Cr.n. in andrological examinations. Special regard should be given to a possible occurrence of Cr.n. in the seminal fluid of AIDS patients. In cytology of the seminal fluid, use of the Giemsa stain is unsuitable for the purpose of Cr.n. detection. For this reason, it should be supplemented by PAS staining.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1998

Biochemical role of the Cryptococcus neoformans ADE2 protein in fungal de novo purine biosynthesis.

Comparative studies of 5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (AIR) carboxylases from Escherichia coli and Gallus gallus have identified this central step in de novo purine biosynthesis as a case for unusual divergence in primary metabolism. Recent discoveries establish the fungal AIR carboxylase, encoded by the ADE2 gene, as essential for virulence in certain pathogenic organisms. This investigation is a biochemical analysis that links the fungal ADE2 protein to the function of the E. coli AIR carboxylase system. A cDNA clone of ADE2 from Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated by genetic complementation of a purE-deficient strain of E. coli. High-level expression of the C. neoformans ADE2 was achieved, which enabled the production and purification of AIR carboxylase. Amino acid sequence alignments, C-terminal deletion mutants, and biochemical assays indicate that the ADE2 enzyme is a two-domain, bifunctional protein. The N-terminal domain is related to E. coli PurK and a series of kinetic experiments show that the ADE2-PurK activity uses AIR, ATP, and HCO3- as substrates. The biosynthetic product of the ADE2-PurK reaction was identified as N5-carboxyaminoimidazole ribonucleotide (N5-CAIR) by 1H NMR, thus confirming that the C-terminal domain contains a catalytic activity similar to that of the E. coli PurE. By using an in situ system for substrate production, the steady-state kinetic constants for turnover of N5-CAIR by ADE2 were determined and together with stoichiometry measurements, these data indicate that ADE2 has a balance in the respective catalytic turnovers to ensure efficient flux. Distinctive features of the PurE active site were probed using 4-nitro-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (NAIR), an analog of the product 4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide (CAIR). NAIR was shown to be a selective inhibitor of the ADE2-PurE activity (K1 = 2.4 microM), whereas it is a slow-binding inhibitor of the G. gallus enzyme which further distinguishes the fungal ADE2 from the G. gallus AIR carboxylase. As such, this enzyme represents a novel intracellular target for the discovery of antifungal agents.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1993

In vitro studies of a new antifungal triazole, D0870, against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and other pathogenic yeasts.

We investigated the effects of various assay conditions on the activity of D0870 against seven species of fungi in the broth macrodilution testing procedure proposed by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that endpoint definition, starting inoculum size, medium composition, type of buffer, and length of incubation, but not pH or temperature, had significant effects on results. Increasing the inoculum from 10(2) to 10(5) yeast cells/ml raised the MICs for all isolates up to > 75,000 fold. This effect was greatest when endpoints corresponded to a 90% reduction in visually determined turbidity (MIC90), was less prominent with an 80% inhibition visual endpoint (MIC80), and was nearly absent with a 50% endpoint measured by a spectrophotometer (IC1/2). Differences due to medium composition were attributable to antibiotic medium 3 with RPMI and yeast nitrogen base media performing nearly identically. Under standardized conditions as specified in NCCLS document M27-P (Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts; Proposed Standard, 1992), 79 strains (5 to 25 strains for each species) demonstrated median MIC80s of 0.0037 and 0.0075 microgram/ml for Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, respectively. In contrast, Candida krusei and Torulopsis glabrata had a median MIC80 of 1.0 microgram/ml. Our studies indicate that the pathogenic yeasts C. albicans and C. neoformans are more susceptible to D0870 than other pathogenic yeasts.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1999

Fatal biphasic brainstem and spinal leptomeningitis with Cryptococcus neoformans in a non-immunocompromised child.

Cryptococcal meningitis is one of the most common life-threatening, invasive fungal infections of the central nervous system in patients with defective T-lymphocyte function. It is, however, unusual in children. We report on a non-immunocompromised 10-y-old boy without evidence of immunological abnormality who developed headache, vomiting, disturbances of consciousness and areflexia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and the spinal cord revealed enlargement of the ventricles and high signal lesions in the leptomeninges at the level of the cerebral peduncles and the cervical and thoracic cord. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis was positive for Cryptococcus neoformans. He was treated with amphotericin B and was symptom-free within 1 wk. Despite an extended course of therapy his symptoms suddenly relapsed and he succumbed to the medical complications of cardiac and respiratory failure. Central nervous system appearances at postmortem were those of cryptococcal leptomeningitis.

Arachnoid↗
PubMed1998

Interleukin-12 is essential for a protective Th1 response in mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans.

To analyze the roles of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and the IL-12-dependent Th1 response in resistance to Cryptococcus neoformans, we have established a chronic infection model in wild-type mice and in mice with targeted disruptions of the genes for the IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 subunits (IL-12p35(-/-) and IL-12p40(-/-) mice, respectively) as well as in mice with a targeted disruption of the IL-4 gene. Long-term application of exogenous IL-12 prevented death of infected wild-type mice for the entire period of the experiment (up to 180 days) but did not resolve the infection. Infected IL-12p35(-/-) and IL-12p40(-/-) mice died significantly earlier than infected wild-type mice, whereas infection of IL-4-deficient mice led to prolonged survival. Interestingly, infected IL-12p40(-/-) mice died earlier and developed higher organ burdens than IL-12p35(-/-) mice, which, for the first time in an infection model, suggests a protective role of the IL-12p40 subunit independent of the IL-12 heterodimer. The fungal organ burdens of IL-4-deficient mice and IL-12-treated wild-type mice were significantly reduced compared to those of untreated wild-type mice and IL-12-deficient mice. Histopathological analysis revealed reduction of the number of granulomatous lesions following treatment with IL-12. Susceptibility of both IL-12p35(-/-) and IL-12p40(-/-) mice was associated with marginal production of gamma interferon and elevated levels of IL-4 from CD4(+) T cells, which indicates Th2 polarization in the absence of IL-12, whereas wild-type mice developed a Th1 response. Taken together, our data emphasize the essential role of IL-12 for protective Th1 responses against C. neoformans.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Experimental modulation of capsule size in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Experimental modulation of capsule size is an important technique for the study of the virulence of the encapsulated pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. In this paper, we summarize the techniques available for experimental modulation of capsule size in this yeast and describe improved methods to induce capsule size changes. The response of the yeast to the various stimuli is highly dependent on the cryptococcal strain. A high CO(2) atmosphere and a low iron concentration have been used classically to increase capsule size. Unfortunately, these stimuli are not reliable for inducing capsular enlargement in all strains. Recently we have identified new and simpler conditions for inducing capsule enlargement that consistently elicited this effect. Specifically, we noted that mammalian serum or diluted Sabouraud broth in MOPS buffer pH 7.3 efficiently induced capsule growth. Media that slowed the growth rate of the yeast correlated with an increase in capsule size. Finally, we summarize the most commonly used media that induce capsule growth in C. neoformans.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Cutaneous Pneumocystis carinii and Cryptococcus neoformans in AIDS.

A patient with AIDS was found to have skin lesions which contained the organisms Pneumocystis carinii and Cryptococcus neoformans. Both organisms were identified using haematoxylin and eosin, Gomori methenamine silver, Giemsa and mucicarmine stains. Electron microscopy was performed and confirmed their presence. The clinical presentation, histopathology, differential diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous P. carinii and C. neoformans in AIDS is presented.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1997

Detection rate of Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid specimens at Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi.

A ten-year retrospective review of laboratory detection of Cryptococcus neoformans in cerebrospinal fluid was undertaken using past laboratory and clinical records at Kenyatta National Hospital. A total of 1462 India-ink tests were carried out, 76 (5.2%) of these tested positive for C. neoformans. An increasing number of clinical requests for India-ink test mirrored by increasing number of patients with immunological disorders were noted over the study period although no obvious trend emerged in the detection pattern of C. neoformans. The use of a more sensitive test such as the latex agglutination technique is suggested.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Susceptibility of the human pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus neoformans and Histoplasma capsulatum to gamma-radiation versus radioimmunotherapy with alpha- and beta-emitting radioisotopes.

UNLABELLED: Fungal diseases are difficult to treat in immunosuppressed patients and, consequently, new approaches to therapy are urgently needed. One novel strategy is to use radioimmunotherapy (RIT) with fungal-binding monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) labeled with radionuclides. However, many fungi manifest extreme resistance to gamma-radiation, such that the doses of several thousand gray are required for 90% cell killing, whereas for mammalian cells the lethal dose is only a few gray. We compared the susceptibility of human pathogenic fungi Cryptococcus neoformans (CN) and Histoplasma capsulatum (HC) to external gamma-radiation and to the organism-specific mAbs 18B7 and 9C7, respectively, conjugated to (213)Bi and (188)Re radionuclides. METHODS: CN and HC cells were irradiated with up to 8,000 Gy ((137)Cs source, 30 Gy/min). RIT of CN with (213)Bi- and (188)Re-labeled specific mAb and of HC with (188)Re-labeled specific mAb used 0-1.2 MBq per 10(5) microbial cells. After irradiation or RIT, the cells were plated for colony-forming units (CFUs). Cellular dosimetry calculations were performed, and the pathway of cell death after irradiation was evaluated by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Both CN and HC proved to be extremely resistant to gamma-radiation such that significant killing was observed only for doses of >4,000 Gy. In contrast, these cells were much more susceptible to killing by radiation delivered with a specific mAb, such that a 2-logarithm reduction in colony numbers was achieved by incubating them with (213)Bi- and (188)Re-labeled mAb 18B7 or with (188)Re-9C7 mAb. Dosimetry calculations showed that RIT was approximately 1,000-fold more efficient in killing CN and approximately 100-fold more efficient in killing HC than gamma-radiation. Both gamma-radiation and RIT caused cell death via an apoptotic-like pathway with a higher percentage of apoptosis observed in RIT-treated cells. CONCLUSION: Conjugating a radioactive isotope to a fungal-specific antibody converted an immunoglobulin with no antifungal activity into a microbicidal molecule. RIT of fungal cells using specific antibodies labeled with alpha- and beta-emitting radioisotopes was significantly more efficient in killing CN and HC than gamma-radiation when based on the mean absorbed dose to the cell. These results strongly support the concept of using RIT as an antimicrobial modality.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1995

Polymerase chain reaction fingerprinting in fungi using single primers specific to minisatellites and simple repetitive DNA sequences: strain variation in Cryptococcus neoformans.

Minisatellites and simple repetitive DNA sequence motifs are used as conventional oligonucleotide probes in DNA-hybridization-based fingerprinting. The same oligonucleotides can be used as single primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to generate individual PCR fingerprints. In this study, the simple repetitive sequences, (CA)8, (CT)8, (CAC)5, (GTG)5, (GACA)4 and (GATA)4, and a minisatellite core sequence derived from the wild-type phage M13 (5' GAGGGTGGCGGTTCT 3') were used as specific, single primers to amplify hypervariable repetitive DNA sequences during PCR analysis. The potential applications of this techniques are demonstrated with clinical isolates of the human pathogenic yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans. PCR fingerprint patterns have remained stable after long-term in vitro passage ( > 2 1/2 years to date). Hybridization of the primers to blots of electrophorectically separated chromosomes demonstrated that the target sequences recognized by most of the primers are dispersed through the entire yeast genome. Sequence analysis of the cloned bands obtained by PCR fingerprinting indicated that if the same or extremely similar, inversely oriented tandem repeats are located close to each other, when only one repeat-specific primer is used in the PCR, the region between these repeats is amplified. PCR fingerprinting has a wide range of current and potential applications to fungi, such as clarifying taxonomic questions, facilitating epidemiological studies and improving the diagnosis of mycotic diseases.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Serological, electrophoretic, and biological properties of Cryptococcus neoformans antigens.

We compared a cryptococcal culture filtrate antigen referred to as CneF with chemically defined cryptococcal antigen fractions isolated by Cherniak and co-workers by using double immunodiffusion gels, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, immunoblots, and footpad reactivity of immunized mice. The three previously described components of cryptococcal culture filtrates are a high-molecular-weight glucuronoxylo-mannan (GXM), which is the major constituent, a galactoxylomannan (GaIXM), and a mannoprotein (MP). In this study we demonstrated that CneF contained components which were serologically and electrophoretically similar to the three previously described cryptococcal culture filtrate fractions. The MP fraction elicited significantly stronger delayed-type hypersensitivity responses than did the GXM or GaIXM fraction when used in mice immunized either with the CneF in complete Freund adjuvant or whole heat-killed Cryptococcus neoformans yeast cells. These findings were confirmed when the footpads of immunized mice were challenged with GaIXM and MP preparations from a culture filtrate of a C. neoformans acapsular mutant that does not produce GXM. Thus, we concluded that the MP was the primary component recognized by the anticryptococcal cell-mediated immune response in mice.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed2005

Antifungal activity from Ocimum gratissimum L. towards Cryptococcus neoformans.

Cryptococcal infection had an increased incidence in last years due to the explosion of acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic and by using new and effective immunosuppressive agents. The currently antifungal therapies used such as amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole have certain limitations due to side effects and emergence of resistant strains. So, a permanent search to find new drugs for cryptococcosis treatment is essential. Ocimum gratissimum, plant known as alfavaca (Labiatae family), has been reported earlier with in vitro activity against some bacteria and dermatophytes. In our work, we study the in vitro activity of the ethanolic crude extract, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroformic fractions, essential oil, and eugenol of O. gratissimum using an agar dilution susceptibility method towards 25 isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans. All the extracts of O. gratissimum studied showed activity in vitro towards C. neoformans. Based on the minimal inhibitory concentration values the most significant results were obtained with chloroformic fraction and eugenol. It was observed that chloroformic fraction inhibited 23 isolates (92%) of C. neoformans at a concentration of 62.5 microg/ml and eugenol inhibited 4 isolates (16%) at a concentration of 0.9 microg/ml. This screening may be the basis for the study of O. gratissimum as a possible antifungal agent.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed1987

The genetic basis of resistance to 5-fluorocytosine in Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans.

In terms of genetically determined susceptibility to the clinical antifungal agent 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), Candida albicans may be homozygous sensitive (FCY/FCY), homozygous resistant (fcy/fcy), or heterozygous (fcy/FCY). Although heterozygotes are only slightly resistant, they occur at significant frequency among clinical strains and carry preexisting resistance determinants which may be responsible, following homozygosis, for treatment failures. There are two resistance genes (FCY1 and FCY2) known. Resistance in fcy1/fcy1 strains was associated with decreased UMP pyrophosphorylase activity, whereas resistance in fcy2/fcy2 strains was associated with decreased cytosine deaminase activity. These results were confirmed and extended in a 19F nuclear magnetic resonance study of 5-FC uptake and metabolism in genetically defined strains. By means of hybridization via spheroplast fusion, a complementation test was devised to test allelism of resistance determinants. Resistance to 5-FC was employed as a useful genetic marker in basic studies. In tetraploid hybrids which bore appropriate fcy markers, it was possible to select for reduction in ploidy by selecting for increased resistance to 5-FC; a novel parasexual system was thus generated (2n x 2n----4n----2n). In linkage studies, the gene FCY1 was shown to be linked to the gene HIS. Reciprocal mitotic recombination was demonstrated repeatedly with fcy1 and his alleles in cis and in trans configurations and evidence for nonreciprocal recombination (mitotic gene conversion) was also obtained. In Cryptococcus neoformans, mutation in either of two genes (FCY1, FCY2) is sufficient to confer resistance. These genes behave as simple Mendelian determinants which recombine freely. Diploid C. neoformans heterozygous for resistance (FCY/fcy) provided useful strains in which to develop genetic mapping methodology based on mitotic recombination.

Candida↗
PubMed2006

Antibody response to Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan in patients after solid-organ transplantation.

Cryptococcosis is an important complication of solid-organ transplantation, but the risk factors for disease are poorly understood. The goal of this study was to investigate whether specific or nonspecific serum immunoglobulin levels determined in samples obtained before and after solid-organ transplantation differed in patients who did or did not develop cryptococcosis after transplantation. We analyzed pretransplantation sera from 25 subjects, 15 who subsequently developed cryptococcosis and 10 who did not, and posttransplantation sera from 24 subjects, 13 who developed cryptococcosis and 11 who did not. All subjects received a tacrolimus-based immunosuppressive regimen. Total immunoglobulin levels were measured by immunodiffusion, and Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM)-specific serum antibody levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The results showed that solid-organ transplantation had a significant effect on total immunoglobulin and GXM-reactive antibody levels. GXM-reactive antibody levels differed in subjects who did and did not develop cryptococcosis. In pretransplant serum samples, the levels of GXM-reactive immunoglobulin M (IgM) were significantly lower in subjects who developed cryptococcosis after transplantation than in those who did not. For posttransplant serum samples, the levels of GXM-reactive IgM and IgG were significantly higher among the subjects who developed cryptococcosis than among those who did not. These findings suggest that perturbations in the preexisting antibody or B-cell repertoire and/or related to treatment of rejection, transplantation, or immunosuppressive therapy could translate into an increased risk for transplant-associated cryptococcosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of the in vitro activities of the echinocandin LY303366, the pneumocandin MK-0991, and fluconazole against Candida species and Cryptococcus neoformans.

Two new glucan synthesis inhibitors, the echinocandin LY303366 and the pneumocandin MK-0991 (formerly L-743,872), were studied for their antifungal activities in vitro in relation to each other and in relation to the activity of the triazole fluconazole. Systematic analysis of broth macrodilution testing by varying the starting inoculum size, medium composition, medium pH, temperature of incubation, length of incubation, or selection of endpoints failed to identify significant differences in antifungal activity for either LY303366 or MK-0991 in comparison to the activity under standard test conditions specified for other antifungal agents in National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) document M27A. Under standardized conditions, both drugs exhibited prominent activity against Candida species including Candida glabrata and Candida krusei but showed little activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. This spectrum of activity differed from that of fluconazole, which exhibited marginal activity against C. glabrata and C. krusei but prominent activity against other Candida species and C. neoformans. For individual strains, broth microdilution MICs of LY303366 and MK-0991 were similar to but frequently higher than broth macrodilution results. In contrast, fluconazole broth microdilution MICs were often lower than broth microdilution results. We conclude that the test conditions specified in NCCLS document M27A are applicable to these two new glucan synthesis inhibitors and that systematic differences between broth microdilution procedures and the broth macrodilution reference standard will need to be addressed before the two test methods can be used interchangeably.

Anidulafungin↗