Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Computer Programs And Programming”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,621 records · Page 90Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

A reference data base for multilead electrocardiographic computer measurement programs.

In an effort to standardize and evaluate the performance of electrocardiographic computer measurement programs, a 15 lead reference library has been developed based on simultaneously recorded standard 12 lead and orthogonal XYZ lead data. A set of 250 electrocardiograms (ECGs) with selected abnormalities was analyzed by a group of five referee cardiologists and 11 different 12 lead and 6 XYZ computer programs. Attention was focused on the exact determination of the onsets and offsets of P, QRS and T waves. The referees performed their task on highly amplified, selected complexes from the library in a two round process. Median results of the referees coincided best with the median derived from all programs. An analysis of stability proved that the combined program median was a robust reference. However, some individual program results were widely divergent. Paired t tests demonstrated earlier onset for P and QRS (p less than 0.001), as well as later offset for P and T waves in the median 12 lead than in the XYZ results. Significant differences also existed among results obtained by programs analyzing all standard ECG leads at one time, the so-called multilead programs, and those obtained by the conventional standard three lead analysis programs. As a consequence, the derived P, PR, QRS and QT interval measurements varied quite widely among the various programs. Significant differences were also observed among measurements of Q, R and S duration. Some programs showed Q waves that were on the average 6 ms (p less than 0.001) longer than those of others. This may significantly influence diagnostic performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Electrocardiography↗
PubMed1983

The impact of an ECG computer analysis program on the cardiologist's interpretation. A cooperative study.

Nine experienced electrocardiographers and the ECG computer program developed in the Veterans Administration (AVA 4.0) were evaluated against ECG-independent evidence of 180 patients' true diagnoses. A cross section of cardiac abnormalities was included. Each reader was given the 12-lead and orthogonal 3-lead ECG. The impact of ECG computer reports on the interpretations by the nine readers was evaluated by comparing their interpretations before and after the addition of a computer report. Using only high probability statements, the average accuracy of ECG diagnosis by the nine readers was 54%. It increased to 62% when the computer report was added. Computer interpretation was correct in 76%. It was shown that the Bayesian classification method together with multivariate analysis, used in the VA program, are mainly responsible for the improvement in diagnostic accuracy.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1989

The DANOP-DATA system: a low-cost personal computer based program for monitoring of wound infections in surgical ward.

A low-cost personal computer program to monitor surgical wound infections was developed in parallel to the Danish national guidelines for recording postoperative wound infections. Internationally accepted definitions were used. The program offers three fixed-data entry screens and produces user-specified variations of four standard tables, comprising most of the epidemiological data needed for surveillance and infection control. The program was tested in Danish hospitals and was found to serve well as a simple local tool for the operating staff, offering fast information on infection rates. Results from two hospitals consisting of 3904 operations are presented. Infections occurring after discharge were included. Overall infection rates for clean wounds were 2.3%, clean-contaminated wounds 4.7%, contaminated wounds 4.3% and dirty operations 8.3%. None of the hospitals had used infection surveillance systems before.

Denmark↗
PubMed1998

Can a multimedia educational computer-based program on genital herpes teach patients about their disease?

Objective: Education of patients with genital herpes about their disease is time consuming. To evaluate the effectiveness of an educational computer program, we developed a multimedia interactive presentation to teach patients about genital herpes. Such programs can supplement clinician visits for patients with genital herpes, or those at risk for HSV acquisition.Methods: Patients seeking care for genital herpes, or those at risk for HSV acquisition, were asked to participate in the program during routine clinic visits at 5 physician's offices nationwide. A self-administered 7 item herpes knowledge questionnaire was given before and after participation. An additional questionnaire evaluating the satisfaction with the program was also self-administered at completion.Results: 428 patients were enrolled and completed the pre- and post-knowledge questionnaire and 332 patients completed the satisfaction survey. On the pre-test, 20.1% of patients answered all questions correctly, 65.4% answered correctly 4 to 6 questions, and 14.5% 3 or less. On the post-test, 32.9% of patients answered all questions correctly, 61.5% answered correctly 4 to 6 questions, and 5.6% 3 or less (P <.001 for pre- and post-test comparison). A positive change in knowledge between pre- and post-test was seen on 6 of 7 items (P <.001 for all 6). The overall satisfaction with the program was high: the mean rating was 6.2 on a scale 1 (poor) to 7 (excellent).Conclusion: Computer-based education programs about genital herpes may provide a useful adjunct to teaching in physician offices and result in knowledge gain about the disease, at least short-term. Such programs may assist in management of chronic sexually transmitted infections.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Computational predictive programs (expert systems) in toxicology.

The increasing number of pollutants in the environment raises the problem of the toxicological risk evaluation of these chemicals. Several so called expert systems (ES) have been claimed to be able to predict toxicity of certain chemical structures. Different approaches are currently used for these ES, based on explicit rules derived from the knowledge of human experts that compiled lists of toxic moieties for instance in the case of programs called HazardExpert and DEREK or relying on statistical approaches, as in the CASE and TOPKAT programs. Here we describe and compare these and other intelligent computer programs because of their utility in obtaining at least a first rough indication of the potential toxic activity of chemicals.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Computerized interpretation of the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery: a pilot study.

Programs for the computer analysis and interpretation of neuropsychological test data have been developed in recent years. In this paper, a new computer program, with initial validation data, is presented. Diagnostic hit rate for brain damage was 80% (52 of 65). For the extent of brain damage the hit rate was 60% (12 of 20). When laterality was considered, the hit rate was 71% (10 of 14). These results are comparable with computer programs for data from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychology Test Battery.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1995

The accuracy of automated and clinical detection of brain damage and lateralization in neuropsychology.

The validity of both computer programs and clinical judgment in neuropsychology for determining the existence and lateralization of brain damage is reviewed. Computerized interpretation in neuropsychology, after a propitious beginning, was largely abandoned due to severe criticism, essentially based on only three studies. Only one of these studies compared clinical judgment with computer programs. A thorough examination of the literature located many more studies assessing the accuracy of computer programs, clinical judgment, and discriminant analysis. When reviewed, these studies found that the computer programs, especially the Neuropsychological Key, were quite accurate though not as accurate as clinical judgment. Computer programs and especially the Lateralization Index are potentially as accurate as expert clinical judgment. The rationale related to computer programs is also discussed. This includes the implications of impairment, criterion adequacy, and methods used in designing the Neuropsychological Key and the Lateralization Index. Since computer programs are completely reliable across studies, they can be used to examine the differences between sample populations and criterion accuracy. Factors contributing to reduced accuracy in both clinical judgment and computer programs are also explicated.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed2005

The inaccuracy of simple visual interpretation for measurement of carotid stenosis by arteriography.

PURPOSE: To determine intraobserver and interobserver variability of carotid arteriography interpretation as well as the reliability of simple visual interpretation (SVI) or "eyeballing" of arteriography in the measurement of internal carotid artery stenoses. METHODS: Intraobserver and interobserver measurements of 200 carotid arteriograms were performed in a blinded fashion by two vascular surgeons (VS1 and VS2) using a digital caliber computer program similar to software available in catheterization laboratories. The distal normal internal carotid artery was used as a frame of reference. These computer-derived measurements were compared with previous SVI measurements, found by retrospective chart review, that were performed at the initial time of arteriography. RESULTS: Intraobserver agreement (VS1a vs VS1b and VS2a vs VS2b) within +/-5% using the computer program was 94% and 92%. Interobserver agreement within +/-5% using the computer program for the four possible combinations ranged from 43% to 48%. Interobserver agreement using the computer program increased to 83% to 88% for correct stenosis interpretation within +/-20%. In the 16% to 49% category (by computer measurement), SVI would have placed the stenosis in a higher category 40% to 56% of the time. Likewise, in the 50% to 79% category, comparing SVI with the four different computer caliber measurements, SVI overestimated the stenosis to the 80% to 99% category by 30% to 44%. In the 80% to 99% category, SVI overestimated lesions in 27% to 51% of the cases. All occlusions seen on SVI correlated with computer program measurements. The computer readings in many cases downgraded the degree of carotid stenosis into a lower category and in some cases, may have led to a different treatment paradigm. SVI never underestimated carotid stenosis compared with all matched computer program measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with a method of objective measurement similar to that used in a catheterization laboratory, SVI overestimated most carotid artery stenoses. Given the coming era of carotid stenting and a renewed need for arteriography before carotid intervention, knowledge of variability and correct interpretation of carotid stenosis using available technology remains paramount to warranted treatment.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

The cellular computer DNA: program or data.

The classical metaphor of the genetic program written in the DNA nucleotidic sequences is reconsidered. Recent works on algorithmic complexity and logical properties of computer programs and data are used to question the explanatory value of that metaphor. Structural properties of strings are looked for which would be necessary to apply to DNA sequences if the metaphor is to be taken literally. The notion of sophistication is used to quantify meaningful complexity and to distinguish it from classical computational complexity. In this context, the distinction between program and data becomes relevant and an alternative metaphor of DNA as data to a parallel computing network embedded in the global geometrical and biochemical structure of the cell is discussed. An intermediate picture of an evolving network emerges as the most likely where the output of the cellular computing network can produce, at a different time scale, changes in the structure of the network itself by means of changes in the DNA activity patterns.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

MoViES: molecular vibrations evaluation server for analysis of fluctuational dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids.

Analysis of vibrational motions and thermal fluctuational dynamics is a widely used approach for studying structural, dynamic and functional properties of proteins and nucleic acids. Development of a freely accessible web server for computation of vibrational and thermal fluctuational dynamics of biomolecules is thus useful for facilitating the relevant studies. We have developed a computer program for computing vibrational normal modes and thermal fluctuational properties of proteins and nucleic acids and applied it in several studies. In our program, vibrational normal modes are computed by using modified AMBER molecular mechanics force fields, and thermal fluctuational properties are computed by means of a self-consistent harmonic approximation method. A web version of our program, MoViES (Molecular Vibrations Evaluation Server), was set up to facilitate the use of our program to study vibrational dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids. This software was tested on selected proteins, which show that the computed normal modes and thermal fluctuational bond disruption probabilities are consistent with experimental findings and other normal mode computations. MoViES can be accessed at http://ang.cz3.nus.edu.sg/cgi-bin/prog/norm.pl.

Computational Biology↗
PubMed1991

Computer-based program for identifying medication orders requiring dosage modification based on renal function.

A computer-based program that enables staff pharmacists to quickly review medication orders written for renally impaired patients is described. Medication orders requiring dosage modification based on the renal function of the patients for whom they were written were being identified by a medical staff-approved pharmacist intervention program. However, staff pharmacists were unable to assess the orders easily and rapidly because of a lack of readily available patient data. In response, a computer-based intervention program was developed. Specific dosage guidelines for renally eliminated drugs in patients with renal dysfunction were entered into the pharmacy computer. An interface with the laboratory computer enables the pharmacy computer to access creatinine concentration or clearance values, perform calculations if necessary, and alert pharmacists to specific drug orders that may require modification. Such medication orders are flagged by the pharmacy computer during order entry. When a staff pharmacist judges that intervention is needed, he or she telephones the ordering physician or sends a note to the patient's nursing station. Over a two-month period, 1485 orders were identified as being potentially inappropriate. Physicians were contacted about 191 of the flagged orders, and they accepted the pharmacist's recommendation for 141 (74%) of these orders. The interventions resulted in a drug acquisition cost saving of $7082 over the two-month period. A computer-based program enabled staff pharmacists to easily and rapidly identify orders for renally eliminated agents that required modification, reduced the risk of adverse reactions, trimmed costs, and promoted the clinical dimension of pharmacy practice.

Clinical Pharmacy Information Systems↗
PubMed1987

Computer software program to plot locations of death.

A BASIC computer software program that plots the occurrence of various types of death on a grid map is described. The capabilities, requirements, and potential uses of the program are discussed.

Coroners and Medical Examiners↗
PubMed1989

Mapping the distribution of thiamine monophosphatase, fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase, and substance P in the spinal cord with a personal computer compatible program.

Distribution of the marker enzymes fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP) and thiamine monophosphatase (TMPase) as well as that of the marker neuropeptide substance P (SP) has been mapped by means of the semi-automatic computer program MUDH, in various experimental conditions, including degeneration, regeneration, and anti-Nerve Growth Hormone treatment of the sciatic nerve. The program is written in standard Pascal language; it is applicable to Commodore 64 and IBM compatible personal computers. Graphical illustration of values obtained in serial sections is a powerful and highly valuable contribution in the analysis of various biodynamic reactions related to transganglionic regulation of primary sensory neurons.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1982

An enzyme kinetics program for desk-top computers.

A basic computer program has been developed which will compute statistical parameters on initial velocity data, compute and plot mean initial velocities and 95% confidence limits in all graphical transformed spaces, calculate Km and Vmax values by weighted non-linear regression to a 1:1 rational polynomial function, and plot residual scatter and Hill plot slope from the data input. Plots and calculations for temperature dependence and reversible and irreversible inhibition can also be obtained. The program is suitable for any desk-top microcomputer.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed2002

Why are people downloading the freeware AIDA diabetes computing software program: a pilot study.

The purpose of this paper is to report a pilot survey about why people are downloading the AIDA interactive educational diabetes simulator. AIDA is a diabetes computer program that permits the interactive simulation of plasma insulin and blood glucose profiles for teaching, demonstration, and self-learning purposes. It has been made freely available, without charge, on the Internet as a noncommercial contribution to continuing diabetes education. Since its launch in 1996 well over 200,000 visits have been logged at the main AIDA Website--www.2aida.org--and over 40,000 copies of the AIDA program have been downloaded free-of-charge. This article documents a pilot survey of comments left by Website visitors while they were downloading the AIDA software, before they had a chance to actually use the program. The overall paradigm adopted for this study has endeavored to establish why people are resorting to the Internet to obtain diabetes information. Specific intended goals of the study were: (1) to demonstrate ongoing use of the World Wide Web for surveying diabetes software users by obtaining their free-text comments; (2) to identify what sort of things people were planning to do with the AIDA software simulator; and (3) to more generally gain some insight into why people are turning to the Web for healthcare-related information. The Internet-based survey methodology was found to be robust and reliable. Over an 8-month period (from February 2, 2001 to October 1, 2001) 642 responses were received. During the corresponding period 2,248 actual visits were made to the Website survey page--giving a response rate to this pilot study of 28.6%. Responses were received from participants in over 56 countries--although over half of these (n = 343; 53.4%) originated from the United States and United Kingdom. Two hundred forty-four responses (38.0%) were received from patients with diabetes, and 73 (11.4%) from relatives of patients, with fewer responses from doctors, students, diabetes educators, nurses, pharmacists, and other end users. This pilot survey has confirmed the feasibility of using the Internet to obtain free-text comments, at no real cost, from a large number of medical software downloaders/users. The survey has also offered a valuable insight into why members of the public are turning to the Internet for medical information. Furthermore it has provided useful information about why people are actually downloading the AIDA interactive educational "virtual diabetes patient" simulator.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1995

The four year's experience with HEPAR-computer assisted diagnostic program.

The computer system HEPAR has been outlined and prepared by the research team of medical and informatics specialists at the Medical Center of Postgraduate Education and Warsaw research institutes (Inst. Biocyb. and Biotech. PAS, Inst. of Food and Aliment), and for the last four years has been applied practically at the Clinic of Gastroenterology and Methabolic Diseases of Bródnowski Hospital in Warsaw.

Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted↗
PubMed2003

Medical education as a science: the quality of evidence for computer-assisted instruction.

OBJECTIVE: A marked increase in the number of computer programs for computer-assisted instruction in the medical sciences has occurred over the past 10 years. The quality of both the programs and the literature that describe these programs has varied considerably. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the published literature that described computer-assisted instruction in medical education and to assess the quality of evidence for its implementation, with particular emphasis on obstetrics and gynecology. STUDY DESIGN: Reports published between 1988 and 2000 on computer-assisted instruction in medical education were identified through a search of MEDLINE and Educational Resource Identification Center and a review of the bibliographies of the articles that were identified. Studies were selected if they included a description of computer-assisted instruction in medical education, regardless of the type of computer program. Data were extracted with a content analysis of 210 reports. The reports were categorized according to study design (comparative, prospective, descriptive, review, or editorial), type of computer-assisted instruction, medical specialty, and measures of effectiveness. RESULTS: Computer-assisted instruction programs included online technologies, CD-ROMs, video laser disks, multimedia work stations, virtual reality, and simulation testing. Studies were identified in all medical specialties, with a preponderance in internal medicine, general surgery, radiology, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, and pathology. Ninety-six percent of the articles described a favorable impact of computer-assisted instruction in medical education, regardless of the quality of the evidence. Of the 210 reports that were identified, 60% were noncomparative, descriptive reports of new techniques in computer-assisted instruction, and 15% and 14% were reviews and editorials, respectively, of existing technology. Eleven percent of studies were comparative and included some form of assessment of the effectiveness of the computer program. These assessments included pre- and posttesting and questionnaires to score program quality, perceptions of the medical students and/or residents regarding the program, and impact on learning. In one half of these comparative studies, computer-assisted instruction was compared with traditional modes of teaching, such as text and lectures. Six studies compared performance before and after the computer-assisted instruction. Improvements were shown in 5 of the studies. In the remainder of the studies, computer-assisted instruction appeared to result in similar test performance. Despite study design or outcome, most articles described enthusiastic endorsement of the programs by the participants, including medical students, residents, and practicing physicians. Only 1 study included cost analysis. Thirteen of the articles were in obstetrics and gynecology. CONCLUSION: Computer-assisted instruction has assumed to have an increasing role in medical education. In spite of enthusiastic endorsement and continued improvements in software, few studies of good design clearly demonstrate improvement in medical education over traditional modalities. There are no comparative studies in obstetrics and gynecology that demonstrate a clear-cut advantage. Future studies of computer-assisted instruction that include comparisons and cost assessments to gauge their effectiveness over traditional methods may better define their precise role.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed2005

A computer match program for paired and unconventional kidney exchanges.

The number of renal transplants can be increased by implementing an exchange program involving donor-recipient pairs for whom the donors are each incompatible with their original patient but compatible with each other's patient. The number can be further increased if the exchanges are not limited to ABO incompatible pairs or combinations of two donor-recipient pairs. However, as the number of donor-recipient pairs willing to participate in such a program increases, there is a substantial increase in both the time taken to identify such matches and the potential for error. We have developed a computer program that accounts for ABO and HLA compatibility and is not limited to two-way exchanges. With our database of 60 patients and 83 donors, we have been able to identify 122 two-way and 1230 three-way exchanges with an average run time of 30 s.

ABO Blood-Group System↗