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PubMedDate not supplied

Effective technology transfer in alcoholism treatment.

Alcoholism treatment services in the United States continue to be characterized by a lack of evidence-based care. Problems establishing effective research-practice knowledge transfer stem, in part, from the strong allegiance of scientists and practitioners to contrasting treatment models. Four underlying assumptions of the Minnesota model that continue to guide the delivery of alcohol services in the United States are identified and related research is reviewed. Findings indicate little support for these assumptions. However, support for superiority of alternative science-based treatments to replace current practices varies. To facilitate effective technology transfer, research practitioner collaboration must be promoted. Research paradigms are needed that possess high salience to practitioners while preserving scientific rigor. Two examples of studies involving research-practitioner collaboration are described.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2000

Prospective timing, attention and the switch. A response to 'Gating or switching? gating is a better model of prospective timing' by Zakay.

In response to the 'Switching or gating' paper (Lejeune, H., 1998. Switching or gating? The attentional challenge in cognitive models of psychological time. Behav. Proc. 44, 127-145), Zakay argued that attention allocation to time should reflect attentional processes in general and suggested that the attentional gate model (AGM) has more explanatory power than the temporal information processing model (TIP) of Church (Church, R.M., 1984. Properties of the internal clock. In: Gibbon, J., Allan, L., (Eds.), Timing and Time Perception, vol. 423. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp. 566-582). The first point might not be challenged, provided that the specificity of the temporal stimulus is taken into account. Concerning the second point, we argue that the TIP model can account for human prospective timing and discuss differences between attention versus expectancy or motivation. We prefer a 'satellite' attention allocation process, targeting the switch and reference memory (Meck, W.H., 1983. Selective adjustment of the speed of the internal clock and memory processes. J. Exp. Psychol.: Anim. Behav. Proc. 9, 171-201) to an attentional gate serially included in the TIP model of Church.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2006

Agility literature review: classifications, training and testing.

At present, no agreement on a precise definition of agility within the sports science community exists. The term is applied to a broad range of sport contexts, but with such great inconsistency, it further complicates our understanding of what trainable components may enhance agility. A new definition of agility is proposed: "a rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus". Agility has relationships with trainable physical qualities such as strength, power and technique, as well as cognitive components such as visual-scanning techniques, visual-scanning speed and anticipation. Agility testing is generally confined to tests of physical components such as change of direction speed, or cognitive components such as anticipation and pattern recognition. New tests of agility that combine physical and cognitive measures are encouraged.

Acceleration↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The conservative physiology of the immune system. A non-metaphoric approach to immunological activity.

Historically, immunology emerged as a biomedical science, concerned with host defense and production of anti-infectious vaccines. In the late 50s, selective theories were proposed and from then on, immunology has been based in a close association with the neo-Darwinian principles, such as random generation of variants (lymphocyte clones), selection by extrinsic factors (antigens) - and, more generally, on genetic determinism and functionalism. This association has had major consequences: (1) immunological jargon is full of "cognitive" metaphors, founded in the idea of "foreignness"; (2) the immune system is described with a random clonal origin, coupled to selection by random encounters; and (3) physiological events are virtually absent from immunological descriptions. In the present manuscript, we apply systemic notions to bring forth an explanation including systemic mechanisms able to generate immunological phenomena. We replace "randomness plus selection" and the notion of foreignness by a history of structural changes which are determined by the coherences of the system internal architecture at any given moment. The importance of this systemic way of seeing is that it explicitly attends to the organization that defines the immune system, within which it is possible to describe the conservative physiology of the immune system. Understanding immune physiology in a systemic way of seeing also suggests mechanisms underlying the origin of immunopathogeny and therefore suggests new insights to therapeutic approaches. However, if seriously acknowledged, this systemic/historic approach to immunology goes along with a global conceptual change which modifies virtually everything in the domain of biology, as suggested by Maturana.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A brief, regular, proactive telephone "coaching" intervention for diabetes: rationale, description, and preliminary results.

Telephone-delivered interventions (TDIs) represent a potentially cost-effective method to increase medical adherence. TDIs for diabetes patients have typically been delivered by nurses or computerized telephone messaging. Psychology undergraduates, however, are less costly than nurses, have a strong background in behavioral science, and provide the personal relationship missing with computerized contact. This paper presents the rationale for and description of a brief, regular, proactive telephone intervention designed to be delivered by psychology undergraduates (i.e., paraprofessionals). "Coaches" administer a 15-min telephone intervention weekly for 3 months and biweekly for 3 additional months. Guided by a semistructured protocol that focuses on behavioral goals, coaches provides support, collaborative problem-solving, and apply basic cognitive-behavioral techniques. Results from a pilot study on type 1 diabetes patients are presented. This preliminary evidence suggests that the program is feasible, acceptable to a large majority of patients, and effective in reducing HbA1c levels.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed1999

The greening of relationship science.

This article briefly outlines the salutary implications for psychology of the development of a science of interpersonal relationships, which has emerged as multidisciplinary in nature and international in scope. Discussed are the potentials of relationship science: to unite psychological scholars with other social, behavioral, and biological scientists; to help integrate many subdisciplines within psychology; to bridge the chasm between researcher and practitioner; to extend knowledge of human behavior to people's daily lives and natural surroundings; and to inform issues of national concern. The realization of these potentials, however, requires transcendence of psychologists' traditional individualistic orientation, as well as more research on the impact of affect on cognition and research on the impact of relationships' exterior environments on their interior dynamics.

Affect↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The Cinderella of psychology: the neglect of motor control in the science of mental life and behavior.

One would expect psychology--the science of mental life and behavior--to place great emphasis on the means by which mental life is behaviorally expressed. Surprisingly, however, the study of how decisions are enacted--the focus of motor control research--has received little attention in psychology. This article documents the neglect and considers possible reasons for it. The hypotheses considered include three that are raised and then rejected: (a) no famous psychologists have studied motor control, (b) cognitive psychologists are mainly interested in uniquely human functions, and (c) motor control is simply too hard to study. Three other hypotheses are more viable: (d) cognitive psychologists have been more interested in epistemology than in action, (e) psychologists have disfavored motor control because overt responses were the only admissible measure in behaviorism, and (f) psychologists have felt that neuroscientists have the market cornered when it comes to motor control research. There are signs that motor control's Cinderella status is changing.

Cognition↗

PubMed1999

Some facts from the biography of A. R. Luria.

The biographical sketches from Luria's life reveal the capricious political changes and their effect on the development of Soviet neuropsychology. The picture that emerges is of an individual who survived several ideological reprisals. He introduced Vygotsky into the mainstream of psychology, and continued to advance the study of cognitive functions within the context of neuroanatomy of the brain. And yet, he had an open mind judged by his interest in Freud, and welcoming to his clinic pioneers of psychology such as Piaget, Bruner and Pribram. Also included are intimate impressions of a daughter of her father, who like his young mentor, Vygotsky was a near-genius. He was unvanquished by adversities, doggedly working away to extend the frontiers of the science of human mind.

History, 20th Century↗

PubMed2005

Some neglected contributions of Wilhelm Wundt to the psychology of memory.

Wilhelm Wundt, whose name is rarely associated with the scientific study of memory, conducted a number of memory experiments that appear to have escaped the awareness of modern cognitive psychologists. Aspects of Wundt's system are reviewed, particularly with respect to his experimental work on memory. Wundt investigated phenomena that would fall under the modern headings of iconic memory, short-term memory, and the enactment and generation effects, but this research has been neglected. Revisiting the Wundtian perspective may provide insight into some of the reasons behind the historical course of memory research and in general into the progress of science in psychology.

Germany↗

PubMed2000

Cystic fibrosis in adolescents and young adults.

Advances in knowledge and medical science have resulted in an increased life span and quality of life of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The median age of survival for CF patients is 32.3 years of age and patients 18 years of age or older now constitute one third of the total patients with CF. Because of these advances, a new patient population has emerged: the adolescents and young adults with CF. Adolescence is normally a time of great cognitive, social and developmental changes. Adolescents with CF not only have to deal with the normal changes expected, but also have to deal with the transition of assuming responsibility for their care from the parents and transitioning their care from a pediatric to an adult care team. Moreover, many of these young adults have to deal with the impact of the progressive deterioration of their CF disease. This review discusses issues of significance to this emerging patient population, including medical care, issues of disability, and psychosocial and other medical conditions associated with an increased life expectancy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

[Development of the specialty "hypertonology"].

The general tendency of the development of the sciences to differentiation is to be seen also within the discipline of internal medicine. By the formation of special tasks with a limited aim of realization the scientific subject of hypertonology developed. According to the regularities of the genesis of the discipline the process took place gradually. In the 18th and 19th century (prehistory) above all the method of measuring the blood pressure (technical prerequisite) developed. With the intensification of the process of cognition since the beginning of the 20 the century the actual development began (preparatory or initial phase). The qualitative breach (phase of constituation) was evoked by 1950 by making available highly effective remedies decreasing the blood pressure, the recommendations of the WHO concerning the limiting values of the blood pressure and the recognition of risk factors. Nowadays the scientific subject of hypertonology is fully acknowledged in research and health policy (phase of establishment); the process leads over to the phase of consolidation.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMed2001

[Heidelberg Centenarian Study: theoretical and methodological principles for social science research of the oldest old].

This paper addresses two important issues of oldest old research. First, we try to answer the question whether differences between extremely old persons are based on enduring aging processes of physical, social and psychological functions, or whether they are the result of selective survival weeding out the frail. Both trajectories predict low variability, but on different levels. Second, we investigate to which extent the variability of extremely old persons can be assessed by traditional psychosocial instruments. One hundred and fifty six centenarians were contacted, of whom 91 centenarians and 86 proxies participated in this study. The distribution of the cognitive status reveals a high amount of variability. In contrast, with respect to functional capacity 83% receive support from the German Statutory Insurance System for Long-Term Care. The higher variability in the psychological variable points to adaptive potential. We assume that in extreme old age various resources are used to maintain physical functioning above a critical threshold.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2006

Probabilistic inference in human semantic memory.

The idea of viewing human cognition as a rational solution to computational problems posed by the environment has influenced several recent theories of human memory. The first rational models of memory demonstrated that human memory seems to be remarkably well adapted to environmental statistics but made only minimal assumptions about the form of the environmental information represented in memory. Recently, several probabilistic methods for representing the latent semantic structure of language have been developed, drawing on research in computer science, statistics and computational linguistics. These methods provide a means of extending rational models of memory retrieval to linguistic stimuli, and a way to explore the influence of the statistics of language on human memory.

Association Learning↗

PubMed1999

An autopsy-verified study of the effect of education on degenerative dementia.

A longitudinal study of the relationship between education and age of onset, rate of progression and cerebral lesion burden in a series of autopsy-confirmed demented patients with clinical and 6-monthly psychometric follow-up and autopsy was carried out. The study was conducted at the London Health Sciences Centre University Campus of the University of Western Ontario on 87 patients with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease (60), dementia with Lewy bodies (11) or dementia with Lewy bodies plus Alzheimer's disease (16). Their educational attainment was classified as below high school, high school or above high school, and was similar to that of the age-adjusted general Ontario population. The age of onset of dementia, age at death, progression of cognitive decline, amount of neurodegenerative changes (senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and Lewy bodies) and cerebrovascular lesions (infarcts, lacunar state and white matter rarefaction) were assessed. Less educated patients became demented later and died later, but cognitive function declined at the same rate in all educational groups and there was no difference in the burden of neurodegenerative lesions between them. However, the less educated patients had more cerebrovascular lesions. It can be concluded that higher education does not modify the course of Alzheimer's disease, but lower education relates to the occurrence of cerebral infarcts. Our results suggest that a 'brain battering' model related to the higher prevalence of small vascular lesions in less educated individuals may explain their increased risk of dementia described by epidemiological studies better than the prevalent 'brain reserve' hypothesis.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1989

The Verbal Protocol: a research technique for nursing.

This paper discusses the Verbal Protocol technique as presently used in the fields of psychology and computer sciences. It proposes that the technique is an appropriate design tool for studying clinical reasoning in many nursing contexts. An example is given, taken from a pilot study of a larger research project, of the use of the technique to demonstrate the nurse's thinking while assessing patient problems. Results show that the Verbal Protocol technique can reveal useful information concerning problem diagnosis in nursing and has the potential for further research into the cognitive behaviour underlying other stages of the nursing process.

Decision Making↗

PubMed2003

Sex-related influences on the neurobiology of emotionally influenced memory.

In a recent report, the National Academy of Sciences concluded that "Sex matters. Sex, that is, being male or female, is an important basic human variable that should be considered when designing and analyzing studies in all areas and at all levels of biomedical and health-related research."(1) Recent findings from my laboratory concerning neural mechanisms of emotionally influenced memory further support this conclusion. This article first provides a brief, general overview of sex-related influences on brain and cognition. Upon this background, recent findings from my laboratory and others are described, demonstrating sex-related influences on neural mechanisms underlying emotionally influenced, explicit recall of emotionally arousing events. Both the hemispheric involvement of the human amygdala in memory for emotionally arousing events and the impairing effect of beta-adrenergic blockade on memory for emotional events exhibit pronounced sex-related differences. We interpret both of these effects in the context of evidence indicating hemispheric specialization in the processing of global/wholistic versus local/fine detail aspects of a situation. The more general conclusion that we draw from these investigations is that theories of the neurobiology of emotion and memory must begin to account for the seemingly substantial influences of sex.

Amygdala↗

PubMed2002

[Trends geriatric disease research evaluated by long-term longitudinal study].

The number of patients with geriatric diseases will rapidly increase in our aging society. Geriatric diseases tend to progress chronically and disturb the daily activity of the elderly patients. Care for the elderly patients requires a great deal of manpower. The prevention and treatment of geriatric disease are urgent issues that must be addressed. A comprehensive longitudinal study of aging and geriatric disease was started at the National Institute for Longevity Sciences (NILS) in 1997. The participants of the NILS longitudinal study of aging (NILS-LSA) were 2,267 men and women from a local community population. The participants are examined at the NILS and followed up every two years. An outline of the system and examinations of the NILS-LSA is shown. The latest results from the NILS-LSA research including geriatric disease-related genotypes and risk factors for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are also presented.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of two nutritional software programs used as adjuncts to the behavioral treatment of obesity.

The need to provide nutritional information in the behavioral treatment of obesity is now generally recognized. However, the comparative efficacy of various delivery modes remains to be demonstrated. Two commercial software packages (The Eating Machine and EATS) were embedded in Ferguson's (1975) prototypical behavioral program and contrasted with the Ferguson approach deployed alone. Assessments of weight, nutritional knowledge, eating behavior, and related cognitive variables were made at pretest, posttest, 1-month follow-up and 6-month follow-up occasions. No incremental effects attributable to the software programs appeared.

Adult↗