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PubMed1996

Effect of high sucrose feeding on fat accumulation in the male Wistar rat.

High sucrose intake is generally thought to be a risk factor for obesity and insulin resistance. We examined the effects of feeding sucrose on fat accumulation and insulin release in male rats. Six-week-old male Wistar rats were maintained on a high sucrose diet for 4 or 12 weeks. Control rats were fed a diet based on starch. No significant difference in daily caloric intake or weight gain existed between the two dietary groups. There was no difference between the two dietary groups in the gain of abdominal subcutaneous fat (SC) at 4-week. In contrast, rats fed the high sucrose diet had significantly more mesenteric fat (MES) than controls (p < 0.01). At 12 weeks, rats fed the high sucrose diet had significantly more SC and MES than controls (SC: p < 0.05, MES: p < 0.01). Basal immunoreactive insulin (IRI) concentrations in the portal vein (PV) of rats fed the high sucrose diet was significantly higher compared to those of controls (4 wk: p < 0.05, 12 wk: p < 0.05). No difference between the two dietary groups in basal IRI concentrations in the inferior vena cava (IVC) existed at 4 weeks; whereas at 12 weeks, the basal IRI concentrations in the IVC in rats fed the high sucrose diet were significantly higher than in controls (p < 0.05). The mesenteric and subcutaneous fat accumulations were closely related to hyperinsulinemia in the portal vein and inferior vena cava, respectively. Twelve weeks of high sucrose feeding caused accumulation of abdominal adipose tissue with marked hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia. Our study is the first to demonstrate that abdominal fat induced by high sucrose intake in male rats is accompanied by an abnormal metabolic state similar to an insulin-resistant state.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1993

Effects of flavor and macronutrient composition of food servings on liking, hunger and subsequent intake.

The effects of consuming foods with different macronutrient compositions and flavors on hedonic changes and development of satiety were investigated. Subjects rated their hunger and liking of a set of foods (rating set) before and after eating a serving (preload) of one of the foods in the rating set. The liking of the preload foods dropped more than the liking of the uneaten foods. Foods having the same flavor as the preload generally dropped more in liking than foods having similar macronutrients. The drops in liking increased with the caloric content of the preload but were unrelated to specific macronutrients. Less weight and calories of food were eaten after the high calorie preloads. Eating the high protein or the high-carbohydrate preload decreased hunger more than eating the high-fat food. Eating a high-protein preload decreased the weight of food eaten more than eating a high-fat or a high-carbohydrate preload and decreased total caloric intake more than eating a high-fat preload. However, macronutrient intake was not differentially affected by the macronutrient composition of a preload. Sensory-specific satiety appears to be more related to the sensory characteristics of a food than to the macronutrient composition of a food.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eating, drinking and temperature responses to intracerebroventricular cholecystokinin in the chick.

The central effect of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK), SQ 19,844 or sincalide, on the intake of food and water and on colonic temperature (Tc) was investigated using the broiler cockerel. Four-week old chicks were maintained in a thermoneutral environment of 23-24 degrees C. After food was removed for a 24 hr interval, CCK was infused in a volume of 10.0 microliters into the lateral cerebral ventricle (ICV) in doses ranging from 10-150 ng. Although lower doses of CCK had no effect on food intake, 100 or 150 ng of CCK significantly reduced consumption of food in a dose-dependent manner; water drinking was significantly decreased by 100 ng of CCK. In addition, CCK at doses of 100 and 150 ng prevented the slow rise in Tc observed following infusions of control CSF. This latter effect appeared to be a result of feeding activity associated with caloric intake and the heat increment in the control birds rather than a specific thermoregulatory effect. Overall, our results suggest that CCK may comprise a part of the central mechanism underlying the neural control of short term satiety in an avian species similar to that proposed for the mammal.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of isolated zinc deficiency on the composition of skeletal muscle, liver and bone during growth in rats.

We investigated the effects of zinc deficiency on body composition by using intragastric force-feeding to obviate decreased food intake and altered eating patterns. Weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a purified zinc-deficient diet: the ad libitum-fed control group (AL; eight rats) was given powdered diet and water containing 25 ppm zinc; the zinc-replete group (ZN; nine rats) was force-fed a diet blended with water containing zinc in an amount of equal caloric intake to the AL group and allowed access to water containing zinc. The zinc intake of ZN rats was approximately twice that of AL rats based on water intake. The zinc-deficient group (ZD; 13 rats) was fed similarly to the ZN group except deionized water was used for diet preparation and drinking water. After 8 d, body and muscle weight were lower in the ZD group than in the ZN group. Femur weights were similar in the two groups. Serum, liver and femur zinc concentrations were 85, 22 and 42% lower, respectively, in the ZD group than in the ZN group. Serum glucose, relative liver weight, liver glycogen and liver lipids were higher, but muscle and liver DNA were lower in the ZD group than in control groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Severe chloride deficiency in the neonate: the canine puppy as an animal model.

Studies were designed to develop an animal model for the syndrome of hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis (HMA), and failure to thrive in infants due to intake of chloride-deficient formula. Littermate canine puppies, 2 wk old, were fed soy formula containing normal chloride, 20 mEq/liter (NC, n = 5), or low chloride, 1 mEq/liter (LC, n = 5) for 4 wk, first by gavage and ad libitum thereafter. After 1 wk of LC formula, HMA developed in LC puppies although both NC and LC puppies had similar fluid and caloric intake and gain in weight and forelimb length. Two wk of LC formula also resulted in a higher serum creatinine and calcium but lower phosphate level in LC than NC puppies. After 4 wk of LC, weight and forelimb length were much less in LC than NC puppies. Plasma renin activity decreased with age in NC but remained elevated in LC. In a separate group of puppies (n = 6) with HMA, chloride supplementation of LC formula as NaCl to NC levels corrected HMA despite continued citrate intake. We conclude that the canine puppy is an appropriate model to study HMA due to decreased chloride intake. Low chloride intake independent of citrate caused the HMA.

Alkalosis↗
PubMed2005

Atypical hematological response to combined calorie restriction and chronic hypoxia in Biosphere 2 crew: a possible link to latent features of hibernation capacity.

Eight humans were isolated for 2 years in Biosphere 2, a sealed airtight habitat with recycled air, food, water, and wastes. A combination of conditions led to selective decline of oxygen (O2) in the internal atmosphere from 21% to 14%, inducing symptoms of high-altitude sickness but with little or no compensatory increase in red cell production. All crew members exhibited significant decreases in both erythrocyte 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) concentrations and P50 [partial pressure of O2 for 50% hemoglobin (Hb) saturation] values, changes opposite those expected in adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia. Lower P50 with increased Hb-O2 affinity induced by low 2,3-BPG is a characteristic of hibernating species and could be advantageous in O2-impoverished environments. The mechanisms underlying these changes in the Biosphere 2 crew remain obscure but could be related to low-calorie diet (1750-2100 kcal/day). Because the combination of hypoxia and limited caloric intake is also characteristic of hibernation, this unusual response may represent a cross-adaptation phenomenon in which certain features of hibernation capability are expressed in humans.

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Energy expenditure and obesity].

This analysis of the literature examines available data on energy expenditure in human obesity, with the purpose of evaluating whether deficient energy expenditure can contribute to excess body weight. The most significant informations are the following: 1) considerable inaccuracy in self-reports of energy intake has been documented with systematic underreporting in obese patients (up to 50%). This precludes the use of this source of information for the indirect evaluation of energy expenditure; 2) measurement of energy expenditure itself indicates that obesity is associated with an increased basal metabolic rate and elevated rates of 24-h energy expenditure in proportion to excess body weight; 3) a negative caloric balance induced by food restriction reduces energy expenditure but post-obese patients maintained at constant body weight have normal metabolic rates; 4) during experimental overfeeding, the energy cost of induced weight gain is not reduced in obese patients. Thus, contrary to many patient's belief, there are no scientific arguments in favour of the existence of a "metabolic" type of obesity in which excess body weight would result from a deficiency in energy expenditure rather than from an excessive caloric intake.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Platelet activation in obese women: role of inflammation and oxidant stress.

CONTEXT: Obesity, in particular abdominal adiposity, is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality through mechanisms possibly linking the metabolic disorder to platelet and vascular abnormalities. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and biochemical determinants of lipid peroxidation and platelet activation in obese women. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional comparison, conducted between September 1999 and September 2001, of urinary 8-iso prostaglandin F(2alpha) (8-iso PGF(2alpha)) and 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 (11-dehyhdro-TxB2) excretion levels in 93 women: 44 with a body mass index (BMI) higher than 28 and a waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) of 0.86 or higher, android obesity; 25 with a BMI higher than 28 and a WHR lower than 0.86, gynoid obesity; and 24 nonobese women with a BMI lower than 25. An additional study was conducted to determine the short-term effects of weight loss in 20 of the 44 women with android obesity. INTERVENTION: During a 12-week period, 20 women with android obesity followed a weight loss program to reduce caloric intake to about 1200 kcal/d. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Plasma C-reactive protein, insulin and leptin levels, and urinary 8-iso PGF(2alpha) (marker of in vivo lipid peroxidation) and 11-dehyhdro-TxB2 (marker of in vivo platelet activation) excretion. Weight loss was defined as successful when the initial body weight decreased by at least 5 kg after a 12-week period of caloric restriction. RESULTS: Women with android obesity had higher levels of 8-iso PGF(2alpha )(median [interquartile range [IQR]] 523 [393-685] vs 187 [140-225] pg/mg creatinine) and 11-dehyhdro-TxB2 (median [IQR], 948 [729-1296] vs 215 [184-253] pg/mg creatinine) than nonobese women (P<.001). Both 8-iso PGF(2alpha)and 11-dehyhdro-TxB2 were higher in women with android obesity than women with gynoid obesity (P<.001). Based on multiple regression analysis, C-reactive protein levels and WHRs of 0.86 or higher predicted the rate of 8-iso PGF(2alpha) excretion independently of insulin and leptin levels. Of 20 women with android obesity, 11 achieved successful weight loss, which was associated with statistically significant reductions in C-reactive protein (median change, 23%; P<.05), 8-iso PGF(2alpha) (median change, 32%; P =.04) and 11-dehydro-TxB2 (median change, 54%; P =.005). CONCLUSIONS: Android obesity is associated with enhanced lipid peroxidation and persistent platelet activation. These abnormalities are driven by inflammatory triggers related to the degree of abdominal adiposity and are, at least in part, reversible with a successful weight-loss program.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Flavor preferences conditioned by intragastric polycose infusions: a detailed analysis using an electronic esophagus preparation.

The present series of experiments examined the rat's conditioned preference for flavors associated with intragastric (IG) Polycose infusions. Adult female rats were fitted with two chronic intragastric catheters and were trained to drink flavored water (CS+; e.g., cherry-water) paired with IG infusions of 32% Polycose. On alternate days a different flavor (CS-; grape-water) was paired with IG water infusions. The flavored water and chow were available 23 hr/day. In subsequent two-choice tests the rats displayed strong preferences for the CS+ flavor (up to 98%). The CS+ preference persisted for several weeks during extinction tests when both the CS+ and CS- were paired with IG water or with no infusions. The rats also preferred the CS+ to plain water which contrasts with the mild aversion naive rats display to the flavored water. The acquired preference for the CS+ flavor was not as strong, however, as the rats' innate preferences for the taste of saccharin or Polycose. Also, unlike their response to saccharin and Polycose, the rats' acceptance (absolute intake) of the CS+ flavor was not elevated. CS+ intake was increased, though, when saccharin was added to the flavored water. The rats reversed their flavor preference when the reinforcement contingencies were reversed. Also, in the absence of unique flavor cues, the rats learned to prefer, apparently based on somatosensory cues, the sipper tube that was paired with IG Polycose infusions. The effects of flavor and IG Polycose infusions on drinking patterns and caloric intake are also described.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Protein metabolism in renal failure: abnormalities and possible mechanisms.

Currently, we have only fragmentary knowledge about alterations of protein metabolism in renal failure, yet several coherent strands appear to be emerging. CRF is, in part, a state of malnutrition, as evidenced by abnormalities of body composition and alterations of both plasma and intracellular amino acid patterns. Superimposed upon this baseline are abnormalities specific to renal disease, changes in the concentration of certain amino acids, and the buildup of nitrogenous wastes and potential metabolic toxins, and the interaction of these toxins with hormones or within metabolic pathways. In acute renal failure, or when intercurrent illness is added to CRF, there is an intensification of the metabolic derangements and an acceleration of the normal catabolic response. Current research is directed at improving protein anabolism by limiting total nitrogen intake, while at the same time, providing supplemental amino or keto acids to restore and maintain nutritional state. Other approaches involve the provision of alternate pathways for nitrogen disposal and by direct stimulation of nitrogen anabolism through the administration of branched-chain amino acids or their keto acid analogues. All would agree that these modifications must be performed on a background of adequate caloric intake and careful patient monitoring. Given the complex nature of the problem, careful prospective controlled studies will be necessary before any hypothesis can be accepted. It is likely that additional improvements will require both a better understanding of the underlying metabolic defects and, probably, the combined application of several of the ideas previously noted.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The regulation of adipose tissue pyruvate dehydrogenase activity of dietary fiber.

In vitro studies have established that insulin enhances the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA by the stimulation of mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity through plasma membrane binding response (Jarett and Seals 1979; Kiechle, Jarett, Dennis and Kotagal 1980). In the present study adipose tissue PDH activity was utilized as a marker for insulin responsiveness. The metabolic response of this enzyme to exogenous insulin was employed to test the hypothesis that dietary fiber enhances tissue responsiveness to insulin using adipose tissue from male weanling Sprague Dawley rats. Eight groups of rats (n = 5 per group) were fed ad libitum various diets containing different levels of cellulose and protein as already reported elsewhere (Ogunwole, Knight, Adkins, Thomaskutty and Pointer 1985). Percent insulin stimulation of PDH from basal activity (PDS) was utilized as an index of insulin responsiveness. Compared to all fiber treated groups, both basal (PDB) and insulin stimulated (PDI) activities were significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in the fiber free groups at both low (10%) and high (20%) protein levels. At all fiber levels tested (0, 5, 15 and 30%) protein intake resulted in a significant increase in both PDB and PDI. Gradual increase in cellulose intake resulted in a biphasic increase in PDS in both protein groups at the 5% and 30% fiber levels. PDS was higher (P less than 0.05) in the 10% protein groups than the 20% protein group at all fiber levels tested. A significant interaction effect of protein and fiber was observed on PDB (P less than 0.001) and PDI (P less than 0.04) when caloric intake was held constant as a covariate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1985

Serum bile acids in Gilbert's syndrome after oral load of chenodeoxycholic acid.

Oral bile acid loading tests using 1 g of unconjugated chenodeoxycholic acid (CDA) were performed in subjects with Gilbert's syndrome before and after reduced caloric intake. The study was carried out to ascertain whether the hepatic handling of CDA was restricted in the same manner as recently described for ursodeoxycholic acid. In subjects with Gilbert's syndrome, the bile acid concentrations after the oral loading tests did not differ significantly from those found in reference groups. No differences were found in the serum bile acid values before and after caloric restriction, indicating that the bile acid handling was not influenced by the increased bilirubin levels obtained after fasting. Our results indicate that the hepatic handling of CDA is normal in Gilbert's syndrome.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

Role of bran in normals. Serum levels of cholesterols, triglyceride, calcium and total 3 alpha-hydroxycholanic acid, and intestinal transit time.

After the intake of approximately 24 g wheat bran daily for 5 weeks, 25 trainee nurses showed no changes in the serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium or total 3 alpha-hydroxycholanic acid. On the other hand, the study revealed a reduced intestinal transit time with good correlation to an increased frequency of bowel movements. Average body weight fell significantly, by 0.4 kg. The daily caloric intake remained constant throughout the study period, whereas the calcium intake was significantly increased. Among the serum parameters and the dietary constituents, good correlation was found only between serum cholesterol and the dietary cholesterol content. In addition, an inverse relationship was demonstrated between the serum levels of cholesterol and total 3 alpha-hydroxycholanic acid. The significance of this observation is as yet unknown.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Human intake and choice of foods at intervals after exercise.

Thirteen college-age men and women were submitted weekly to submaximal exercise for 2 h. After each exercise session, they were presented with the same meal composed of two high-protein, one high-lipid and two high-carbohydrate foods. The meal was offered at random 0, 30, 60, or 120 min after the 2-h exercise or 60 min after a session without exercise. As compared to a situation without exercise, both the pre-meal hunger rating and caloric intake were substantially increased 60 min after an exercise session. Also, after such exercise, hunger ratings increased with time and the later the meal, the larger was the amount consumed, both in total energy and as intake from carbohydrates but not lipids or proteins.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

A call to fins! Zebrafish as a gerontological model.

Among the wide variety of model organisms commonly used for studies on aging, such as worms, flies and rodents, a wide research gap exists between the invertebrate and vertebrate model systems. In developmental biology, a similar gap has been filled by the zebrafish (Danio rerio). We propose that the zebrafish is uniquely suited to serve as a bridge model for gerontology. With high fecundity and economical husbandry requirements, large populations of zebrafish may be generated quickly and cheaply, facilitating large-scale approaches including demographic studies and mutagenesis screens. A variety of mutants identified in such screens have led to modelling of human disease, including cardiac disorders and cancer. While zebrafish longevity is at least 50% longer than in commonly used mouse strains, as an ectothermic fish species, its life span may be readily modulated by caloric intake, ambient temperature and reproductive activity. These features, coupled with a growing abundance of biological resources, including an ongoing genome sequencing project, make the zebrafish a compelling model organism for studies on aging.

Aging↗
PubMed2001

Overrestriction of dietary fat intake before formal nutritional counseling in children with hyperlipidemia.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the nutritional adequacy of the diets of children with hyperlipidemia following medically unsupervised low-fat diets compared with children receiving unrestricted diets. DESIGN: Case comparison study. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six children were referred to the Children's Cardiovascular Health Center, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY, for treatment of hyperlipidemia who had achieved the Step I diet recommendations for total fat before formal nutritional counseling (mean age +/- SE, 9.7 +/- 0.3 years; sex distribution, 24 boys [53%]; ethnicity, 26 Latinos [57%] and 20 whites [43 %]; body mass index +/- SE, 22.4 +/- 0.7 kg/m(2)), and 34 healthy children participating in well-child visits at a local pediatric practice (mean age +/- SE, 10.2 +/- 0.4 years; sex distribution, 18 boys [54%]; ethnicity, 19 Latinos [57%] and 15 whites [43%]; body mass index +/- SE, 22.5 +/- 1.1 kg/m(2)). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Three-day food records were analyzed by a registered dietitian using the Minnesota Nutrient Data System. Outcome measures were intakes of calories, total and saturated fats, carbohydrate, protein, essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron, and zinc. RESULTS: The percentage of calories from fat and saturated fat was significantly lower in the hyperlipidemic population (mean +/- SE, hyperlipidemic vs control subjects: total fat, 22.7% +/- 0.7% vs 34.5% +/- 0.6%, P<.001; saturated fat, 7.9% +/- 0.3% vs 12.9% +/- 0.4%, P<.001). The caloric intake in controls was 17% higher than in patients with hyperlipidemia. Ninety percent of the decrease in calories in the hyperlipidemic group could be accounted for by the decrease in total fat intake. After adjusting for calories, no significant difference was noted between the groups for any of the vitamins and minerals mentioned earlier. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that before formal nutritional counseling, overzealous dietary fat restriction can occur in children with hypercholesterolemia.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Swimming eliminates the weight gain and abdominal fat associated with ovariectomy in the retired breeder rat despite high-fat diet selection.

The effects of swim-training on choice of dietary fat, carbohydrate or protein, weight gain, energy intake, and energy efficiency were examined in ovariectomized and sham-operated retired breeder rats. After a 3 week training period of increased duration, rats swam for 75 min per session (5 days per week) for 4 weeks. Ovariectomized rats gained more weight than sham rats, while swimming reduced weight gain and abdominal fat. As a percentage of total intake, macronutrient choices (weight and energy) were similar for all groups, ovariectomized animals consumed more food and more energy, compared with sham animals. All rats freely chose the majority of their food (g) as carbohydrate and the majority of energy (kJ) as fat. Results indicate that a moderate intensity training program of swimming prevented the weight gain following ovariectomy in older rats despite their excessive caloric intake of fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1994

A comparison of two methods to ascertain dietary intake: the CARDIA Study.

Data on dietary intake were collected in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study at the baseline examination in 1985-86 and again at the second examination 2 years later. At baseline, a diet history questionnaire developed for the CARDIA study was used; at the second exam the NCI (Block) food frequency questionnaire was used. The purpose of the present report is to compare the estimated nutrient intakes obtained with the two instruments; to compare correlations of nutrient intakes obtained at the two exams with those observed for other lifestyle and physiological variables also measured 2 years apart; and to assess ability to test hypotheses relating 2-year changes in risk factors to between-exam differences in reported nutrient intakes. Mean levels of reported intake were generally greater for both blacks and whites on the CARDIA diet history than on the Block food frequency. Rank order correlations of reported nutrient intakes between the two questionnaires indicated greater consistency between instruments for whites (r's ranging between 0.35 and 0.52) than for blacks (r's ranging between 0.29 and 0.45). Correlations over time for nutrients were smaller than those observed for body size measures and lipid levels but were similar in magnitude to those for blood pressure, physical activity, and life events. At both exams, total caloric intake was positively associated with physical activity (range of r's for CARDIA were 0.07 for white women to 0.23 for black men, the range of r's for Block were 0.06 for women to 0.11 for white men). Using data from the two examinations, 2-year changes in total plasma cholesterol were significantly related to 2 year changes in Keys scores. The results of this comparison are useful in that they show similarities and differences between two instruments developed to gather dietary intake data. The study also illustrates the need to monitor young adults during a time when rapid changes occur in many lifestyle and physiologic factors.

Adult↗