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The relevance of client-centered communication to family planning settings in developing countries: lessons from the Egyptian experience.

Concern for client's rights in the provision of reproductive health services in the developing world has prompted intense efforts by international experts to promote client-centered models of communication as a replacement for more provider-centered approaches. Nonetheless, the usefulness or feasibility of cross-cultural transplantation of client-centered models of communication has not been examined. The present study examines the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of client-centered models of communication in 31 family planning clinics in Egypt. Consultations between 34 physicians and 112 clients requesting family planning methods were audio-taped and analyzed for physician communication style. Client satisfaction was measured through exit interviews. Method continuation was determined through home interviews at 3 and 7 months from the index visit. Based on audio-tape analysis, two-thirds of physician consultations were characterized as physician-centered and one-third as client-centered. Client-centered consultations were only one minute longer than physician-centered consultations. A client-centered consultation was associated with a three-fold increase in the likelihood of client satisfaction and method continuation at 7 months. A high proportion of solidarity statements (positive talk) by the physician was predictive of client satisfaction whereas a high proportion of disagreement statements and directive instructions by the physician were predictive of method discontinuation. The study findings suggest that in Egypt, as in more developed countries, client-centered models of communication are likely to produce better client outcomes than provider-centered models, with no substantial changes in the structure of services.

Adult↗

Nurse-physician communication and quality of drug use in Swedish nursing homes.

The objective was to explore the impact of the quality of nurse-physician communication on the quality of psychotropic drug use in Swedish nursing homes, while controlling for resident mix and other nursing home characteristics. Data were collected from a sample of 36 Swedish nursing homes providing care for 1645 residents. Drug use data, along with residents' demographic characteristics, were obtained from residents' medication administration lists. Ward nurses reported other residents' characteristics (e.g. diagnosis and frequency of behavioral problems), and facility characteristics were obtained from head nurses. The quality of drug use was assessed and cross-sectional relationships among study variables were compared. Outcome measures included two drug use quality scores reflecting selection of drug and polymedicine. To assess behavioral problems, a list of the most commonly observed problems was created through a number of steps, including focus groups in the target population. Furthermore, a valid and reliable scale for assessing communication quality was developed. This measure was included in a survey administrated to nurses in the 36 facilities. There was a remarkable variation in the quality of drug use according to the two drug measures. As predicted, the quality of drug use was positively associated with the quality of nurse-physician communication and with regular multidisciplinary team discussions addressing drug therapy and negatively associated with prevalence of behavioral disturbances among residents. Facility size, level of staffing, resident's diagnostic mix, and demographic mix were unrelated to the two drug quality measures. Future efforts to improve the quality of drug use in long term facilities should consider ways of improving communication skills and communication routines among health care professionals.

Aged↗

Epigenetic toxicology as toxicant-induced changes in intracellular signalling leading to altered gap junctional intercellular communication.

Communication mechanisms [extra-, intra-, and gap junctional inter-cellular communication (GJIC)] control, from the fertilized egg, through embryogenesis to maturity and aging, whether a cell proliferates, differentiates, dies by apoptosis, or if differentiated, adaptively responds to endogenous and exogenous signals. From the egg to the 100 trillion cells in the human body, health is maintained when these communication processes between stem, progenitor and terminally differentiated cells are integrated. Each cell choice involves 'epigenetic' mechanisms to alter the expression of genes at the transcriptional, translational or post-translational levels. Disruption of the communication mechanisms can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Modulation of extra-cellular communication, either by genetic imbalances of growth factors, hormones or neurotransmitters or by environmental, exogenous chemicals can trigger signal transducing intra-cellular mechanisms. These intra-cellular signals can modulate gene expression at the transcriptional, translational or post-translational levels while also modulating GJIC. Untimely or chronic disruption of GJIC during embryonic or fetal development could lead to embryonic lethality or teratogenesis. By modulation of GJIC, homeostatic control of cell growth, differentiation or apoptosis could lead to specific diseases, such as neurological, cardiovascular, reproductive or endocrinological dysfunction. Chemical modulation or oncogene down-regulation of GJIC in initiated tissues has been shown to lead to tumor promotion. Genetic syndromes carrying a mutated gap junction gene, together with some transgenic and knock-out gap junction gene mice, provide evidence for the importance of this organelle found only in metazoans. Implications for 'thresholds' to toxicants and for risk assessment are evident.

Animals↗

The effects of communication skills training on patients' participation during medical interviews.

Recent models of physician-patient communication emphasize information exchange in promoting partnership. Although considerable attention has been given to physicians' information exchange, little research has examined patients' communication contributions. The purpose of this research was to test the effectiveness of a training booklet designed to enhance patients' communication skills in information exchange. A nested design was used, such that 25 physicians each saw six patients, two patients in each of three communication skills interventions (i.e. trained, informed, control). The dependent variables included several discourse categories designed to assess patients' information seeking, provision, and verifying. Results indicate that trained patients engaged in more effective and efficient information seeking, provided physicians with more detailed information about their medical condition, and used more summarizing utterances to verify information they received from physicians. Additionally, dyads consisting of trained patients demonstrated a more patient-controlled style of communication than did dyads consisting of informed or untrained patients.

Adult↗

Relationships of practitioner communications and characteristics with women's mammography use.

Women have reported not seeking mammography because their practitioners do not recommend it. The purposes of this study were to delineate which dimensions of practitioner communications and characteristics predicted women's mammography use. In a longitudinal, correlational design, participants were 797 mid-western women, aged 51-80 years, who had not had mammograms in the prior 13 months. Practitioner communications and characteristics and women's subsequent mammography use were assessed through telephone interviews with participants. Controlling for pre-existing differences, communications and characteristics were entered in a hierarchical logistic regression on mammography use. Practitioner-specific communications predicted mammography use (e.g. endorsement, encouragement, and assistance with scheduling) as well as having internists as identified practitioners. Practitioners' mammography-specific communications can promote mammography among women who have not used it often in the past. Practitioners--especially those who are not internists--can examine whether their interactions are conducive to fostering mammography use.

Aged↗

Communicating fatigue in general practice and the role of gender.

The aim of this study has been to obtain more insight into the health condition of fatigued patients, their expectations when visiting the general practitioner (GP), the way they communicate, and possible gender differences. Data consisted of 579 patient questionnaires and 440 video-observations of these patients and 31 GPs. Results showed that fatigue is a common health problem but seldom on the agenda in general practice. More women indicated symptoms of fatigue than men did. Fatigued patients' health was worse than that of non-fatigued patients, and they expected more biomedical and especially psychosocial communication. Furthermore, male fatigued patients expected more biomedical communication than fatigued female patients did. While the GPs accommodated their verbal behavior to fatigued patients by giving more psychosocial information and more counseling, they were not more affective towards the fatigued than towards the non-fatigued patients. Female GPs were more affective than their male colleagues, and they used gender-specific communication strategies to explore the patient's agenda. It seems necessary to use a gender-sensitive approach in communication research.

Adult↗

At the intersection of micro and macro: opportunities and challenges for physician-patient communication research.

The health care relationship model is undergoing dramatic change. Micro-level communication patterns yield health care relationship models (e.g. paternalism, mutual participation, consumerism). At the same time, macro-level systems appear increasingly likely to influence the nature of micro-level interaction. The intersections of health care communication micro-level and macro-level phenomena provide important venues for research and interventions. This essay identifies theoretical premises regarding the relationships between communication and health-related behavior; explores three prominent and growing macro-level phenomena that observers argue likely influence the physical-patient relationship and communication therein: complementary and alternative medicine, the Internet, and direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs; and offers a research agenda for exploring macro-level influences on micro-level physician-patient communication.

Advertising↗

Medical students' views and experiences of methods of teaching and learning communication skills.

This study aims to explore undergraduate medical students' views and experiences of methods of teaching and learning communication skills. Five focus groups were conducted with 32 students, with representatives from each of the 5 years of the medical degree, at the University of Nottingham, UK. The audiotapes were transcribed in full and the transcripts were theme analysed independently by two analysts. Two themes relating to methods of teaching and learning communication skills emerged from the analysis. Students had mixed views about instructional methods of teaching and learning communication skills such as lectures. Students seemed to prefer experiential methods of learning communication skills such as role-playing with simulated patients and communicating with real patients in a clinical context. These findings have a number of educational and research implications and these are discussed in this paper.

Adult↗

The influence of older patient-physician communication on health and health-related outcomes.

Effective patient-physician communication significantly influences health outcomes of older patients. For example, concordance between patient and physician expectations and patient participation in the decision-making process affects older patients. Communication is also linked to patient recall, adherence, and satisfaction. Furthermore, communication impacts emotional and physical outcomes of older patients, although evidence of improved physical outcomes remains under-investigated in this population. Dimensions of communication, such as continuity of relationship, seem to be important in decreasing hospitalization of older patients. This article explores the link between communication and health care outcomes in the older population.

Aged↗

Communication patterns between caregivers and their spouses with Alzheimer's disease: a case study.

The purpose of this study was to examine the style of communication that takes place between couples in their home environment in relationship to the abilities to the spouse with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the amount of stress and burden experienced by the caregiver. Three styles of communication emerged: parallel, questioning, and direct. Caregivers engaging in parallel communications reported greater stress and time burden than any other caregivers. Nurses need to be observant of the communication patterns that exist between caregivers and their spouses with AD and help caregivers develop successful communicative strategies that enhance interactions with their spouses.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

Morphological transformation and effect on gap junction intercellular communication in Syrian hamster embryo cells as screening tests for carcinogens devoid of mutagenic activity.

A large fraction of chemicals observed to cause cancer in experimental animals is devoid of mutagenic activity. It is therefore of importance to develop methods that can be used to detect and study environmental carcinogenic agents that do not interact directly with DNA. Previous studies have indicated that induction of in vitro cell transformation and inhibition of gap junction intercellular communication are endpoints that could be useful for the detection of non-genotoxic carcinogens. In the present work, 13 compounds [chlordane, Arochlor 1260, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, 1,1,1-trichloro-2, 2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, limonene, sodium fluoride, ethionine, o-anisidine, benzoyl peroxide, o-vanadate, phenobarbital, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate and clofibrate] have been tested for their ability to induce morphological transformation and affect intercellular communication in Syrian hamster embryo cells. The substances were selected on the basis of being proven or suspected non-genotoxic carcinogens, and thus difficult to detect in short-term tests. The data show that nine of the 13 compounds induced morphological transformation, and seven of the 13 inhibited intercellular communication in hamster embryo cells. Taken together, 12 of the 13 substances either induced transformation or caused inhibition of communication. The data suggest that the combined use of morphological transformation and gap junction intercellular communication in Syrian hamster embryo cells may be beneficial when screening for non-genotoxic carcinogens.

Animals↗

Communicative suitability of voice following radiotherapy for T1 glottic carcinoma: testing the reliability of a rating instrument.

The objective of the study was to determine whether a communicative suitability rating instrument could be used in a meaningful way to assess functionality of voice following radiotherapy for T1 glottic cancer. Seventeen naive listeners judged the suitability of voice of a patient group with T1 glottic carcinoma (n = 20) just before treatment, a group of patients (n = 40) after radiotherapy, and a matched control group (n = 20) of normal speakers. Listeners rated suitability on a 10-point scale for 10 speaking situations, which supposedly make different demands. In order to validate scores on communicative suitability, ratings were related to perceptual voice quality evaluations and videolaryngostroboscopic evaluations. Results indicate that the concept of measuring listener judgments of communicative suitability of voice is basically sound. Raters are reliable and can discriminate between groups of normal and pathological voices. Patients with T1 glottic carcinoma (assessed before the start of treatment) have on average the least suitable voices. Following radiotherapy suitability is, on average, improved, but does not approach the suitability of normal voices. Ratings on communicative suitability were clearly related to perceptual voice quality aspects and videolaryngostroboscopic evaluations. A subset of three communicative suitability rating scales is recommended as part of the protocol for evaluating voice outcome after radiotherapy for early glottic cancer, besides perceptual evaluation of voice quality by trained and naive raters, videolaryngostroboscopy, acoustical analyses, and self-ratings of vocal performance.

Aged↗

Communicating pain and pain management needs after surgery.

This descriptive study explored how patients communicate their pain and pain management needs after surgery. Thirty postoperative patients were interviewed. The majority described avoiding or delaying communicating their pain at some point during their hospitalization. Reasons for decreased pain communication included not wanting to complain; not wanting to take the provider away from other patients; avoiding unpleasant analgesic side effects; and not wanting to take "drugs." Postoperative patients may be unclear about their role in pain management. Pain management communication problems identified in this study could be used to design intervention studies to improve pain communication and consequent pain relief.

Adult↗

Resolving public conflict in site selection process-a risk communication approach.

In Japan, conflicts regarding the siting of waste disposal facilities occur frequently. In particular, siting of incinerators and landfills has become increasingly difficult because the public is highly concerned about the dioxin issues. Inefficient siting of waste disposal facilities causes several social problems, such as the shortage of waste treatment and disposal facilities, the rising of waste management costs and an increase in the consumption of resources. While dealing with a similar situation, the Chemical Society of Japan adopted a risk communication technique successfully. Hence, the pragmatic use of a risk communication technique is proposed to avoid conflicts and for a smooth information exchange to seek cooperation in waste management. In order to achieve this, a study was conducted to resolve conflicts between residents and the municipality for the selection of site for a solid waste treatment and disposal facility. This study aims to discuss the subject of risk communication for the waste disposal system in Japan. This study is performed through personal interviews and a questionnaire covering opposing parties in the town. As a result of the survey, a risk communication approach for a waste treatment and disposal system is presented in the paper addressing issues such as building of social trust, pragmatic use of the communication process, installation of credible information sources, and environmental education and awareness.

Communication↗

Communication skills and psychological training in oncology.

Preserving the best possible quality of life for cancer patients and their families has become a major goal in cancer care. However, the cumulative effect of stressors related to cancer care, many of which involve communicating with patients and relatives, may lead to the development of burnout in staff. Many health care professionals lack the psychosocial knowledge and communications skills needed to identify patients' problems because general professional training focuses on technical care. Teaching strategies known as psychological training programs (PTP) are therefore being developed to help improve health care professionals' sensitivity to communication problems with patients and relatives. Cognitive (e.g. theoretical information), experiential (e.g. case-history discussions), behavioural (e.g. role-playing exercise) and supportive (e.g. stressor identification) training techniques are used to teach the essential skills of good communication, i.e. listening, empathy, response to cues and appropriate use of reassurance. PTP range from one-day courses and residential workshops to full-time 1- or 2-year curricula. However, one of the main obstacles to implementing PTP is scepticism among health care professionals about its usefulness. Research on training effectiveness should therefore be developed to assess the impact of communication skills on quality of care and patients' quality of life.

Communication↗

Nurse-patient communication in the intensive care unit: a review of the literature.

Patient care within an intensive care unit (ICU) can be a difficult and stressful task for even the most experienced and skilled critical care nurse. Good communication between the patient, relatives and nurse is integral to quality care of the patient and should extend to the entire health-care team. This article reviews the literature on nurse-patient communication in the ICU. While numerous research studies have been completed, they are predominantly qualitative and descriptive. Recent studies have investigated the patients' perceptions and recollections of the communication that transpired between them and nurses while they were cared for within an ICU. The literature indicates that nurses communicate extremely poorly with patients, despite a high level of knowledge and skill with respect to communication. Tentative explanations of high stress levels, a preoccupation with physical care and technology, and the attraction to critical care areas of nurses with specific personality types are discussed as possible reasons for this. The need for further research into, and attempts to alleviate, this problem is clearly demonstrated.

Communication↗

Chronically ill adolescents' experiences of communicating with doctors: a qualitative study.

PURPOSE: To explore the experiences of chronically ill adolescents in communicating with health professionals, including the identification of factors which hinder or facilitate their use of health professionals as an information source. METHODS: 63 adolescents (11-16 years) with a chronic condition (cystic fibrosis, diabetes, epilepsy, juvenile chronic arthritis, or Duchenne muscular dystrophy) were interviewed, and subsequently took part in two group discussion meetings with other adolescents of a similar age with the same condition. Data were analyzed using the framework method involving data reduction, data display, and conclusion-drawing and verification. RESULTS: Factors affecting the openness and effectiveness of communication included: duration and frequency of contact; gender; perceived attitudes towards adolescents; the communication skills of the adolescent and health professional; and the presence of parents and medical students/trainee doctors. The type of information needed also affected whether the adolescents felt able to discuss an issue with a health professional. Adolescents were reluctant to raise personal or sensitive issues or to ask questions that revealed poor adherence. A perceived lack of interest in the wider impacts of having a chronic condition on day-to-day life was also a barrier to adolescents discussing difficulties at school and socio-emotional problems. CONCLUSIONS: Communication and information provision are key roles for health professionals, yet this study highlights a population with potentially high levels of information need who are facing considerable barriers to addressing these needs. Steps taken to improve adolescent-health professional communication need to address a range of practical, attitudinal and behavioral factors.

Adolescent↗

Adolescent-parent communication in self-harm.

PURPOSE: To examine the association between communication with parents and self-harm in 14-19-year-old adolescents. METHODS: A total of 36 female and 16 male adolescents presenting to the accident and emergency department of a general hospital; 52 hospital-based controls were interviewed and studied using the following scales: Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, Adolescent-Family Inventory of Life Events and Changes Scale, Children's Depression Index, and Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale. RESULTS: The absence of a family confidant was very strongly associated with adolescent self-harm. Despite controlling for a wide range of possible causal factors, poorer parent-adolescent communication remained strongly associated with self-harm. The effect of poorer communication on self-harm was strongest in the group with and internal locus of control. CONCLUSIONS: Impairment of communication between adolescents and their parents may be important in the origins of adolescent self-harm.

Adolescent↗